胡杨茎木质部解剖结构与水力特性对干旱胁迫处理的响应

分析干旱胁迫下胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)茎木质部解剖结构与水力特性的变化对解读其抗逆性机理具有重要意义.本文采用水分控制试验,分析胡杨幼株茎木质部解剖结构和水力特性对不同土壤干旱胁迫处理的响应.结果表明:在解剖结构方面,随着干旱胁迫的加剧,胡杨茎木质部导管密度呈极显著减小(P＜0.01)趋势,而导管内径、导管壁厚度、管壁机械强度呈极显著增大(P＜0.01)趋势,穿孔直径和纹孔直径显著增大(P＜0.05);但导管分子形态却没有发生显著变化,都具有孔纹式和螺纹式两种类型,其中纹孔多为具缘纹孔,呈互列式排列,端壁穿孔为单穿孔类型,并具有螺纹加厚现象;在水力特性方面,随着干旱胁迫的加剧,胡杨茎的木质部比导率(Ks)和自然栓塞程度(PLC)呈显著增加趋势(P＜0.05).为了适应干旱的环境,胡杨茎木质部结构和水力特性发生相应的变化,一定程度上弥补了干旱胁迫所带来的不利影响.     

酸枣荆条耗水特征及其茎木质部解剖构造

[目的]研究酸枣和荆条耗水特征与其茎木质部解剖构造之间的关系,为中国北方干旱区造林树种的选择提供技术支持。[方法]采用热扩散式液流探针(TDP)法对酸枣和荆条的树干液流进行监测,并于监测完成后,采用切片法,观察其茎木质部解剖构造。[结果](1)不同季节2树种的耗水特征存在差异,与湿润季节相比,干旱季节两树种树干液流变化均具有较强的波动性,其日均液流速度和日均耗水量均较小;2树种相比,干旱季节时酸枣的最大液流速度、日均液流速度以及日均耗水量均显著大于荆条,而湿润季节与之相反。(2)就其茎木质部解剖构造而言,酸枣的导管形状大小比较均一,而荆条的导管形状大小参差不齐;酸枣的导管直径、长度、面积平均值及边材相对输导面积均小于荆条,而其导管密度大于荆条。(3)酸枣的相对输导率和脆性指数均小于荆条,说明酸枣的水分输导的有效性小于荆条,而其安全性和抗旱性大于荆条;另外,在湿润季节,二者的耗水特征主要取决于其水分输导的有效性,而在干旱季节,主要取决于其安全性和抗旱性,进而阐明了二者在不同季节表现出不同耗水差异的原因。[结论]与荆条相比,酸枣的茎解剖构造更有利于其在干旱季节维持较高的树干液流,进而得以正常的生长,因此更适合于干旱区造林。     

鲁中南山地6个造林树种根系形态的比较

干旱瘠薄山地造林树种选择是制约这一特殊生境植被修复的关键问题。为明确不同树种对干旱瘠薄生境的生态适应策略,为困难地造林树种选择提供依据,采用挖掘法获取树木整体根系,用根系扫描仪测定细根形态参数,对比分析鲁中南干旱瘠薄山地黑松、侧柏、黄连木、麻栎、黄栌、扶芳藤6个造林树种根系构型及细根形态特征,阐明干旱瘠薄生境中不同树种根系形态的差异性及其对特殊生境的适应性。结果表明:1)相同立地条件下6树种根系构型差异较大,黑松、侧柏、扶芳藤根系表现为浅根性,依靠水平空间的拓展获得水分和养分是它们对干旱瘠薄生境的适应策略;而黄栌、黄连木、麻栎根系则为深根性。2)各树种细根形态存在较大差异,扶芳藤各级细根数量最多,且长度、表面积和体积显著高于其他树种(P<0.05),表明其具有极强的生根能力及水分和养分利用能力。3)麻栎和扶芳藤低级细根(1~2级)的比根长在所有树种中最大,表明它们的细根具有良好的吸收功能。根据各树种的根系形态特征,在干旱瘠薄山地造林实践中,可利用其根系生长策略的不同考虑树种混交,营建针阔混交、乔灌混交等多种林型,充分发挥森林固水保土等生态效益。     

