武汉市宠物犬狂犬疫苗免疫效果评价

为评价武汉市内宠物犬狂犬疫苗的免疫情况,为制定狂犬病的防制对策提供依据,采用间接ELISA法,对325只宠物犬进行狂犬病毒抗体捡测。结果在325只被检测的宠物犬中,抗体阳性的犬有153只,占47.1%,抗体阴性的犬有172只,占52.9%;其中抗体阳性犬只有38只犬能够产生保护性狂犬病毒抗体(即抗体强阳性),占总数的11.7%;假阳性或潜在感染狂犬病毒的宠物犬7只,占2.2%。     

2006-2009年北京市丰台区犬只狂犬病病毒抗体效价调查分析

为了摸清当前社会犬只的狂犬病免疫状况，我们从2006年起连续4年对北京市丰台区城区和4个乡镇社会犬只的狂犬病病毒抗体效价进行了抽样调查。所采集的犬只血清样品共4776份，采用免疫荧光中和试验法检测其血清狂犬病病毒抗体效价并做统计分析。结果显示，有68．1％的免疫接种犬的抗体滴度为阳性，未免疫犬有16．4％为阳性（P〈0．01）；在城区和乡镇间，免疫接种覆盖率分别为81．7％和27．6％（P〈0．01）；在大型犬和小型犬间，免疫接种率有较大差异，分别为69．5％和39．3％（P〈0．01）。虽然北京市狂犬病的发生率和病死率多年来都控制在0．02／100000以下，但从犬只免疫接种率来看，4年中任何1年的接种率都没有超过WHO规定的70％的标准，分别为55．0％、53．8％、67．4％和54．4％，提示免疫接种率较低，存在狂犬病发作的风险。调查结果还显示城区免疫阳性犬数量是乡镇的2．5倍；在疫苗的接种率和狂犬病病毒抗体效价方面，城区也好于乡镇，说明加强农村地区犬只免疫接种率是今后狂犬病预防的重要工作内容。调查还发现，免疫过的小型犬数量是大型犬的1．68倍，究其原因，一方面是因为城区绝大多数犬都是小型犬，普遍接受免疫接种；而在乡镇，大多数犬是中大型犬，而且漏免率较高。调查结果提示：北京市应加强对农村地区犬只的免疫接种，尤其要提高对中大型犬的免疫接种率。     

云南某犬场犬狂犬病灭活疫苗免疫抗体效价评估

采用直接免疫荧光病毒中和试验(FAVN),对云南某犬场狂犬病灭活疫苗免疫28 d后的犬群随机抽样44只(份),检测血清中狂犬病病毒抗体效价。结果显示,44只受试犬,14只阳性(≥0.50 IU/m L),阳性率31.82%(14/44);狂犬病灭活疫苗免疫1次的31只受试犬(幼犬14只、训练犬17只),3只阳性,阳性率9.68%(3/31);免疫2次及2次以上的13只受试犬(3只训练犬,10只种犬),11只阳性,阳性率84.62%(11/13)。调查显示,该犬场狂犬病灭活疫苗免疫覆盖率为100%。笔者建议:在犬12月龄前,应进行两次狂犬病灭活疫苗免疫;在幼犬3月龄后进行第1次免疫,间隔1个月后进行第二次狂犬病灭活疫苗加强免疫,消除狂犬病免疫空挡,以后每年进行1次免疫;对于监测过程中,出现血清中和抗体效价低于0.50 IU/m L的犬只,应及时加强免疫1次;并加强犬场周围流浪犬、流浪猫管理。     

4种兽用狂犬病活疫苗的免疫效果评价

为更好的对四川省近几年犬只常用的4种狂犬病疫苗进行综合研判,对犬只狂犬病疫情进行评价。通过应用4种兽用狂犬病活疫苗对试验犬只首免及1个月后二免,进行临床观察、免疫抗体消长规律检测,来评价临床应用效果。结果显示,试验犬只接种4种疫苗后均无严重不良反应,3～6 d恢复正常。4种疫苗免疫犬只后均能在首免后1个月达到有效保护水平,二免后3个月4种疫苗组犬只抗体群体阳性率均处于上升水平,与首免后1个月分别比较,差异均显著(P0.05);二免后10个月疫苗A、B、C组犬只群体阳性率仍然处于有效保护水平,说明首免1个月后加强免疫,免疫有效保护水平至少达10个月,D组犬只达不到10个月;根据试验数据,筛选出最适疫苗A。初步确定本疫苗的免疫程序基本为1年2次免疫,分别肌肉注射1头份,间隔期1个月。表明四川省常用的犬只狂犬病活疫苗多数可以诱导犬只产生有效保护抗体,免疫保护力存在差异。     

