芥菜游离小孢子培养技术研究

以12 份不同基因型的芥菜栽培种为试材,用NLN-13 培养基进行游离小孢子培养,并进行不同的热激诱导处理,研究基因型、热激条件以及供体植株生长条件（主要是温度）对芥菜游离小孢子培养的影响。结果表明：芥菜小孢子培养的适宜花蕾长度为2～3 mm,此时小孢子主要处于单核靠边期,显微观察小孢子有3 条明显的萌发沟;35 ℃热激处理3 d 有利于芥菜小孢子诱导成胚;基因型是影响芥菜小孢子培养的关键因素,不同基因型芥菜的出胚能力差异很大,供试12 份材料中有9 份诱导出胚,其中V03B0097 和A12959 出胚率最高,分别达5.87 胚·蕾^-1 和5.54 胚·蕾^-1;供体植株在 较低的温度环境下生长有利于芥菜小孢子的胚胎发生。     

芥蓝游离小孢子培养初报

 以芥蓝的5个基因型为试材，对游离小孢子培养诱导胚状体发生及植株再生进行了初步探讨。结果表明：供体基因型对成功诱导胚状体发生至关重要；振荡培养明显有利于胚状体的发育；改良MS和B培养基对诱导植株再生没有差别。     

大白菜游离小孢子培养技术研究

游离小孢子培养技术是获得大白菜单倍体植株的有效途径之一。通过对影响大白菜游离小孢子胚胎发生的主要因素一材料基因型、供体母株生长状态、小孢子发育时期、培养方法、培养条件和影响植株再生频率的因素以及小孢子植株的加倍方法等进行了综述。     

科技文摘

蔬菜游离小孢子培养的研究进展 文章系统论述了蔬菜游离小孢子培养供体植株对小孢子胚胎发生的影响、游离小孢子培养技术以及小孢子胚再生植株体系的构建等方面的研究成果，可为从事蔬菜游离小孢子培养技术研究提供系统的技术体系。     

胡萝卜游离小孢子培养与植株再生技术研究

对"长城红玥"、"宝冠"2个胡萝卜自交品种进行游离小孢子培养,研究花序与小孢子发育的相关性,以期获取游离小孢子和最佳灭菌的方法。结果表明:不同基因型间游离小孢子培养难易存在差别,通过诱导胚性愈伤组织,芽分化,成功培养出单倍体和双单倍体再生植株,再生株系46.9%植株是单倍体,53.1%植株是双单倍体,诱导胚性愈伤组织、分化再生植株和生根的最佳培养基分别是HLB+0.5 mg/L 2,4-D、MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA和MS(或W14)+1.0mg/L NAA。     

影响百合游离小孢子活力与发育因素分析

为建立百合游离小孢子培养体系,该试验以1个野生种和5个杂种系共6份百合为试材,对小孢子发育阶段与花蕾及花药外部形态的关系、游离小孢子培养的培养基类型及基因型对小孢子发育与活力的影响进行了研究。结果表明:小孢子处于单核期的花蕾长度因不同基因型而异。处于单核期的花药颜色均为浅黄色,花粉颜色为淡黄色,可作为采样适宜期表型指标。与NLN和PG-96M培养基相比,百合不同基因型的游离小孢子在FHG培养基中能保持较高的活力且能诱导小孢子分裂。因此,FHG培养基可作为百合游离小孢子培养的首选基本培养基。不同基因型花粉母细胞减数分裂的异常率与杂合度、小孢子的发育及活力紧密相关,岷江百合(Lilium regale Wils.)及‘Tresor’在培养期间花粉母细胞减数分裂异常率低、小孢子活力较高且活力下降速度较慢;杂合度高的品种‘Robina’则异常率较高、活力下降较快。因而染色体异常率低的野生品种和亚洲百合品种更适合作为百合游离小孢子培养的首选材料。     

小菘菜游离小孢子培养技术研究

以4个引自日本的小菘菜杂交种为试材进行小孢子培养,对影响小菘菜胚状体发生及其成苗的因素进行分析。结果表明：通过游离小孢子培养,获得了大量的小孢子胚状体及再生植株85株;不同基因型间的小孢子胚诱导率差异显著;4 ℃低温预处理24 h对小孢子胚的发生具有促进作用;NLN-13+0.2 mg?L-1 6-BA+0.1 mg?L-1 NAA为适宜的诱胚培养基;50 r?min-1低频振荡培养有利于提高子叶形胚发生的比例;MS+3 %蔗糖+0.75 %琼脂+0.1 g?L-1活性炭是小孢子植株继代和壮苗的适宜培养基;MS+3 %蔗糖+ 0.75 %琼脂+0.1 mg?L-1 NAA是小孢子植株适宜的生根培养基。     