酸枣根系构型特征研究

对半干旱地区酸枣根系构型的研究结果表明:酸枣的根系水平分布可达300 cm,主要分布于0—60 cm范围内;60—240 cm范围根表面积和细根数量变化不大,二级侧根和细根分布比较均匀,在接近侧根末端,根长度、根表面积和细根长度数值明显增大,二级侧根数量增加。垂直方向根系分布可达120 cm,但主要分布在0—60 cm的土层中。0—60 cm土层含水量高,与根系在土层中的主要分布深度一致,因此,酸枣主要吸收土壤浅层和中层水分。尽管在深层土壤中细根的比例很少,但对酸枣吸收水分发挥着非常重要的作用,在干旱季节土壤浅层水分不足时,60 cm以下深层土壤中的水分能够维持酸枣的生存和生长。     

干旱胁迫及复水对耐旱枸杞水力学特性的影响

耐旱枸杞是西北干旱地区重要的经济作物,为进一步明确枸杞水分运输特性,提高农业生产潜力,在甘肃省古浪县农业示范基地(37.09°N,102.79°E)以2年生‘宁杞1号’、‘宁杞5号’和‘蒙杞1号’3个枸杞品种苗木为试验材料,设计3个处理[N:正常水分;M:中度干旱;S:重度干旱],研究干旱胁迫对光合速率、气孔导度、冠层和根系导水率的影响,以及干旱胁迫后复水对枝条导水率的影响。结果表明:随着干旱程度增加,枸杞冠层、枝条和根系导水率均下降,‘宁杞5号’在干旱胁迫后植株导水率的减小和根系导水阻力在整个植株中所占比例的增大最显著;通过拟合木质部脆弱性曲线发现,‘宁杞1号’导水率损失50%时木质部水势显著高于‘宁杞5号’和‘蒙杞1号’。枸杞叶片净光合速率和气孔导度与植株叶片导水速率具有显著相关性。干旱胁迫复水后植物生长主要取决于根系恢复吸水的能力,干旱胁迫复水4 d后苗木导水率呈现不同程度的恢复,‘蒙杞1号’导水率恢复速度最快,并出现显著补偿效应,恢复速度最慢的为‘宁杞5号’。综合分析表明,枸杞耐旱特性与导水能力有关,根系导水对干旱胁迫的敏感性可以反映植株持续抗旱能力,干旱胁迫复水后根系导水率恢复能力和补偿效应对植株在逆境条件下土壤水分利用具有显著影响,调控根系导水率对于提高土壤水分利用率具有重要意义。     

玉米单根木质部水势与径向水力导度的轴向变化

在前人用多个吸水小室测定单根径向水力导度和用不同渗透势溶液同时测定根木质部水势和径向水力导度的基础上 ,将这两种方法结合 ,用之研究了不同土壤水分条件下玉米单根木质部水势和径向水力导度的轴向变化。结果表明 :根木质部水势在距根尖 9cm以前是不断下降的 ,土壤干旱导致根木质部水势下降且前 7cm根木质部水势的下降幅度增大。根尖是对水分胁迫最敏感的部位。正常水分处理根径向导度在 3cm以前逐渐增加 ,3～ 1 0cm间达到最高值且维持稳定 ,1 0cm以后 ,根系径向导度下降。土壤干旱导致根径向导度下降 ,轴向上的下降部位提前 ,轴向变化的梯度减小。     

在苏铁类植物中再次发现导管

本研究对越南蓖齿苏铁（Cycas elonga)的根进行了观察,发现其次生木质部中具导管,导管分子横切面观为近圆形,侧壁为孔纹纹饰,具缘纹孔,端壁具一较大穿孔,为单穿孔板,两相邻导管分子在穿孔处较水平地相连接。端壁常具尾尖;每个导管分子长度较大。这是继鳞秕泽米铁中发现导管之后再次在苏铁类植物中发现导管。这对于系统与演化植物学和结构植物学方面具重大的意义。     

