超级稻田间节肢动物群落变化动态及生态位分析

采用田间调查的方法,利用种类丰富度(S)、物种多样性(H')和均匀性(J)指数分析了超级稻田间节肢动物群落的变化规律。结果表明,害虫以飞虱(褐飞虱和白背飞虱)、二化螟、黑尾叶蝉数量较多;天敌以八斑球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛和黑肩绿盲蝽数量居多;整个群落的多样性指数不高,均低于3;黑肩绿盲蝽和八斑球腹蛛的生态位宽度值较小,对害虫具有较好的控制效果,八斑球腹蛛与各类害虫的生态位重叠值较大,是超级稻田重要的捕食性天敌。     

蜘蛛在盘锦稻区的优势种群及其消长规律

盘锦稻区横纹金蛛、草间小黑蛛和粽管巢蛛属于优势种群占稻田蜘蛛总量的80%～90%,捕食稻飞虱、稻叶蝉、二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟和蚜虫等稻田害虫。而气候条件、食物、农事操作、化学农药、其他天敌等都会对蜘蛛产生重要的影响。     

河南清丰棉田捕食性天敌发生情况调查分析

近几年来,随着农民生态意识的提高,棉田天敌量日益上升.根据清丰县测报站2000-2004年测报调查资料,对棉田捕食性天敌的发生规律及主要影响因子进行了分析。1天敌种类据调查,清丰县捕食性天敌主要有蜘蛛、瓢虫、捕食蝽、草蛉、食蚜蝇等,发生数量所占比例约为38%、32%、19%、3%、2%。其中蜘蛛的种类较多,主要有黄褐新园蛛、草间小黑蛛、三突花蛛等;瓢虫主要有七星瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫、异色瓢虫等;捕食蝽主要有小花蝽、华野姬猎蝽等;草蛉有中华草蛉和丽草蛉等;食蚜蝇以大灰食蚜蝇、长扁食蚜绳为主。2发生期5月初始发生天敌。在棉花的全生育期内共有…     

辽河三角洲稻区蜘蛛简易饲养技术

在辽河三角洲稻区,蜘蛛是优秀的捕食性天敌,对稻田主要害虫稻飞虱具有较强的控制力。从饲养环境与工具的装置、饲料配比、投食要点、蜘蛛卵囊的采收等方面介绍了辽河三角洲稻区非常优秀的捕食能手——粽管巢蛛的简易饲养技术,以期为辽河三角洲稻区蜘蛛资源的开发与利用提供更多的试验依据。     

稻鸭共育对超级稻田稻飞虱控制和蜘蛛种群数量的影响

通过田间试验,研究了稻鸭共育对稻田稻飞虱控制和蜘蛛种群数量的影响,并进行了经济效益分析。结果表明,稻鸭共育对稻田稻飞虱和天敌蜘蛛数量具有较大影响。与不养鸭的稻田相比,稻鸭共育后20d和50d,稻飞虱数量减少45．93％和66．83％;稻鸭共育还增加了稻田害虫天敌蜘蛛的数量,稻鸭共育田平均每百丛稻的蜘蛛数量分别是不养鸭稻田的1．59和1．60倍。此外,稻鸭共育还提高了稻田经济效益,稻鸭共育田比对照田经济收入要高22％。     

大庸市茶树害虫种类及天敌资源调查

1989年9～10月对大庸市所辖的二县(桑植、慈利)二区(永定、武陵)内有代表性的茶园进行了考察调查。查得茶树害虫98种,茶树害虫天敌126种。在种类较多的捕食性天敌——茶园蜘蛛类群中心跳蛛、管巢蛛、球腹蛛、肖蛸等数量最多。还报导了不同生境茶树害虫及天敌数量。     

棉田几种主要捕食性天敌的观察

为了寻找当地的天敌优势种群,进一步保护和利用自然天敌,发挥天敌对害虫的控制作用。笔者于1984—1985年对棉田几种主要捕食性天敌进行了系统观察,现将结果整理分析于后,供参考。一、主要类群及其发生概况棉田捕食性天敌是棉虫的优势类群,其具有种群数量大、生活周期长、繁殖系数高、捕食能力强等特点。经初步调查,棉田内主要捕食性天敌类群有:蜘蛛类为优势种群,占63.7%;其次是瓢虫类,占29.7%;再次是草蛉类和花蝽,分别占6%和0.6%。     

主要天敌对花生蚜虫捕食作用的研究

七星瓢虫、异色瓢虫、星豹蛛、草间小黑蛛四种捕食性天敌对花生蚜的捕食作用是随猎物的密度增加而增大,随其本身密度的增加而减少。用Holling-Ⅲ型功能反应模型进行拟合,其数学模型为Na=(a’TNt)/(1 a’TnNt)。通过计算日最大捕食量四种天敌依次为162.2、172.5、56.8、13.8头。数学模拟的理论值与实际观察值十分接近,经卡方检验,差异不显著(P<0.05),说明可以用来描述四种天敌捕食功能反应情况。     

假眼小绿叶蝉及天敌蜘蛛生态位的研究

调查测定了茶园假眼小绿叶蝉与其天敌蜘蛛的生态位。结果表明,在广东英德地区,草间小黑蛛是假眼小绿叶蝉主要的优势天敌种,其次是斜纹猫蛛、机敏蝇豹、警戒蝇豹和黑色蚁蛛;化防园与自然园生态位比较结果表明,假眼小绿叶蝉的生态位宽度值没有大的差异,但化防园蜘蛛的种类比自然园少,假眼小绿叶蝉与蜘蛛的生态位重叠也相当小,不能有效发挥天敌的控制作用。     

棉田绿盲蝽及其天敌生态位研究

在对棉田绿盲蝽及其天敌调查的基础上,研究了绿盲蝽及其天敌的时空生态位。结果表明,绿盲蝽在整个调查期间的时间生态位宽度最小,说明其在时间维度上的种内竞争最激烈,龟纹瓢虫、小花蝽与草蛉类与绿盲蝽时-空二维生态位重叠值均大于1,说明龟纹瓢虫、小花蝽与草蛉类对绿盲蝽的跟随及控制作用明显。     

Biodiversity and Dynamics of Planthoppers and Their Natural Enemies in Rice Fields with Different Nitrogen Regimes

Biodiversity both theoretically and practically has relevance in addressing many problems of contemporary agriculture and allows the formation of functional groups that drive key ecosystem processes [1]. One of the most important processes in agroecosystems is pest regulation, because biodiversity is related closely to host-plant resistance, pest management attributes, natural biological control agents and their impacts, and stability as the ecological basis for pest management [2-3]. On one h…     

Can polycultural manipulation effectively control rice planthoppers in rice-based ecosystems?

Rice planthoppers (mainly Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and Sogatella furcifera Horvath) are the most destructive rice pests throughout southeastern and eastern Asia. Planthopper feeding often causes “hopper burn” and reduces rice yields. Currently, insecticide use is the sole pest management option available to most Chinese farmers. Because pesticide use may have undesirable effects, environmentally sound and sustainable management alternatives are urgently needed. In a two-year field study at the Wuyishan Experimental Station of the Institute of Applied Ecology (IAE), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), we evaluated the effects of polycultural manipulation on the abundance, sexual differentiation and wing dimorphism of rice planthoppers. The polycultural manipulation was arranged in mosaic patterns of paddy plots intercropped with non-paddy plots including chili pepper, ginger, maize and peanut plants. Monocultural fields of paddy plants were used as controls. Polycultural manipulation significantly reduced the abundance of total planthoppers and nymphs of N. lugens and S. furcifera. The number of overall planthoppers decreased on average by 49% and 55% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. However, polycultural manipulation had no impact on the proportions of female or macropterous planthoppers. The resource concentration and associational resistance hypotheses may explain these results. In polycultural fields, non-rice species may mask the chemical or visual attractants of rice, making them less apparent, and microhabitat differences in the levels of secondary compounds or in plant quality may also disrupt planthopper orientation.     