宁波地区家犬狂犬病流行及免疫保护情况调查

采用狂犬病抗体ELISA试剂,于2008、2009、2010年3年间,对宁波地区702份家犬血清进行跟踪检测。结果显示,宁波市家犬狂犬病综合抗体水平达到65.3%;在免疫后60 d与90 d时,总体抗体水平均保持在较高水平;宠物犬免疫抗体合格率优于农村犬;非免疫犬抗体检出率为15.3%,与近年来我市人的狂犬病发病率居高不下关系密切。     

宠物犬免疫失败原因

造成宠物犬免疫失败的原因有以下几方面：1母源抗体的影响母源抗体对接种效果有一定影响,尤其是宠物犬免疫弱毒苗时,如果其体内存在较高水平的母源抗体,会严重影响免疫效果。仔犬可通过初乳、胎盘获得免疫抗体,这些抗体可使犬抵抗传染病侵袭,其保护时间约10～16周。为确保免疫效果,在母源抗体滴度低于免疫保护所需水平时（一般为7周龄左右）进行免疫接种较合适。     

广东省部分城市犬和猫狂犬病病毒血清中和抗体的调查分析

通过对广东省部分城市宠物犬和猫狂犬病病毒中和抗体效价现状进行调查分析，探讨其风险点及改善点，为狂犬病的防控及公共卫生安全提供参考。调查于2020-2021年期间在广东省佛山市、深圳市、东莞市、云浮市、江门市等地城区采集宠物犬、猫血清735份，并对相关个体信息进行收集，采用荧光抗体病毒中和试验(FAVN)对所有血清样本进行了狂犬病中和抗体效价的测定和分析。结果显示，所有样本狂犬病抗体保护水平阳性率为46.9%,低于世界卫生组织推荐的70%保护水平阳性率；深圳市血清样本抗体保护水平阳性率为55.4%,为采样城市中保护水平阳性率最高；家养猫的保护水平阳性率比家养犬的阳性率低15.5%;犬养殖场样本阳性率比家庭饲养犬样本阳性率低20.8%;流浪动物的保护水平阳性率仅有8.1%。说明广东省部分城市犬、猫狂犬病免疫阳性率偏低，尚无法形成抵御狂犬病侵袭的有效屏障，需在流浪动物管理、猫饲养管理、犬猫饲养场管理等几个方面加强狂犬病的预防管制措施，加强政策引导工作，以提升狂犬病的综合防控能力。     

广东省东莞市犬猫3种重要人兽共患病血清学调查

为了解广东省东莞市犬猫中狂犬病、弓形虫病、布鲁氏菌病3种重要人兽共患病的抗体水平,采集东莞市32个镇（街）1 303份犬猫血清样品,其中犬1 174份、猫129份,应用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）进行3种疫病的血清学检测。结果显示：犬猫狂犬病免疫抗体阳性率为80.74%,仅在犬中检出弓形虫抗体阳性,抗体阳性率为0.85%,未检出布鲁氏菌抗体阳性样品。宠物型犬猫狂犬病免疫抗体阳性率显著高于土养型（P <0.01）,> 3岁犬猫的抗体阳性率显著高于3岁及以下犬猫（P <0.05）;土养犬弓形虫抗体阳性率显著高于宠物犬（P <0.05）,<1岁犬阳性率显著高于1岁及以上犬。结果表明：东莞市犬猫狂犬病免疫抗体阳性率较高,免疫效果较好,但存在犬弓形虫的潜在感染风险;犬猫饲养方式和年龄会对抗体阳性率产生一定影响。结果提示,应加强犬猫3种重要人兽共患病的监测,根据监测结果制定针对性的防控措施。本调查基本掌握了当前东莞市犬猫3种重要人兽共患病的抗体水平,为下一步制定相应防控措施提供了参考。     

2012-2013年广西犬狂犬病监测及免疫效果分析

为了解当前广西家犬狂犬病流行情况,评价防控效果,采集免疫过狂犬病疫苗的犬血清2 325份进行抗体检测,抗体阳性的有1571份,阳性率为67.57%。另外,采集交易市场或屠宰场表观健康犬的脑组织样品1 012份,通过RT-PCR方法检测狂犬病病原,结果表观,健康犬1份样品呈阳性,阳性率为0.099%。结果表明,实施狂犬病疫苗免疫后,广西家犬总体免疫抗体水平良好,表观健康犬携带狂犬病病毒比率下降到极低水平。提示应继续加强农村犬只的免疫和管理,有效降低狂犬病的发生。     

乌鲁木齐市犬狂犬病免疫抗体调查

为掌握乌鲁木齐市流浪犬及宠物犬狂犬病感染及疫苗免疫情况,新疆农业大学动物医学学院采用IgG抗体ELISA检测试剂盒,检测某校园流浪犬、动物中心医院就诊宠物犬以及某流浪犬基地犬只共41份血清样品。结果表明,校园内流浪犬抗体阳性率为20%,动物中心医院就诊宠物犬抗体阳性率为78.6%,流浪犬基地抗体阳性率为37.5%。     

Impact of Rabies Vaccination History on Attainment of an Adequate Antibody Titre Among Dogs Tested for International Travel Certification,Israel – 2010–2014

Rabies is endemic in wildlife or domestic carnivore populations globally. Infection of domestic dogs is of particular concern in many areas. In regions where domestic animals are at risk of exposure to rabies virus, dogs should be routinely vaccinated against rabies to protect both pet and human populations. Many countries require demonstration of an adequate level of serum rabies neutralizing antibodies to permit entry of dogs during international travel. We analysed rabies titres of dogs seeking travel certification in Israel to assess demographic and vaccine history factors associated with antibody titres below the acceptable threshold for travel certification. Having received only one previous rabies vaccination and a longer duration since the most recent vaccination was received were primary risk factors for not achieving an adequate rabies virus neutralizing antibody titre for travel certification. These risk factors had stronger effects in younger animals, but were consistent for dogs of all ages. In particular, these findings reiterate the importance of administering at least two rabies vaccinations (the primo vaccination and subsequent booster) to ensure population‐level protection against rabies in dogs globally.     

Antibody response to an anti-rabies vaccine in a dog population under field conditions in Bolivia

Rabies remains an important public health issue in Bolivia, South America. Public concern and fears are most focussed on dogs as the source of rabies. The objective of the present study was to assess immunity of an inactivated suckling mouse brain vaccine against canine rabies used for the official vaccination campaigns under field conditions in an endemic area of rabies in Bolivia. A total of 236 vaccinated and 44 unvaccinated dogs in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, selected using stratified random sampling, were investigated in order to obtain owned dog characteristics and antibody titres against rabies in April 2007. The proportion of vaccinated dogs with an antibody titre exceeded the protection threshold value of 0.5 EU/ml was 58% [95% confidence intervals (CI): 52-65], indicating that vaccination is likely to elicit an antibody response (odds ratio 6.3, 95% CI: 1.2-11.5). The range of geometric mean of antibody titre for vaccinated dogs (0.89 EU/ml; 95% CI: 0.75-1.04) was considered to meet the minimal acceptable level indicating an adequate immune response to the vaccine. However, the titre level was not satisfactory in comparison with the results from other field investigations with inactivated tissue culture vaccines. It is recommended for public health authorities to (1) consider modernizing their vaccine manufacturing method because the level of immunity induced by the current vaccine is comparably low, (2) conduct frequent vaccination campaigns to maintain high levels of vaccination coverage, and (3) actively manage the domestic dog population in the study area, which is largely responsible for rabies maintenance.     

湖南部分地区犬狂犬病病毒的监测研究

对湖南部分地域的8个县(市、区)的8个城区、乡镇和农村的健康犬抽样采集脑组织标本142份,应用RT-PCR和直接荧光抗体试验(FAT)检测,检测结果142份犬脑样中均不含狂犬病病毒。调查上述监测点及周边近三年狂犬病的免疫情况,免疫率均超过70%。表明湖南部分犬免疫工作较好的地区,通过加大群免疫密度,可以使犬狂犬病病毒携带率降低,这可能与形成免疫屏障有关。     