水分胁迫及土壤质地对新银合欢幼苗根系生长的影响

新银合欢是生物措施治理泥石流的重要树种,但在金沙江干热河谷的泥石流源区,干旱少雨和土壤砾石含量高已成为新银合欢生长的主要限制因子。为揭示新银合欢幼苗在生境中的抗逆特性,利用盆栽模拟试验,从水分胁迫和土壤质地的角度研究了非生物因素对新银合欢幼苗根系生长的影响,结果表明:对根系生长的影响水分胁迫程度大于土壤质地状况;在相同土壤质地条件下,水分胁迫程度与根系长度、累积表面积及根尖数量均呈负相关;在相同土壤水分条件下,低砾石含量的土壤对根系生长的促进作用总体优于高砾石含量的,但在极端水分条件下这种差异不明显;低砾石组和高砾石组对根系生长构成限制条件的土壤水分含量分别在8.25%、11.46%以下。     

不同生态条件下盐地碱蓬形态结构变化的研究

对在不同含盐量土壤上生长的盐地碱蓬营养器官进行光镜与叶扫描电镜观察.结果表明,随着土壤总含盐量由0.22%上升到2.47%,上下表皮气孔指数减小,叶高度肉质化,叶及根、茎中主脉维管束导管管径减小,导管数目逐渐减少,管壁变薄;茎表皮在低盐浓度下比较光滑,而到高盐浓度下已变得凸凹不平,皮层层数略有增多,茎木质部导管数目、次生导管数目以及次生维管组织与半径之比都是在中等盐浓度(0.93%)下最多、比值最大;根中薄壁细胞木质化加厚增强,维管柱与直径之比以及木质部与直径之比都是在中等盐浓度(0.93%)下最大,内涵韧皮部数目也是在0.93%盐浓度下最多.     

分层供水和表层施锌对玉米植株生长和锌吸收的影响

进行分层水分隔离盆栽试验,模拟田间不同层次土壤中水分含量分布不均条件,研究表层土壤施锌情况下,玉米植株生长和锌吸收以及根系在表层和底层土壤中的分配。结果表明,施锌明显促进了玉米地上部生长。在土壤表层水分充足时,施锌对植株增长效果较明显,有利于玉米利用土壤水分。缺锌条件下,改善土壤水分并未显著提高玉米生物量。表层土壤干旱时,上下层土壤中根系干物重之比减小,底层土壤中根系分布相对增加,当表层土壤水分增加时,根系在表层土壤中干物重显著增加,分布相对增多。施锌并没有影响根系在不同层次土壤中的分配。表层土壤水分对苗期玉米植株锌吸收总量有显著影响,干旱条件下,玉米植株锌吸收总量下降;底层土壤水分供应状况对玉米锌浓度影响不大,但植株中锌向地上部运转增加。尽管施锌没有提高生长早期玉米根系生长和对底层土壤水分的利用,但本研究表明缺锌旱地土壤上如通过灌溉等措施增加了耕层土壤水分,应该注意施用锌肥,否则严重影响玉米生物量和玉米对土壤水分的利用效率。     

Agricultural potential of Mediterranean grain and forage legumes: Key differences between and within Vicia species in terms of phenology, yield, and agronomy give insight into plant adaptation to semi-arid environments

In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimal^o), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimal^o), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy.     

On the Taxonomy of the Members of ‘Saccharum Complex’

The difficulty and problems encountered in the study of cultivated plants, in general and sugarcane, in particular has been indicated. In order to understand these problems, a brief review on the taxonomy of Saccharum and closely related taxa, namely, Erianthus, Sclerostachya, Narenga and Miscanthus (generally known as ‘Saccharum complex’) has been given. A short account on the important morphological features that are specific to sugarcane has also been stated as classification is commonly based on such morphological characters. A note has been added on the chromosome number, origin, and distribution of the species of ‘Saccharum complex’ members. Taxonomic keys have been devised for identification of the genera of Saccharinae and for the species of Saccharum and Erianthus occurring in India. A new combination, Sclerostachya fallax (Balansa) Amalraj et Balasundaram, has also been proposed.     

Yield and N assimilation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Norstar) inoculated with rhizobacteria

The effects of bacterial inoculants on the growth of winter wheat were studied in a growth chamber. Azospirillum brasilense, Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus polymyxa, Enterobacter cloacae, or a mixture of the four rhizobacteria were the inoculants tested. Inoculation effects on yield, yield components, and N-derived from fertilizer (Ndff) were assessed. The response of plants inoculated with individual bacteria was inconsistent and varied with treatment. At the first harvest (58 days after planting-DAP) plants inoculated with the mixture exhibited increases in plant dry weight, total-N and Ndff. At the second harvest (105 DAP), plants inoculated with A. brasilense and the mixture exhibited increases in shoot biomass, whereas at maturity (170 DAP), the inoculated plants showed no differences in total-N or shoot dry matter yield, as compared to the uninoculated controls. Inoculation with A. brasilense, however, increased the Ndff in the shoots, and B. polymyxa tended to enhance grain yield. Practical use of these rhizobacteria as inoculants for winter wheat may have limited value until such time as we better understand factors which influence rhizosphere competence of bacterial inoculants.     

