The degradation of methazole in soil. I. Effects of soil type,soil temperature and soil moisture content

[¹⁴C]-Labelled methazole was incubated in six soils at 25°C and with soil moisture at field capacity. Under these conditions, methazole was unstable, the concentration declined following first-order kinetics with half-life values in the soils ranging from 2.3 to 5.0 days. The main degradation product was 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylurea (DCPMU) which was more stable than the parent compound. After about 160 days, DCPMU accounted for 30 to 45% of the initial methazole concentration. Degradation of methazole and DCPMU was affected by soil temperature and moisture content. With methazole, half-lives in one soil at field capacity moisture content and temperatures of 25, 15 and 5°C were 3.5, 8.7 and 31.1 days respectively. The half-life at 25°C was increased to 5.0 days at 50% of field capacity and 9.6 days at 25% of field capacity. A proportion of the initial radioactivity added to the soil could not be extracted and this proportion increased with time. After 160 days this unextractable radioactivity accounted for up to 70% of the amount applied.     

压实新土体水分动态研究

新土体是资源化利用矿化垃圾和采矿、采石场弃渣石配置而成的工矿企业污染场地植被修复生长基质.为了提高新土体的持水能力,解除弃渣场、尾矿库等困难立地条件下土壤水分对植物存活、生长的制约,本试验对新土体进行不同程度的机械压实,对10 ～ 100cm的土壤含水量进行为期2年的观测,在不同的时间尺度上分析土壤水分动态变化特征.研究结果表明:1)压实显著提高新土体含水量和持水能力.2)由于持水能力增加,重度压实区月平均含水量峰值滞后于月降水量峰值,对照及轻度压实区月平均含水量峰值与月降水量峰值时间一致.3)轻度压实区不同深度的土壤月平均含水量与降水量具有非线性相关关系,重度压实区下层含水量与降水量相关性不显著.4)雨季新土体含水量由雨前含水量和降雨量决定,决定系数为0.657 ～0.861.随着压实度增加,雨前含水量和降雨量的影响增加.5)随着土壤深度增加,土壤含水量的波动幅度下降,60 ～ 100cm土层在观测期间仅接受过1次降雨补给.     

土壤固化剂对不同土质固化性能影响的试验研究

为了探讨土壤固化剂对黄土渠基和土质集雨场的固化效果,进行了用于黄土地区WH型土壤固化剂的抗渗、抗冻、击实和无侧限抗压强度等物理力学性能试验,并与其它土质的试验结果进行了比较。结果发现用WH型土壤固化剂固化后黄土的抗冻和抗渗性能均得到较大提高,认为该土壤固化剂可用于黄土渠基和土质集雨场的防渗加固处理。     

保护性耕作下黑土水热动态研究

通过连续监测东北典型黑土耕作长期定位试验下的土壤含水量和温度,研究了保护性耕作措施下农田黑土水热动态规律。结果表明:免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)可显著提高0~50 cm土层水分含量,其中免耕在0~20 cm土层平均土壤体积含水量最高值分别比少耕(RT)和传统(CT)高3%~10%,尤其是可提高作物播种期表层土壤含水量。0~10 cm土层深度范围内RT土壤温度均高于NTS和CT,其中5 cm土层土壤温度日平均最高值较NTS和CT分别高3.04℃和5.27℃。三种耕作措施下的水热动态表明,少耕是我国东北旱作黑土区最佳的保护性耕作措施。     

棉粕腐植酸肥对土壤团聚体、酶及养分的影响

采用田间试验方法,以小麦新春38号作为供试品种,设置3个处理:空白对照、等养分复合肥和等养分棉粕腐植酸复合肥,研究了棉粕开发的腐植酸水溶性肥料对土壤团聚体、酶和养分的影响。结果表明:与不施肥处理相比较,腐植酸肥处理使土壤团聚体含量向2~0.25 mm和2 mm粒级有显著转移;土壤脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性显著提高,对蔗糖酶活性差异不明显;可显著提高碱解氮、速效钾和有效磷含量,腐植酸肥处理能平均提高全生育期0~20 cm土层碱解氮37.27%、速效磷42.24%、速效钾37.02%,20~40 cm土层碱解氮提高15.55%、速效磷提高61.52%、速效钾提高57.36%。与等养分复合肥处理相比,腐植酸肥处理使不同土层土壤团聚体百分含量向2~0.25 mm和2 mm粒级均有转移;前期抑制土壤脲酶活性,后期提高壤脲酶活性,提高过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,蔗糖酶活性差异不明显;可提高土壤中碱解氮含量,显著提高速效钾和速效磷含量,腐植酸肥处理可平均提高全生育期0~20 cm土层碱解氮5.92%、速效磷8.8%、速效钾4.29%,20~40 cm土层碱解氮提高1.9%、速效磷提高15.39%、速效钾提高8%。     

不同湿润比下滴灌土壤入渗特性模拟试验研究

为了研究滴头流量和设计湿润比对土壤水分运移规律及湿润体特性的影响,前期利用粘壤土进行试验研究,然后依据非饱和土壤水动力学理论和滴灌条件下土壤水分运移特征,建立了土壤水分运动模型,利用HYDRUS-3D对不同湿润比下滴灌土壤入渗模型进行求解。通过所建模型,对11个观测点的模拟结果与实测结果进行了对比,得出灌水结束时各观测点模拟与实测含水率的相对误差均小于10%,实测与模拟湿润比的相对误差为4.75%~11.78%。利用所建模型对不同情景下湿润体运移规律进行了模拟,获得了湿润体特征变化规律:滴头流量主要影响水平湿润锋的运移距离,而设计湿润比对垂直湿润锋运移距离的影响较大;滴头流量相同时,设计湿润比越大,湿润体内平均含水率越大,高含水区(含水率0.410 cm~3·cm~(-3))半径也越大;设计湿润比相同时,湿润体内含水率高于0.410 cm~3·cm~(-3)的湿润半径随流量增大而增大。     

Residual phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid in soil and its concentration in soil water under different soil moisture conditions

The relationship between the residual phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid (2-chloro- N -[2-ethoxyethyl]- N- [2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propenyl] acetamide) on rice ( Oryza sativa cv. Kiyohatamochi) seedlings and its behavior in soil was investigated under different moisture conditions. The phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid on the shoot growth of rice seedlings in soil was higher in 80% soil moisture content than in 70% and 60% soil moisture contents. The phytotoxic activity in soil in 70% and 80% soil moisture conditions decreased with the increasing time after application, but the phytotoxic activity was slight in 50% soil moisture conditions at any given time after application. The residues of pethoxamid in soil water, the amount adsorbed on soil solid, and the amount in total soil was reduced with the time after application in a similar manner among these soil moisture conditions. The residual phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid on the shoot growth of rice seedlings in soil was more highly correlated with the concentration in soil water than with the amounts adsorbed on soil solid and in total soil. The partition coefficients between the amounts of pethoxamid adsorbed on soil solid and its concentration in soil water were similar among the soils with different moisture conditions at each day, and the partition coefficient increased with the time after application. These results suggested that the residual phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid in soil depends on the decreasing concentration of pethoxamid in soil water with time, except in low soil-moisture conditions, which were insufficient for seedling growth.     

Integrating soil conservation practices and glyphosate-resistant crops: impacts on soil

BACKGROUND: Conservation practices often associated with glyphosate-resistant crops, e.g. limited tillage and crop cover, improve soil conditions, but only limited research has evaluated their effects on soil in combination with glyphosate-resistant crops. It is assumed that conservation practices have similar benefits to soil whether or not glyphosate-resistant crops are used. This paper reviews the impact on soil of conservation practices and glyphosate-resistant crops, and presents data from a Mississippi field trial comparing glyphosate-resistant and non-glyphosate-resistant maize (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under limited tillage management. RESULTS: Results from the reduced-tillage study indicate differences in soil biological and chemical properties owing to glyphosate-resistant crops. Under continuous glyphosate-resistant maize, soils maintained greater soil organic carbon and nitrogen as compared with continuous non-glyphosate-resistant maize, but no differences were measured in continuous cotton or in cotton rotated with maize. Soil microbial community structure based on total fatty acid methyl ester analysis indicated a significant effect of glyphosate-resistant crop following 5 years of continuous glyphosate-resistant crop as compared with the non-glyphosate-resistant crop system. Results from this study, as well as the literature review, indicate differences attributable to the interaction of conservation practices and glyphosate-resistant crop, but many are transient and benign for the soil ecosystem. CONCLUSIONS: Glyphosate use may result in minor effects on soil biological/chemical properties. However, enhanced organic carbon and plant residues in surface soils under conservation practices may buffer potential effects of glyphosate. Long-term field research established under various cropping systems and ecological regions is needed for critical assessment of glyphosate-resistant crop and conservation practice interactions.     

施用生物炭后土壤生物活性与土壤肥力的关系

分析了生物炭不同用量条件下土生物活性与土壤主要肥力指标之间的关系。相关分析表明,除蔗糖酶活性和微生物量碳外,土壤其它生物活性指标与土壤容重间呈显著负相关。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性、微生物量氮和三大类微生物与土壤主要肥力指标间呈显著或极显著正相关。除蔗糖酶外,酶活性与三类微生物数量间显著相关,但蔗糖酶、土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶的活性间并不完全显著相关。通径分析表明,脲酶和微生物量氮对土壤肥力影响以直接作用为主,而过氧化氢酶则以间接作用为主。主成分分析结果表明,可以用微生物因子、酶活性因子和速效磷因子进行综合描述土壤肥力特征。其中,各处理综合得分在玉米季大于小麦季,且随生物炭用量的增加而增加,表明高用量生物炭对土壤肥力的提高作用明显。     

滑带土与原状土的显微结构对比分析

滑带土的显微结构分析对揭示滑面演化具有重要意义。文中对原状土与滑带土中的黄土及红黏土进行了SEM和CT试验,探讨了原状土与滑带土的微观结构特征,对比分析了原状土与滑带土之间的差异。结果表明:滑带黄土颗粒的平均体积小于原状黄土,而滑带黄土的孔隙比大于原状黄土,并且占主导比例的粒径和孔隙直径的范围比原状黄土更广;滑带黄土相较于原状黄土,其颗粒和孔隙均表现出占主导比例的中间颗粒和孔隙减少,占非主导地位的颗粒和孔隙比例增大;在滑带土交界面附近黄土一侧孔隙发育更高,而红黏土一侧裂隙发育程度更高。     

Precision of soil seedbank sampling: how many soil cores?

A prerequisite for a precise estimate of the abundance of weed seeds in sou is prior knowledge of sampling variability, Based on an analysis of EWRS working group trials, it is shown that the sampling variance (s²) of seed counts increases with the sampling mean (S²) and can be predicted with the logarithmic form of Taylor's power law: log₁₀(s^z)=a+b log₁₀(x?). This relationship is constant over time for means greater than 0.1 seeds per core within each of the five different sites studied (temporal variability) but differs slightly among sites (geographical variability). An attempt is made to use a general s² : x? relationship to predict the number of samples as a function of precision and density.     

生物炭对塿土持水能力的影响

通过连续6年定位试验，探究较长时间施用生物炭对土壤保水作用的影响，以期为塿土区水土保持和土壤改良提供理论参考。田间试验于2011年开始，设4个生物炭施用梯度：对照，不施生物炭（B0）；5 t·hm^-2（B5）；10 t·hm^-2（B10）；20 t·hm^-2（B20）。在2017年测定了土壤含水量、土壤基础理化性质和水分累积蒸发量等。结果表明：生物炭能够显著减小土壤容重、增加土壤孔隙度、饱和含水量和田间持水量，且随着生物炭施入量的增加，各指标变化幅度也增大，B20与B0处理相比，土壤容重减少了8.28%，毛管孔隙度增加了20.17%，饱和含水量与田间持水量分别增加了22.17%和14.86%；生物炭显著增加了土壤团聚体稳定性，B20与B0处理相比，土壤水稳性团聚体含量增加了19.00%，团聚体破坏率和不稳定团粒指数分别降低了11.34%和9.61%；生物炭还可有效抑制土壤水分的蒸发，B10和B20处理的土壤累积蒸发量分别比B0处理减少了7.45%和10.18%。结合逐步回归分析与通径分析发现，生物炭对土壤结构的改良是其促进土壤持水能力的主要原因。土壤孔隙度和有机碳含量是影响土壤饱和含水量的主要因子，影响土壤毛管持水量的主要因子为有机碳含量和土壤毛管孔隙度，而毛管孔隙度与水稳性团聚体含量则解释了绝大部分土壤田间持水量的变化。研究表明生物炭施用可以显著改良土壤结构，提升塿土持水性能，增加干旱半干旱地区土壤的蓄水保墒能力。     

施肥对西红柿土壤微生物和土壤呼吸的影响

以不施肥为对照,研究了化肥、有机肥、沼肥对西红柿土壤微生物数量和土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明:施用化肥土壤的细菌数量比对照减少0.6％～57.2％,真菌数量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,放线菌数量比对照增加7.4％ ～65.0％;化肥用量减少一半,土壤的真菌数量增加,放线菌数量减少.施用有机肥土壤的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量比对照分...     

Residual thenylchlor concentration in soil water and its phytotoxic activity in soil

The phytotoxic activity of soil-applied thenylchlor (2-chloro- N -[3-methoxy-2-thenyl]-2',6'-dimethylacetanilide) on the growth of rice seedlings and its behavior in two different types of soil, Ryugasaki soil and Tsukuba soil, after application was investigated with emphasis on the concentration in the soil water. The greatest inhibition of thenylchlor on the growth of rice seedlings was found immediately after application to both the Ryugasaki and Tsukuba soils. The phytotoxic activity decreased with time in both soils. However, the rate of decrease in phytotoxic activity was slower in the Ryugasaki soil than in the Tsukuba soil. The concentration of thenylchlor in soil water, the amount adsorbed on the soil solid, and the amount in the total soil reduced with time after application to both soils. The amount of thenylchlor adsorbed on the soil solid phase was more persistent than that in the soil water in both soils and the concentration in the soil water was higher in the Ryugasaki soil than in the Tsukuba soil at any given time. The residual phytotoxic activity of thenylchlor on the growth of the rice seedlings in the soil was highly correlated with its concentration in the soil water but not with the amount in the total soil. These results suggested that the residual phytotoxic activity of thenylchlor in the soil is determined by its concentration in the soil water after application.     

Long term effect of soil solarization on soil properties and cauliflower vigor

The effect of soil solarization on physical, chemical and biological properties of soil was studied, along with the response of cauliflower seedlings following solarization. Nursery beds were covered with transparent polyethylene sheet and soil temperature and moisture were recorded. Soil samples were collected five times for analysis. Three cauliflower nurseries were raised at 30-day intervals; germination was recorded 10 days after sowing and seedling length 30 days after sowing. The maximum temperature in solarized soil ranged from 40.2–47.2°C, with an increase of 5.2° to 9.9°C over non-solarized soil. There was a conservation of 5.48% moisture in solarized soil as compared with non-solarized. Solarization significantly increased electrical conductivity, organic carbon, nitrogen and potassium over pre-solarized soil. The mean pH, EC, Ca, Mg, N, P, K and C recorded in solarized soil was higher than in non-solarized. Soil solarization reduced the population of fungi from 25.68 x 10⁴ to 4.8 x 10⁴, bacteria from 20.28 x 10⁶ to 5.66 x 10⁶, actinomycetes from 31.60 x 10⁵ to 4.40 x 10⁵, and reduction in population was recorded even after 90 days, when compared with non-solarized soil. Solarization effectively reduced (>97%) population of plant parasitic and free living nematodes. Cauliflower seedlings in solarized soil had a better vigor index than non-solarized soil. Present findings reveal that soil solarization could be exploited for nutrient management and soilborne pests control, with a better vigor index of vegetable nursery.     

农田耕种对土壤酶活性及土壤理化性质的影响

通过分析连续耕种5、10、15、20、30年农田土壤的4种酶活性及土壤理化性质,得出结论：随着种植年限的增加,灌溉、耕作、施肥等人类生产活动改变了酶在各土层间的活性格局。过氧化氢酶活性和蔗糖酶活性随年限的增加总体趋势增加,有机质和土壤水分变化类似,一致表现出＂N＂形的变化趋势,脲酶活性和磷酸酶活性呈现＂M＂形的相似变化...     

秸秆覆盖对农田黑土春季地温的影响

通过黑土区田间长期定位试验,研究了秸秆覆盖度对太阳反射和土壤含水量的影响,进而探讨了其对土壤温度的调控作用。在作物出苗前,秸秆覆盖度免耕(覆盖度70%)>少耕(覆盖度10%)>旋松(覆盖度0%)。研究结果表明:免耕、少耕和旋松的累计反射强度依次递减,反射辐射强度越大土壤温度越低;免耕具有较高的质量含水量,质量含水量均与地温存在显著的负相关关系。     

Pencycuron dissipation in soil: effect of application rate and soil conditions

Dissipation of the fungicide pencycuron was examined under controlled laboratory conditions in clay loam soils from rice cultivated fields of alluvial soil (Typic udifluvent) and coastal saline soil (Typic endoaquept) at field rate, twice the field rate and 10 times the field rate with and without decomposed cow manure maintained at 60% of maximum water-holding capacity (WHC) and waterlogged soil condition. The half-life values depended on the initial concentrations of pencycuron. Pencycuron, in general, degraded fastest in coastal saline soil and in soil amended with decomposed cow manure at 60% of maximum WHC of soil.