Evaluation of antithyroglobulin antibodies after routine vaccination in pet and research dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether routine vaccination induces antibodies against bovine thyroglobulin and autoantibodies against canine thyroglobulin in dogs. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 20 healthy research Beagles and 16 healthy pet dogs. PROCEDURE: For the research Beagles, 5 dogs were vaccinated with a multivalent vaccine and a rabies vaccine, 5 dogs received only the multivalent vaccine, 5 dogs received only the rabies vaccine, and 5 dogs were unvaccinated controls. The multivalent vaccine was administered at 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 26, and 52 weeks of age and every 6 months thereafter. The rabies vaccine was administered at 16 and 52 weeks of age and then once per year. Blood was collected from all dogs at 8, 16, and 26 weeks of age and then 4 times yearly. Assays for antibodies directed against bovine and canine thyroglobulin were performed prior to and 2 weeks after each yearly vaccination. For the pet dogs, blood was collected prior to and 2 weeks after 1 vaccination. RESULTS: In the research Beagles, there was a significant increase in anti-bovine thyroglobulin antibodies in all vaccinated dogs, compared with control dogs. There was a significant increase in anti-canine thyroglobulin antibodies in the 2 groups of dogs that received the rabies vaccine but not in the group that received the multivalent vaccine alone. In the pet dogs, there was a significant increase in anti-canine thyroglobulin antibodies after vaccination but no significant change in anti-bovine thyroglobulin antibodies. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Recent vaccination may result in increased anti-canine thyroglobulin antibodies. Whether these antibodies have a deleterious effect on canine thyroid function is unknown.     

A Comparative Study of the RAPINA and the Virus‐Neutralizing Test (RFFIT) for the Estimation of Antirabies‐Neutralizing Antibody Levels in Dog Samples

The mass vaccination of dogs against rabies is a highly rational strategy for interrupting the natural transmission of urban rabies. According to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the World Health Organization (WHO), the immunization of at least 70% of the total dog population minimizes the risk of endemic rabies. Knowledge of the virus‐neutralizing antibody (VNA) level against the rabies virus (RABV) is required to evaluate protective immunity and vaccine coverage of dogs in the field. The rapid focus fluorescent inhibition test (RFFIT) and the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (FAVN) test are recommended by OIE and WHO to determine the VNA levels in serum. However, these tests are cell culture based and require the use of live viruses and specialized equipment. The rapid neutralizing antibody test (RAPINA) is a novel, immunochromatographic test that uses inactivated virus to estimate the VNA level qualitatively. It is a simple, rapid and inexpensive, although indirect, assay for the detection of VNA levels. The RAPINA has shown good positive and negative predictive values and a high concordance with the RFFIT results. In this study, we compared the performance of the two tests for evaluating the vaccination status of dogs in the Philippines, Thailand and Japan. A total of 1135 dog sera were analysed by the RAPINA and compared to the VNA levels determined by the RFFIT. The overall positive and negative predictive values of the RAPINA were 96.2–99.3% and 84.5–94.8%, respectively, with a concordance (kappa) of 0.946–0.97 among the three countries. The RAPINA results were highly homologous and reproducible among different laboratories. These results suggest that this test is appropriate to survey vaccination coverage in countries with limited resources.     

Rabies Vaccination: Higher Failure Rates in Imported Dogs than in those Vaccinated in Italy

The current European Union (EU) legislation decrees that pets entering the EU from a rabies‐infected third country have to obtain a satisfactory virus‐neutralizing antibody level, while those moving within the EU require only rabies vaccination as the risk of moving a rabid pet within the EU is considered negligible. A number of factors driving individual variations in dog vaccine response have been previously reported, including a high rate of vaccine failure in puppies, especially those subject to commercial transport. A total of 21 001 observations collected from dogs (2006–2012) vaccinated in compliance with the current EU regulations were statistically analysed to assess the effect of different risk factors related to rabies vaccine efficacy. Within this framework, we were able to compare the vaccination failure rate in a group of dogs entering the Italian border from EU and non‐EU countries to those vaccinated in Italy prior to international travel. Our analysis identified that cross‐breeds and two breed categories showed high vaccine success rates, while Beagles and Boxers were the least likely to show a successful response to vaccination (88.82% and 90.32%, respectively). Our analysis revealed diverse performances among the commercially available vaccines, in terms of serological peak windows, and marked differences according to geographical area. Of note, we found a higher vaccine failure rate in imported dogs (13.15%) than in those vaccinated in Italy (5.89%). Our findings suggest that the choice of vaccine may influence the likelihood of an animal achieving a protective serological level and that time from vaccination to sampling should be considered when interpreting serological results. A higher vaccine failure in imported compared to Italian dogs highlights the key role that border controls still have in assessing the full compliance of pet movements with EU legislation to minimize the risk of rabies being reintroduced into a disease‐free area.     