Polymorphism of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in three species of Aegilops

A collection of 136 accessions of Aegilops umbellulata (39), Ae. comosa (75) and Ae. markgrafii (22) was analysed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits composition. The homogeneity of the accessions was studied and 55.1% of the collection was homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunits (29 Ae. umbellulata, 33 Ae. comosa and 14 Ae. markgrafii). The HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata are encoded by the Glu-U1 locus; in Ae. comosa results showed that this proteins are encoded at the 1M chromosome, and the locus was named Glu-M1. In Ae. markgrafii it was assumed that HMW glutenin subunits were encoded by an homoeologous locus and it was named Glu-C1. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. markgrafii expressed both, x-type and y-type subunits. Among the Ae. comosa accessions, only one expressed an x-type subunit alone. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and some of Ae. comosa had x-type glutenins of higher molecular weights than those commonly present in bread wheat. A total of 8 alleles were detected at the Glu-U1 locus, 11 at the Glu-M1 and 4 at the Glu-C1. The new HMW glutenin variation found in this work suggests their possible utilisation in breeding for wheat quality.     

Genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in different regions of Flanders (Belgium)

We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies.     

Changes in trace element speciation in kola north surface waters during snow melt

The powerful mass-flow of melt water during the brief period of spring thaw provides a surge of pollutants and causes extremely toxic short term conditions. Together with the increase in total metal concentrations during this period, a redistribution in metal speciation occurs that increases the proportion of more toxic forms. Concentrations of ion-exchangeable fractions of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), and manganese (Mn) show strong negative correlations with pH. The sum of complex metal species shows a strong positive correlation with total organic carbon (TOC). A data analysis model based on relationships observed between key parameters and metal behaviour together with gidrological data allowed an assessmrnt of the metal impact on waterbodies from accumulated airborne pollution (Ni, Cu) as well as from accelerated leaching from watersheds (Al, Mn).     

Phylogenetic relationships of Actinidia and related genera based on micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes

The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Actinidia and among 3 allied genera Clematoclethra, Saurauia, and Sladenia have been very controversial. In order to understand the systematic implication of foliar trichomes in those genera, the micromorphological characteristics of foliar trichomes from 34 taxa were examined by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observed micromorphological characteristics were classified into eight main types. A phylogenetic analysis of Actinidia and related genera based on 15 micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes was conducted using Wagner parsimony method and Sladenia celastrifolia, Rhododendron hybridum and R. simsii as a complex outgroup. In the resulting phylogenetic tree, Actinidia is shown to be a monophyletic group, and Clematoclethra and Saurauia form another monophyletic group. This study also presents the phylogenetic relationships among 4 sections within the genus Actinidia: the monophyly of sect. Leiocarpae and of sect. Strigosae, and polyphyly of sect. Maculatae and of sect. Stellatae.     

The effects of feeding by Oniscus asellus on leaf litter sulfur constituents

Summary Feeding by the isopod, Oniscus asellus, produced changes in the sulfur constituents of leaf litter substrates (Acer negundo, A. saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Picea rubens, and Tsuga canadensis). Isopod consumption of leaf litter generally accelerated the mineralization of carbon-bonded S and increased the formation of ester sulfate in all substrates. After the isopod egestion of A. negundo leaves, fecal decomposition over 6 weeks increased total S concentration from 68 to 120 mol S/g due to the catabolism of organic carbon. During the same period sulfate decreased from 34 to 20 mol S/g and carbon-bonded S increased from 34 to 100 mol S/g. Thus the total S pool in aged feces became enriched with organic S (83% of total S). Macroinvertebrate consumption accelerated the transformation of S constituents and the carbon-bonded S concentration approached that of the Oa organic horizon of a northern hardwood forest.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov