土壤—水环境中溶质动力学的动态模拟

本文针对农业环境中重要的土壤—水环境问题,以我国干旱气候河套灌区土壤盐渍化问题为背景,采用适合于盐渍化土壤特征考虑土壤吸附与不动水体影响的溶质运移模型,对土壤盐溶质动态规律进行系统研究。对求解溶质运移模型的数值方法进行对比评价和对土壤吸附作用与不动水体对盐分动态规律影响进行模拟研究。可用于指导土壤—水环境中盐溶质的预测管理与农业环境保护。     

膜孔肥液自由入渗土壤铵态氮运移和分布特性试验研究

通过室内膜孔肥液自由入渗试验,观测分析不同入渗时间和再分布过程中铵态氮运移和分布特性,结果表明:在肥液自由入渗过程中,铵态氮锋面运移滞后于土壤水分锋面,但土壤铵态氮含量和土壤含水率以膜孔为中心向外逐渐减小;在再分布初期,土壤铵态氮锋面和土壤水分锋面运移一致,土壤铵态氮含量和含水率以膜孔为中心向外逐渐减小,减小的速度变慢,但随着再分布时间延长,土壤铵态氮开始硝化成硝态氮,铵态氮含量减小,硝态氮含量增加。     

干旱地区棉田连作对土壤氮素含量及氮转化速率的影响

为研究干旱地区棉田不同连作年限对土壤氮素含量和氮转化速率的影响，选取新疆艾比湖流域内精河县托托乡和农五师91团0、1、5、10、20 a和30 a棉田为研究对象，以棉田连作下土壤理化性质变化为基础，结合土壤氮素含量和氮转化速率，定量研究了连作棉田土壤氮转化速率变化规律及生态驱动因素。结果表明：（1）旱区连作棉田土壤硝态氮为无机氮主要组成，不同连作年限中土壤硝化作用均能将铵态氮转化为硝态氮，年限间差异不显著且硝态氮总量普遍偏低（平均为5.56±0.28 mg·kg^-1）；土壤碱解氮含量均显著低于未开垦土壤，仅为对照样地的16.37%～28.40%（P<0.05），土壤铵态氮和亚硝态氮含量随着连作年限的增加逐渐达到动态平衡。（2）连作初期会降低土壤硝化和反硝化速率，连作10 a旱区棉田土壤硝化率和反硝化率均降到最低（分别为23.62±1.45 μg·kg^-1·h^-1和5.673±4.632 μg·kg^-1·h^-1），至连作后期显著增加。（3）土壤pH值对土壤硝化速率和反硝化速率的影响最大（总效应分别为0.5310和0.6516），土壤硝化率和反硝化率分别在土壤pH值达到阈值范围（8.37和8.01）时达到最大值（91.333 μg·kg^-1·h^-1）和最小值（19.271 μg·kg^-1·h^-1）；土壤水分是影响反硝化作用的第二重要因子。     

土壤熏蒸对土壤氮循环及其功能微生物的影响研究进展

土壤熏蒸凭借高效、广谱等优点已被广泛应用,但正因为其具有广谱性,熏蒸剂在杀死土壤中有害生物的同时,也影响着驱动土壤中各种元素循环、转化的非靶标微生物。土壤氮循环是连接大气、土壤和水体的重要枢纽,而与氮循环有关的关键过程主要由微生物所驱动,因此,土壤熏蒸势必会影响氮循环中的物质转化。已有研究表明,熏蒸剂可显著改变一些与土壤氮循环相关的功能基因及功能微生物的种类及丰度,其中一些熏蒸剂在进行熏蒸处理后,短期内均能提高土壤中氮的矿化速率,增加土壤中的氮素累积矿化量,而固氮、硝化和反硝化过程均受到抑制,可提高对氮素的利用率。本文就常用的几种熏蒸剂在进行土壤熏蒸后,对土壤中氮循环中的固氮、矿化、硝化和反硝化等反应中的各个关键过程和功能微生物产生的影响进行综述,可为研究土壤熏蒸的环境风险提供依据。     