Vaccination coverage and epidemiological parameters of the owned-dog population in Thungsong District, Thailand

Canine rabies vaccination is delivered in Thungsong District, Thailand, as an annual campaign between March 1 and 31, and also at other times through private veterinary clinics, para-veterinarians and health-care staff residing in the villages. The current questionnaire-interview survey was conducted between June 23 and July 18, 2002 to determine: rabies-vaccination coverage amongst the owned-dog population; basic dog-population information; and community awareness about rabies. The modified expand programme on immunization cluster-survey method was used to collect information about dog demography and management characteristics. Household knowledge about rabies and sources of rabies information were assessed. Vaccinated dogs were identified from vaccine certificates or owner reports confirmed by vaccinators. Seventy percent (95%CI 62-78) of 364 eligible owned dogs were vaccinated within the 6 months prior to data collection. Of these 255 vaccinated dogs, 44, 21, 13, 17 and 5% were vaccinated through the annual vaccination campaign, veterinary clinics, para-veterinarians, other vaccinators and owners, respectively. Fifty-four percent of households owned dogs. The sex ratio in dogs was 2 males per female; the dog: human ratio was 1: 4.6 with an average of 0.9 dogs per household (1.7 dogs per dog-owning household). Most dogs roamed freely and these were less likely to be vaccinated compared to dogs being kept on premises or on a leash. Almost all households were aware of rabies and the need for dog rabies vaccination as a control method. Seventy-six percent believed that rabies only occurred in summer. There was little awareness about cat rabies amongst households. Vaccination coverage in the total dog population clearly has not yet reached the 80% target level set by Thailand's official rabies-control programme. Improved effectiveness of the owned-dog rabies-vaccination campaigns in each community is needed-perhaps by more community education about dog management or by better management of ownerless dogs.     

An epidemic of sylvatic rabies in Finland--descriptive epidemiology and results of oral vaccination.

When rabies reappeared in Finland in April 1988, the country had been rabies free since 1959. Soon a picture of sylvatic rabies become evident, its main vector and victim being the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides). Between 8 April 1988 and 16 February 1989, 66 virologically verified cases were recorded (48 raccoon dogs, 12 red foxes, 2 badgers, 2 cats, 1 dog and 1 dairy bull) in an area estimated at 1700 km2 in south-eastern Finland. The greatest distance between recorded cases was 67 km. A positive reaction with monoclonal antibody p-41 indicated that the virus was an arctic-type strain. A field trial on oral immunization of small predators was initiated in September 1988 using Tübingen fox baits according to the Bavarian model of bait distribution. Each bait contained 5*10(7) TCID50/ml modified live rabies virus (SAD-B19). The 6 months' surveillance indicate a seroconversion rate of 72% (N = 126) in the raccoon dog population, 67% (N = 56) in the red foxes and 13% (N = 16) in the badgers, when titers greater than or equal to 1.0 IU/ml are considered seropositive. In the whole follow-up period, no statistically significant difference could be detected between the raccoon dogs and red foxes in the rate of seroconversion or in the uptake of tetracycline from the baits. Notably high antibody levels were recorded in both raccoon dogs and red foxes within 4-5 months after vaccination. Of the seropositive animals, the proportion of animals with titers 3.0 IU/ml or greater was higher in raccoon dogs (73%) than in red foxes (51%) (x2 = 5.29, p less than 0.05). The trial shows that raccoon dogs can be immunized against rabies in the field with vaccine baits originally developed for controlling sylvatic rabies in foxes.     

Rabies vaccination compliance following introduction of the triennial vaccination interval--the Texas experience

In 2003 the Texas Board of Health approved a modification to the Texas Administrative Code that permitted pet owners to have their dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) vaccinated against rabies every 3 years, provided a triennial vaccine was used. The change had been opposed by hundreds in the veterinary community, some concerned that its implementation would be followed by a decrease in rabies vaccination rates. To determine if this decrease had occurred, rabies vaccination rates for 4 years before and after migration to the 3-year vaccination interval were examined. Data for dogs and cats, ≥ 4 months of age, were collected from the Texas Department of Health Rabies Incident Report database. Each animal's record included its current rabies vaccination status. The number of animals that were currently vaccinated against rabies was tallied and the percent vaccinated was calculated. From 1999 through 2002, 46% of dogs were vaccinated against rabies. From 2004 through 2007, 56% of dogs were vaccinated against rabies. From 1999 to 2002, 18% of cats were vaccinated against rabies. From 2004 to 2007, 30% of cats were vaccinated against rabies. There has been a significant increase in the numbers of dogs (P < 0.001), and cats (P < 0.001), vaccinated against rabies since the introduction of the triennial vaccination interval. This observational study documents the positive changes in rabies vaccination rates following migration from a 1-year to 3-year vaccination interval.