江苏省移栽油菜田杂草防治阈期研究

综合多点试验,建立移栽油菜栽后有草或无草天数与油菜产量损失率之间的函数关系,研究了江苏省油菜田杂草的防治阈期。结果表明：油菜栽后有草天数（x)与油菜产量损失率（y)之间符合方程y=26.09/(1 43.35e^-0.0417x),栽后无草天数（x)与油菜产量损失率（y)之间符合方程y=0.00001 26.52e^-0.0227x。江苏省油菜田杂草的防治阈期约为栽后41－96d,相当于油菜全生育期的19．5％－45．7％,油菜处于7－9叶期,此前田间杂草的发生量占总量的90％左右。在此阈期内保持田间无草,既能保证杂草造成的减产率低于3％,又能充分发挥杂草在田间生态系统中所起的积极作用。     

稻田稗草危害及生态经济阈值模型研究

稗草密度(X)与移栽水稻产量损失率的概率单位(P)为不对称S型曲线,定量关系为:P=1.05179+2.05604lgx,稗草的生态经济阈值模型为:X=10(P-1.05179)/2.05604(株/m~2),模型的确立为生产上经济除草,促进生态平衡提供了科学依据。     

水稻机械移栽与化学除草一体化技术初探

水稻田化学除草的有效方法是土壤封闭处理,在水稻移栽时,由于劳动力紧张,农民往往不能及时进行土壤封闭处理,因此错过杂草的最适防治期,造成杂草泛滥。为了解决水稻栽插与化学除草争劳力的矛盾,2013年江苏省张家港市植保植检站与德国拜耳公司合作,对其提供的机插与化除一体机进行除草试验。最终结果表明,机插与化除同步防除杂草的效果十分明显：株防效在药后45d达93．2％,药后60d达93．5％;药后60d的鲜质量防效达到91．8％,且株防效和鲜质量防效均与张家港地区常规土壤封闭处理（移栽后3d进行化学防除）和茎叶处理（移栽后12d进行化学防除）相仿。     

稻糠除草技术试验初报

在无公害稻米生产技术中,除草技术是控制或减少农药施用量的重要一环。为实现水稻无公害栽培,我们在借鉴日本稻糠稻作技术的基础上[1~3],2002~2003年连续两年设计实施了稻糠除草试验。1材料与方法1.1试验地点已通过江苏省无公害生产基地认证的赣榆县塔山镇后太平村。1.2参试品种选用经江苏省首届优质稻米评审会定为优质米的新品种———连粳3号水稻。1.3试验设计2002年共设5个处理:(1)移栽后5 d施稻糠100 g/m2;(2)移栽后5 d施稻糠200 g/m2;(3)移栽后5 d施稻糠300 g/m2;(4)化学除草(CK1)施50%丁草胺100 m l/667m2,对水30 kg喷雾;(5)不除草(…     

胺苯磺隆“后效应”对移栽水稻影响的观察

胺苯磺隆是一种广谱、高效、低毒的油菜田除草剂。由于其杀草谱广、效果好、价格低廉,近年在油菜田中的应用面积逐年增加。但由于农民在使用过程中难以准确掌握用量,加上连年应用,引起土壤中胺苯磺隆残留物的累积,当累积达到一定浓度时,其"后效应"显著,即不仅对秧苗造成药害,还会使大苗移栽水稻因药害造成减产,甚至绝收。桐庐县岭源乡 1997年冬在油菜除草上开始应用,至今已有 3 a。 2000年 6月在本乡中村畈发现较大面积前茬油菜田大苗移栽单季稻发生药害,受害面积 6.7 hm2,其中枯死面积 0.4 hm2。为指导今后生产,我们对前茬油菜…     

油菜移栽中除草剂药害发生的原因及补救措施

以基层农民在油莱移栽生产实践中除草剂药害频发现象入手,着重分析了油菜移栽过程中除草荆药害产生的原因,阐述了在油菜移栽时安全使用除草剂的技术.     

70%苯嘧磺草胺WDG防除免耕地杂草效果及对后茬安全性

70%苯嘧磺草胺WDG与41%草甘膦AS混用,速效性较好,持效期较长,对未出土的杂草有一定封闭作用;70%苯嘧磺草胺WDG 21～42 a.i.g/hm2＋41%草甘膦AS 1 230 a.i.g/hm2在免耕地除草后,对后茬直播油菜有一定影响,应进一步试验验证,但对后茬移栽油菜、直播小麦影响较小,可以示范推广应用。     

农作物病害损失率估算方法探讨

本文以油菜菌核病为分析对象来研讨作物病害的损失率估算方法,得出当病害发病程度和损失呈直线关系时,损失率一般方程式可表示为Y= (a×发病率+b×K×病情指数) /?100,2012年经对36块油菜田菌核病损失率进行估算,并与观测值进行卡平方检验,结果理论值与实测值差异极小,表明此方程可靠性高,可用于病害损失率的准确估算。     

油菜田草发生消长规律的研究

调查了中耕除草、翻耕,化学除草、翻耕和化学除草、免耕等三种稻茬移栽油菜田的杂草群落。比较了三种杂草群落中草种群的频度和平均优势度率;观察了翻耕移栽油菜田草的发生消长规律;并对草种群发生量加大的原因进行了初步的分析。     

水旱轮作区移栽油菜田除草剂田间药效试验

为探讨不同除草剂在水旱轮作区移栽油菜田的除草效果和安全性,进行了几种除草剂的试验,现将结果报道如下:1材料与方法1·1试验田及品种试验设在武穴市四望镇陆政畈,试验田面积2 000m2(3亩),该田常年实行油稻稻轮作,地势平坦,沙壤土质,肥力中等,常年杂草发生较重,田间草相禾本科杂草,占95%以上。药前经过机械翻耕后作厢。油菜品种为华杂6号,于2005年11月24日移栽,移栽时油菜苗5叶以上。1·2试验处理A·广佳安50%乳油666·7m270m lB·广佳安50%乳油666·7m2100m lC·广佳安50%乳油666·7m270m l 金都尔90%乳油666·7m230m lD·广佳安50%乳油…     

Sensor‐based assessment of herbicide effects

Non‐destructive assessment of herbicide effects may be able to support integrated weed management. To test whether effects of herbicides on canopy variables could be detected by sensors, two crops were used as models and treated with herbicides at BBCH 20 using a logarithmic sprayer. Twelve days after spraying at BBCH 25 and 42 days after sowing, nine sensor systems scanned a spring barley and an oilseed rape field experiment sown at different densities and sprayed with increasing field rates of glyphosate and tribenuron‐methyl. The objective was to compare ED₅₀s for crops and weeds derived by the different sensors in relation to crop density and herbicides. Although sensors were not directly developed to detect herbicide symptoms, they all detected changes in canopy colours or height and crop density. Generally ED₅₀s showed the same pattern in response to crop density within herbicide, but there were marked differences between barley and oilseed rape. We suggest that the results of comparing the various sensor outputs could become a stepping stone to future standardisation for the benefit of the research and development of sensors that will detect herbicide effect on crops and weeds, particularly at the most vulnerable stages of development of the canopy.     

Interference between triazine-resistant Brassica napus and Panicum miliaceum

Atrazine carryover often limits growers to production of atrazine-tolerant crops the year following application, and allows the increase of triazine-tolerant weed species such as Panicum miliaceum L. (wild proso millet). Tiriazine-resistant Brassica napus L. cv. ‘Triton’ (oilseed rape) was tested to characterize the nature of interspecific interference with P. miliaceum. In a greenhouse study, atrazine at 2.2 kg ha^?1 depressed oilseed rape fruit (siliqua) number and fruit dry weight, and delayed flowering, but did not significantly affect height or weight of shoots, Oilseed rape fruit weight was reduced at 200 P. miliaceum plants m^?2. fruit number and shoot weight were inhibited at 400 weeds m^?2. and height was reduced and flowering delayed at 600 weeds m^?2. Number and weight of fruits were reduced by one-third after 8 weeks of interference as compared to oilseed rape grown with the weed for 4 weeks. Oilseed rape height was reduced by 29% and shoot weight by 55% by 600 weeds m^?2 and 2–2 kg ha^?1 atrazine, while fruit number and weight were reduced by 72%. Oilseed rape shoot weight was reduced by 74% by 600 weeds m^?2 for 12 weeks of interference, while fruit number and weight were reduced by 85% and 82%. respectively. In a field study, fluazifop reduced early season P. miliaceum cover by 72%, but did not increase oilseed rape cover. Mid-season P. miliaceum shoot weight was decreased by 97% by fluazifop and oilseed rape shoot weight was increased by 34%. P. miliaceum control increased oilseed rape biomass by 38% at 89 days, but biomass of oilseed rape sown at 11.2 kg ha^?1 with 2.2 kg atrazine ha^?1 was not decreased by P. miliaceum interference at 89 days.     

Critical period of weed control in transplanted chilli pepper

Summary Field experiments were conducted from 1991 to 1993 to determine the critical period of weed control in chilli pepper. The maximum weed-infested period ranged between 0.7 and 3.2 weeks after transplanting (WAT) at a 5% yield loss level. To prevent losses in total and marketable yields, weeds should be removed 2.1 or 0.9 WAT respectively. The end of the critical period decreased as the predetermined yield loss level increased from 2.5% to 10%. The minimum weed-free period ranged between 6.7 and 15.3 WAT at a 5% yield loss level depending on crop yield category. The chilli pepper crop required an average of 12.2 weeks of weed-free maintenance to avoid losses above 5%. Using a 5% yield loss level, the duration of the critical period of weed control was 14 weeks in 1991 and 11.2 weeks in 1993, but was shortened to 5.1 weeks in 1992. The results suggest that weeds must be controlled during the first half of the crop's growing season in order to prevent yield losses.     

麦田阔叶杂草经济阈值及防除研究

作者对麦田阔叶杂草调查结果表明,麦田常发生阔叶杂草２０种,为害严重的８种,发生特点是前早、中缓、后快。作者选用高重积作为麦田阔叶杂草群落划分的标准。研究表明,阔叶杂草的各项生物指标经相关检验,以鲜重与小麦产量间关系密切。     

五氟磺草胺与吡氟酰草胺的联合作用及对水稻移栽田杂草的防效

吡氟酰草胺属于类胡萝卜素生物合成抑制剂类除草剂,为明确其与乙酰乳酸合成酶抑制剂类除草剂五氟磺草胺复配的联合作用及复配剂对水稻移栽田杂草的田间防效,采用温室盆栽法,评价了二者复配后的除草活性及联合作用类型,并通过田间小区试验评价了复配制剂对水稻田杂草的防效和对水稻的安全性。温室盆栽试验结果表明:五氟磺草胺与吡氟酰草胺复配后对稗、马唐、异型莎草及鳢肠的活性均表现为相加作用,二者复配的合适配比 (质量比) 范围为 (1~2) : (5~10)。田间小区试验结果表明,于水稻移栽后8 d茎叶喷雾处理,300 g/L五氟磺草胺 ? 吡氟酰草胺 (1 : 5) 悬浮剂对水稻生长安全,且对水稻田稗、异型莎草、耳叶水苋及丁香蓼有良好的防效:在有效成分用量112.5~135.0 g/hm2剂量下,药后35 d,复配悬浮剂对上述杂草的总草株防效和总草鲜重防效分别为93.8%~95.8%和94.1%~96.1%,尤其是显著提高了对较难防除型杂草耳叶水苋及丁香蓼的防效,整体防效显著高于对照两个单剂处理及当地常规用药22%苄嘧磺隆 ? 乙草胺可湿性粉剂处理。五氟磺草胺与吡氟酰草胺复配能够在扩大杀草谱的同时提高防效,且对水稻安全,可用于水稻移栽田防除多种一年生杂草。     

48%仲丁灵乳油防除稻田杂草效果及安全性

为探索48%仲丁灵乳油在南方稻田应用的可行性,2011年通过田间试验了该药剂对稻田杂草的防除效果及对水稻生长的安全性.结果表明,在水稻移栽后7 d 施用48%仲丁灵乳油1080~3600 g(ai)/hm2,对稻田一年生禾本科杂草稗草、马唐具有较好的防除效果,对阔叶杂草鸭跖草、节节菜和莎草科杂草异型莎草、牛毛毡具有明显的兼治作用,对水稻生长安全,可以在示范的基础上推广应用.     

棉田除草剂氯胺嘧草醚田间使用技术研究

氯胺嘧草醚为2-嘧啶氧基-N-芳基苄胺类新型棉花田除草剂,本文于2014年和2015年在多地通过田间药效试验对该药剂的棉花安全性、杂草防效、杀草谱、持效期及推荐剂量等使用技术进行了研究。结果表明,该药剂在多数试验点对棉花表现安全,而在部分砂壤和碱性土壤条件下使用高剂量防治则有一定药害风险,需降低剂量使用;氯胺嘧草醚杀草谱较广,棉田多数杂草对其敏感;与对照药剂乙草胺和二甲戊灵相比,供试药剂在150g/hm~2剂量下的总草防效略低,而在225或250g/hm~2剂量下的总草防效与对照药剂基本相当;氯胺嘧草醚在药后15d开始发挥药效,持续期在45~60d左右,持效期较长;推荐该药剂在棉田的使用剂量为225~250g/hm~2,而砂壤和碱性土壤条件下需降低用量到75~150g/hm~2。该药剂在棉花播后苗前土壤封闭处理,然后覆膜,兑水量40~50kg/667m~2,可以用于棉田防除一年生禾本科杂草、阔叶杂草和莎草科杂草。     

山东省泰安市甘薯田杂草调查

山东省泰安市甘薯田杂草隶属12科35种,以禾本科杂草与阔叶杂草混生为主,常见一年生禾本科杂草以牛筋草、马唐、狗尾草为主,阔叶杂草以反枝苋、马齿苋、铁苋菜、饭包草为主,莎草科杂草以碎米莎草、异型莎草及香附子为主。甘薯扦插后生长前期主要以阔叶杂草反枝苋、藜、马齿苋、苘麻、碎米莎草占优势,甘薯生长后期(6～7月),以一年生禾本科杂草牛筋草、马唐、稗草及狗尾草为主。甘薯田杂草的防除重点是扦插后至封垄前,此阶段及时有效的除草对甘薯的优质高产至关重要。