四倍体大白菜小孢子植株的获得与倍性鉴定

以同源四倍体大白菜为试材，进行了游离小孢子培养的胚胎诱导条件及植株再生研究，并对再生株的染色体数进行了鉴定。结果表明：单核靠边期小孢子是诱导胚胎发生的最佳时期；     

大白菜游离小孢子培养研究进展

综述了国内外大白菜游离小孢子培养的最新研究成果。重点讨论了大白菜游离小孢子培养的影响因素:材料的基因型、供体植株的生理状况、小孢子发育时期、分离和培养方法、预处理、培养基及其添加物、胚状体诱导、植株再生和倍性鉴定等。展望了大白菜游离小孢子培养技术的应用前景,同时指出了这一研究领域存在的问题。     

黄瓜游离小孢子培养诱导成胚和植株再生

 以10个不同基因型黄瓜为试材进行游离小孢子培养，通过对成胚条件的系统研究，从‘7447’和‘Poinsett97’中获得了子叶形胚和再生植株。研究结果表明：基因型和小孢子发育时期是限制黄瓜游离小孢子成胚的关键因子。不同品种间胚状体产量差异显著，每皿产胚1.5～33.4个。单核靠边期是进行黄瓜游离小孢子培养的最佳时期。低温预处理有利于胚状体的诱导，4 ℃预处理2～4 d为宜，以处理2 d时胚状体产量最高。外源激素在诱导胚状体时并非必需，但低浓度的外源激素（0.5 mg·L^-1 2,4－D、0.2 mg·L^-1 6－BA）更能促进小孢子成胚。NLN和B5两种基础培养基在诱导胚状体上无显著差异。子叶形胚易分化成苗，而其它类型的胚状体不能获得再生植株。     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Effect of puerarin on pulmonary arterioles wall collagen metabolism of chronic hypoxia hypercapnia rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on pulmonary vessel collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.METHODS:Collagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.RESULTS:① Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in HH(hypoxic-hypercapnia) group than that of NC(normal control) group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in HH group than that of NC group.However, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in HP(hypoxic-pueratin) group was much slighter than that of HH group. ② The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr were much higher in HH group than those of NC group(P＜0.01), and lower in HP group than HH groups(P＜0.01).Plasma NO content in group HH was lower than that of group NC(P＜0.01), it was higher in group HP than that of group HH(P＜0.01).③Expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅰ mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in HH groups than those of NC group (P＜0.01), and they were lower in HP group than those of HH group (P＜0.01).Expression of collagen Ⅲ and collagen Ⅲ mRNA showed no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Puerarin inhibited the deposition of collagen and improved pulmonary vessel remodeling.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Multi-scale landscape and seascape patterns associated with marbled murrelet nesting areas on the U.S. west coast

Habitat for wide-ranging species should be addressed at multiple scales to fully understand factors that limit populations. The marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), a threatened seabird, forages on the ocean and nests inland in large trees. We developed statistical relationships between murrelet use (occupancy and abundance) and habitat variables quantified across many spatial scales (statewide to local) and two time periods in California and southern Oregon, USA. We also addressed (1) if old-growth forest fragmentation was negatively associated with murrelet use, and (2) if some nesting areas are more important than others due to their proximity to high quality marine habitat. Most landscapes used for nesting were restricted to low elevation areas with frequent fog. Birds were most abundant in unfragmented old-growth forests located within a matrix of mature second-growth forest. Murrelets were less likely to occupy old-growth habitat if it was isolated (> 5 km) from other nesting murrelets. We found a time lag in response to fragmentation, where at least a few years were required before birds abandoned fragmented forests. Compared to landscapes with little tono murrelet use, landscapes with many murrelets were closer to the ocean's bays, river mouths, sandy shores, submarine canyons, and marine waters with consistently high primary productivity. Within local landscapes (≤ 800ha), inland factors limited bird abundance, but at the broadest landscape scale studied (3200 ha), proximity to marine habitat was most limiting. Management should focus on protecting or creating large, contiguous old-growth forest stands, especially in low-elevation areas near productive marine habitat. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。