Effects of the Long-Term Application of Anaerobically-Digested Cattle Manure on Growth,Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Paddy Rice (Oryza sativa L.), and Soil Fertility in Warmer Region of Japan

Abstract

The suitability of anaerobically-digested manure (ADM) from a biogas plant, as an alternative to chemical fertilizers for rice cultivation was evaluated by a long-term study. At the standard nitrogen (N) application rate (10 g m^?2), the aboveground biomass, N uptake, and grain yield in rice plots with ADM application (MF) were not significantly different from those in the plots treated with chemical fertilizer (CF). Split application of ADM improved the apparent N efficiency. The N application rate corresponding to maximum grain yield was approximately 15 g m^?2 by a split application, and more N application by using ADM saturated grain yield due to decrease in ripened grain ratio and individual grain weight. On the whole, the soil total-C, total-N and available N in the MF plot were not significantly different from those in the CF plot. The available phosphate (P) levels was lower in the MF plot than in either the CF plot or plot without N application (NF), mainly due to lower content of P in ADM. However, the P level remained much higher than the fatal threshold level for the growth of paddy rice. These findings suggest that under appropriate fertilization conditions, ADM is a valuable organic resource, and can be used continuously as an alternative to chemical fertilization for rice cultivation, without substantial changes in soil C and N fertility.     

50％吡虫啉·1％苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂处理水稻过程中的损失量及药效评价

采用HPLC测定50％吡虫啉·1％苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂采用种子包衣后浸种法处理水稻种子时药剂的损失量。室内采用滤纸法,考察种子包衣后浸种对水稻的安全性评价以及对稻飞虱的防治效果。结果显示：拌种水稻浸泡48h后,吡虫啉的损失量为21.62％,苯醚甲环唑的损失量为23.75％。种子采用50％吡虫啉·1％苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂包衣后浸种水稻的发芽率与ck存在显著差异,而水稻的根长、侧根数和株高与ck没有显著差异;这表明：采用50％吡虫啉·1％苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂包衣后浸种水稻对水稻发芽有刺激作用,但对水稻幼苗素质没有影响。用50％吡虫啉·1％苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂包衣后浸种处理的水稻幼苗受稻飞虱危害明显低于ck。这表明：50％吡虫啉·1％苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂采用种子包衣后浸种处理水稻,能很好的控制水稻苗期稻飞虱的危害。     

Mechanism Analysis of Rice Resistance Protein OsRRK1 Against the Brown Planthopper

【Objective】 OsRRK1 (Rop-interacting receptor-like kinase 1) protein in rice is the first RLCK VI family protein in rice that has been studied. It plays an important role in regulating the curling of rice leaves and the defense against brown planthoppers. However, the mechanism of its regulation of resistance to the brown planthopper remains unclear. We attempt to further explore the mechanism of OsRRK1 gene resistance to the brown planthoppers. 【Method】The interaction between OsRRK1 protein and OsLecRK (lectin-like receptor kinase), OsLecRK1, OsLecRK2 and OsLecRK3 was analyzed by yeast two-hybrid method. OsLecRK is a candidate gene for BPH15 range of anti-brown planthopper, and is an important member of rice innate immune system. OsLecRK is involved in not only rice innate immune response, including resistance to brown planthoppers, white leaf blight and rice blast, but also the development of rice. The gene clusters of OsLecRK1, OsLecRK2 and OsLecRK3 constitute the anti-brown planthopper gene BPH3. Rice containing the BPH3 gene has a broad spectrum and lasting insect resistance. Meanwhile, DNAMAN software was used to analyze the homology of OsLecRK with OsLecRK1, OsLecRK2 and OsLecRK3. 【Result】The analysis results of DNAMAN showed that OsLecRK has high homology with OsLecRK1, OsLecRK2 and OsLecRK3, and the proteins shared more than 50% identity. The results of yeast two-hybrid analysis showed that OsRRK1 interacted with OsLecRK, OsLecRK2 and OsLecRK3.【Conclusion】OsRRK1 participates in the process of resistance to the brown planthoppers through interacting with BPH15 and BPH3 candidate genes.     