吡虫啉和毒死蜱对尿素氮在土壤中转化的影响

为了考察杀虫剂施用对尿素态氮在土壤中转化过程的影响,采用室内培养法,通过测定土壤铵态氮和硝态氮质量分数以及反硝化损失的动态变化,研究了在施用尿素的土壤（有效氮含量为200 mg/kg）中分别添加不同剂量的吡虫啉和毒死蜱2种杀虫剂时,杀虫剂对尿素的水解、土壤氮的硝化及反硝化过程的影响。结果表明:吡虫啉和毒死蜱各剂量处理在第3天时对尿素水解具有显著的促进作用（PPPPP<0.01）,减少反硝化损失量39.69%。     

夏玉米生长期土壤氮素的硝化-反硝化作用研究

对北京褐土夏玉米生长期氮素硝化一反硝化作用进行了研究。结果表明，氮肥施用后硝化作用在一周内完成。三叶期施肥后土壤干旱，反硝化损失氮量相对较低，随后由于土壤水分状况的改善而增强。十叶期追肥后半个月内土壤反硝化作用最强，是反硝化损失关键阶段，并且随着施氮量增加土壤反硝化作用表现出增强趋势。在玉米全生育期表层（15cm)土壤氮素反硝化值分别为1422．2g/hm^2（不施氮处理）、3812．4g/hm^2(施氮量120kg/hm^2)、4635．4g/hm^2（施氮量360kg/hm^2)。在玉米生育期反硝化作用主要是受到水分供应状况的制约，到后期温度下降可能限制了反硝化作用的进行。     

不同氮肥用量下乙草胺对土壤氮转化过程的影响

在实验室培养条件下,研究了不同氮肥用量水平下土壤中分别添加除草剂乙草胺对尿素态氮的水解、硝化及反硝化等氮素转化过程的影响。试验设7个处理,分别为施氮量0、75、150和300mg/kg以及氮75、150、300mg/kg+乙草胺(有效成分10mg/kg)处理。结果表明:当施氮量为75mg/kg时,乙草胺对尿素态氮的水解和硝化作用无明显影响;施氮量为150和300mg/kg时,乙草胺可抑制尿素态氮的水解过程(PP<0.01)。研究表明,施用乙草胺对土壤中氮素的转化过程具有一定影响,然而在不同的施氮量条件下,其影响效果差异较大,高氮时影响更明显。     

滴灌施肥条件下土壤水氮运移数值模拟

为了研究滴灌施肥条件下土壤水、氮的运移分布规律，本文通过室内土柱滴灌水氮入渗试验，研究了滴灌结束时及再分布过程中土壤水、氮的运移变化规律；同时用HYDRUS软件建立了土柱滴灌水氮入渗的几何模型，用来模拟滴灌土壤水氮运移过程。对试验及模拟中12个观测点测得的土壤含水率、土壤铵态氮、硝态氮质量浓度进行对比分析，结果表明：土壤含水率模拟值与实测值的相对误差变化在10%以内；土壤铵态氮、硝态氮质量浓度的模拟值与实测值变化范围在20%以内。滴灌结束时土体剖面内土壤含水率随距滴头距离的增大而减小，再分布72 h土层25~30 cm土壤含水率增大到0.2 cm³·cm^-3，120 h后土体剖面内土壤含水率较滴灌结束时下降了18%。土壤铵态氮质量浓度主要分布于距滴头20 cm的范围；24 h土壤铵态氮质量浓度最大，且随着时间的推移逐渐减小，到120 h时减少了40%；各观测点24 h至120 h土壤硝态氮质量浓度随着时间的推移逐渐增大，且硝态氮质量浓度在滴头20 cm的范围内由0.442 mg·cm^-3增加到1.2 mg·cm^-3。各观测点24 h土壤硝态氮质量浓度在空间分布上差异不大，其中观测点1，3，6，8，5的土壤硝态氮质量浓度分别为0.437，0.467，0.451，0.482 mg·cm^-3和0.447 mg·cm^-3，差值均小于0.05 mg·cm^-3；48 h后土体剖面内土壤硝态氮质量浓度空间分布随离滴头距离的增加而减小，垂直方向上从距滴头5 cm的观测点1到距滴头25 cm的观测点8减少了53%。依据研究结果，可用数值模型模拟滴灌施肥条件下土壤水氮运移的变化规律。     

膜孔灌肥液自由入渗硝态氮运移特性试验研究

以KNO3为入渗溶液,模拟研究了硝态氮在膜孔灌肥液自由入渗条件下的运移过程.结果表明,在湿润蜂运移的范围内,沿着膜孔水平方向和垂直方向,硝态氮前锋运移速率受土壤含水量的影响较大,并随着土壤含水量的增加而增加;硝态氮前锋运移速率与运移距离有很好的相关性,并随着运移距离的增加呈幂函数衰减变化.硝态氮前锋浓度随着运移距离的增加而升高,其变化趋势呈指数曲线关系,且在湿润锋(土壤干湿交界)面上达到最大值;硝态氮前锋浓度随土壤含水量的增加呈幂函数递减,两者的相关系数也达到了极显著水平.     

土壤水与地下水溶质运移联合模型

土壤水溶质运移模型着重解决入渗与蒸发条件下盐份在非饱和含水层中的垂向运移问题 ,地下水溶质运移模型着重解决盐份在饱和含水层中的横向运移问题 ,它们都不能全面描述区域盐份迁移的规律。分别建立地下水、土壤水的溶质运移模型子系统 ,耦合集成并进行联合运行是理想的解决方案。     

畦灌施肥条件下地表水流溶质运移模型研究

以零惯性量模型作为畦灌施肥水流模型,一维的对流扩散方程ADE作为地表溶质运移方程,分别采用隐式格式有限差和特征线法分别进行数值求解,建立了畦灌施肥地表溶质运移模型,并利用田间试验数据对模型进行了试验验证,以期为实现畦灌施肥技术参数优化组合提供合理可行的模型工具.研究结果显示:建立的畦灌施肥地表溶质运移模型是合理可行的,可作为畦灌施肥技术要素优化组合的模拟工具.     

Solute transport characteristics of a deep soil profile in the Loess Plateau,China

Understanding solute transport behaviors of deep soil profile in the Loess Plateau is helpful for ecological construction and agricultural production improvement. In this study, solute transport processes of a deep soil profile were measured by a conservative tracer experiment using 25 undisturbed soil cores(20 cm long and 7 cm diameter for each) continuously sampled from the surface downward to the depth of 500 cm in the Loess Plateau of China. The solute transport breakthrough curves(BTCs) were analyzed in terms of the convection-dispersion equation(CDE) and the mobile-immobile model(MIM). Average pore-water velocity and dispersion coefficient(or effective dispersion coefficient) were calculated using the CDE and MIM. Basic soil properties and water infiltration parameters were also determined to explore their influence on the solute transport parameters. Both pore-water velocity and dispersion coefficient(or effective dispersion coefficient) generally decreased with increasing depth, and the dispersivity fluctuated along the soil profile. There was a good linear correlation between log-transformed pore-water velocity and dispersion coefficient, with a slope of about 1.0 and an average dispersivity of 0.25 for the entire soil profile. Generally speaking, the soil was more homogeneous along the soil profile. Our results also show that hydrodynamic dispersion is the dominant mechanism of solute transport of loess soils in the study area.     

农田生态系统中的物质迁移研究进展

农田生态系统中的物质迁移涉及了系统中各部分水分、溶质、养分及侵蚀过程中泥沙的运动,在农业、水资源、环境等领域都起着重要的作用,一直是人们关注的焦点。对近年来国内外农田生态系统中的水分、溶质和养分迁移的研究工作进行了评述,并指出了需进一步研究的问题。     

Lysimeter study to investigate the effect of rainfall patterns on leaching of isoproturon

The influence of five rainfall treatments on water and solute leaching through two contrasting soil types was investigated. Undisturbed lysimeters (diameter 0.25 m, length 0.5 m) from a sandy loam (Wick series) and a moderately structured clay loam (Hodnet series) received autumn applications of the radio-labelled pesticide isoproturon and bromide tracer. Target rainfall plus irrigation from the end of November 1997 to May 1998 ranged from drier to wetter than average (235 to 414 mm); monthly rainfall was varied according to a pre-selected pattern or kept constant (triplicate lysimeters per regime). Leachate was collected at intervals and concentrations of the solutes were determined. Total flow (0.27-0.94 pore volumes) and losses of bromide (3-80% of applied) increased with increasing inputs of water and were larger from the Wick sandy loam than from the Hodnet clay loam soil. Matrix flow appeared to be the main mechanism for transport of isoproturon through the Wick soil whereas there was a greater influence of preferential flow for the Hodnet lysimeters. The total leached load of isoproturon from the Wick lysimeters was 0.02-0.26% of that applied. There was no clear variation in transport processes between the rainfall treatments investigated for this soil and there was an approximately linear relationship (r2 = 0.81) between leached load and total flow. Losses of isoproturon from the Hodnet soil were 0.03-0.39% of applied and there was evidence of enhanced preferential flow in the driest and wettest treatments. Leaching of isoproturon was best described by an exponential relationship between load and total flow (r2 = 0.62). A 45% increase in flow between the two wettest treatments gave a 100% increase in leaching of isoproturon from the Wick soil. For the Hodnet lysimeters, a 35% increase in flow between the same treatments increased herbicide loss by 325%.     

层状土壤水盐动态研究与分析

针对我国西北地区土壤剖面多呈层状结构和土壤的盐渍化面积逐年增加的实际情况,概述了国内外入渗和蒸发条件下非均质层状土壤水盐运移的研究动态,总结了其主要研究成果,明晰了成果之间的相互关系及其实际应用价值,探讨了研究中目前存在的主要问题,为灌溉和排水等措施的拟定以及进一步的研究提供参考信息。     

干旱区稳定蒸发条件下土壤盐溶质迁移的动态预测

<正> 1.导言土壤盐碱化是世界干旱区共同性的问题,也是人类遇到的最古老的环境问题。近30年来,迫于人口压力和食物需求,许多容易开发的土地均已得到利用,人们正在将注意力转向干旱区。由于干旱区自身的特征,土地开发和盐渍化防治,在强烈蒸发条件下土壤盐溶质浓度目标C(Z,t)及迁移预测已成为近代土壤—水环境研究热点之一,成为中国北     

Evaluation of groundwater sustainability based on groundwater age simulation in the Zhangye Basin of Heihe River watershed,northwestern China

Water resources, as the primary limiting factor, constrain the economic and social development in arid inland areas. The Zhangye Basin is a representative area of inland river basins, which is located in the middle parts of the Heihe River watershed, northwestern China. Facing with the huge water shortage, people exploited ground- water at a large scale in recent years. The reducing recharge from surface water and over-exploitation of ground- water led to the decline of groundwater levels and threatened the sustainability of water resources. This study con- structed a conceptual and numerical groundwater flow model and calibrated the model based on the observed wells. A solute transport model was built using MT3DMS to calculate the groundwater age distribution in the Zhangye Basin. The simulated result shows that the youngest groundwater is distributed near the most upstream areas in the model domain, which is less than 1,000 a, older groundwater is distributed in deeper parts of the aquifer and near the discharge outlets, ranging from 6,000 a to over 20,000 a. Spatial variation of groundwater ages in the middle area indicates the recharge diversity between unconfined and confined aquifer. Groundwater age can serve as an indicator to evaluate groundwater’s renewal capacity and sustainability. The formation of groundwater resources in the lower stream area would spend 10,000 a or even more than 20,000 a, so exploitation of groundwater in these areas should be restrained.