稻株挥发物在调节褐飞虱、白背飞虱种内种间关系中的作用

以TN1为供试水稻品种,研究了稻株挥发物在褐飞虱、白背飞虱寻找寄主及调节两种飞虱种内种间关系中的作用。结果表明健康稻株挥发物对褐飞虱、白背飞虱具有明显的引诱作用。当稻株被一种飞虱为害12 h后,其所释放的挥发物对另一种飞虱有明显的引诱作用,但对同种飞虱则无显著的吸引或驱避作用。随着为害程度的加重（为害1 d以上）,两种飞虱均避开虫害株而趋向健康稻株。     

聚合白背飞虱和褐飞虱抗性基因创制杂交水稻恢复系

【目的】为了创制兼抗白背飞虱和褐飞虱的水稻恢复系，【方法】分别以抗褐飞虱材料B5（携带褐飞虱抗性基因Bph14和Bph15）及携带白背飞虱抗性位点qsI-4的籼型恢复系福恢7011为供体亲本，以骨干恢复系福恢676为轮回亲本，应用低世代分离群体田间表型结合单株鉴定与高世代稳定株系室内筛选和分子标记辅助选择相结合的方法，并对抗虫株系及其测交后代进行考查和农艺性状分析。【结果】选育出聚合Bph14、Bph15 和qsI-4的恢复系材料3份，携带2个抗虫基因的恢复系材料3份。其中6份恢复系的褐飞虱抗性鉴定结果均表现中抗以上。通过抗性鉴定和杂交后代农艺性状分析筛选出具有生产应用潜力的恢复系材料2份。【结论】为褐飞虱和白背飞虱抗性聚合新种质的创制和应用提供了基础材料。     

聚合白背飞虱和褐飞虱抗性基因创制杂交水稻恢复系

【目的】为了创制兼抗白背飞虱和褐飞虱的水稻恢复系,【方法】分别以抗褐飞虱材料B5(携带褐飞虱抗性基因Bph14和Bph15)及携带白背飞虱抗性位点qsI-4的籼型恢复系福恢7011为供体亲本,以骨干恢复系福恢676为轮回亲本,应用低世代分离群体田间表型结合单株鉴定与高世代稳定株系室内筛选和分子标记辅助选择相结合的方法,并对抗虫株系及其测交后代进行考查和农艺性状分析。【结果】选育出聚合Bph14、Bph15和qsI-4的恢复系材料3份,携带2个抗虫基因的恢复系材料3份。其中6份恢复系的褐飞虱抗性鉴定结果均表现中抗以上。通过抗性鉴定和杂交后代农艺性状分析筛选出具有生产应用潜力的恢复系材料2份。【结论】为褐飞虱和白背飞虱抗性聚合新种质的创制和应用提供了基础材料。     

Effects of Integrated Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield and Growth Parameters of Rice Varieties

We investigated the effects of integrated organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of indica rice variety Manawthukha and japonica rice variety Genkitsukushi. In a split-plot design, the two rice varieties were assigned as main plot factors, and the integrated treatments were the subplot factors, including no-N fertilizer(N_0), 50% chemical fertilizer(CF)(CF_(50)), 100% CF(CF100), 50% CF + 50% poultry manure(PM)(CF_(50)PM_(50)), 50% CF + 50% cow manure(CM)(CF_(50)CM_(50)), and 50% CF + 50% compost(CP)(CF_(50)CP_(50)). CF100 was equivalent to N at 85 kg/hm~2. Manure was applied based on the estimated mineralizable nitrogen(EMN) level, which is dependent on total N(%) of each manure type. Manawthukha rice plants were taller with higher tiller number and dry matter content. However, higher soil-plant analysis development(SPAD) values were measured in Genkitsukushi throughout the crop growth period, resulting in higher seed-setting rate(%) and greater yield. At the same N level, CF_(50)PM_(50) application in both rice varieties resulted in higher SPAD values, plant height and tiller number than CF_(100). CF_(50)PM_(50) containing total N more than 4% supplied synchronized N for the demands of the rice plants, resulting in maximum dry matter, yield and yield components. CF_(50)CM_(50) and CF_(50)CP_(50) treatments containing total N less than 4% resulted in lower yields which were similar to CF_(100). These results indicated that integrating organic and inorganic fertilizers enhanced growth parameters and yields of Manawthukha and Genkitsukushi, while reducing the dose of chemical fertilizer.     

2010年三明市水稻病虫害发生特点浅析

总结了2010年三明市水稻病虫害发生情况:稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟在单季稻田发生较重;由稻飞虱为害传毒的南方黑条矮缩病和锯齿叶矮缩病两种水稻病毒病在三明市单季稻、连晚和烟后稻上暴发成灾.提出监测稻飞虱迁入峰,采取"治虱防病"尤其是秧苗期治稻飞虱防病,能有效减轻水稻病毒病发生.