Correlation between chromaticity values and major anthocyanins in seven Acer palmatum Thunb. cultivars

The correlation between the anthocyanin concentrations of seven Acer palmatum Thunb. cultivars and the chromaticity values a*, b*, a*/b* ratio, h° and L* was investigated. According to the position of leaves on the branch terminal, middle and base sample leaves were analyzed and the positional effect on the level of the major anthocyanin was estimated. Leaf color was measured with a portable colorimeter and individual anthocyanins were detected with the use of HPLC–MS. Cyanidin-3-glucoside was present in all senescing leaves of Acer cultivars and its content decreased from terminal to base position. Cyanidin-3-rutinoside was identified in lower concentrations in the leaves of all cultivars. Multiple variable analysis was calculated for each of the tristimulus values and two major anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside) in senescing leaves of ornamental Acer cultivars. Correlations were detected between the major anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-glucoside) in analyzed Acer cultivars and all chromaticity parameters. The highest correlation coefficient (0.94) was observed between cyanidin-3-glucoside and a*/b* ratio in cultivar ‘Bloodgood’ and lowest (0.54) between cyanidin-3-glucoside and a* in Acer palmatum Thunb. The correlation between cyanidin-3-rutinoside and chromaticity parameters was not detected in all Acer cultivars, additionally correlation coefficients and statistical significance were much lower. The expression of red color in both senescing leaves and in all-year-red cultivars can be tightly linked with the content level of cyanidin-3-glucoside; the second major anthocyanin does not contribute much to the red leaf color.     

蝴蝶石斛兰花色表型及类黄酮成分分析

 利用分光色差计测定了不同颜色蝴蝶石斛兰品种的花色表型,采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术检测花朵中类黄酮色素的组成,探讨花色表型与所含类黄酮含量之间的关系。结果表明,蝴蝶石斛兰品种花色主要分布在紫红色和粉红色区域,且唇瓣颜色比花瓣和萼片暗。花色与类黄酮含量之间存在着线性关系,而花青素苷是影响蝴蝶石斛兰花色的主要因素：总花青素苷含量与花色的明度L^*值和色相b^*值以及色相角h值负相关,与色相a^*值正相关。从蝴蝶石斛兰花朵中共检测出28种花青素苷（均为酰基化的矢车菊素–3,7,3’–三葡萄糖苷）和19种黄酮醇苷（苷元有槲皮素、山奈酚和异鼠李素3种）,由此推测了蝴蝶石斛兰品种花中的类黄酮代谢途径。     

迎红杜鹃的花色素组成及花色在开花过程中的变化

分析了迎红杜鹃（Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz.）的花色素组成,调查了其在开花过程中花色、花色素组成和含量的变化。采用英国皇家园艺学会比色卡和分光色差计测量了不同开花阶段的花色。结果表明,开花过程中花色的明度增加,彩度变小,由红紫（70B）变为淡紫红色（84B）。用高效液相色谱—光电二极管阵列检测技术（HPLC - PAD）和高效液相色谱—电喷雾离子化—质谱联用技术（HPLC - ESI - MS）分析花瓣中花青苷和黄酮醇的组成及含量。在520 nm和350 nm波长下,共检测到15种化合物：5种花青苷、8种黄酮醇和2种芳香酸,推定出了其中10种化合物。花青苷：锦葵素 3-阿拉伯糖苷-5-葡萄糖苷;黄酮醇：杨梅黄素3-半乳糖苷和杨梅黄素3-鼠李糖苷;槲皮素3-半乳糖苷、槲皮素3-葡萄糖苷和两种槲皮素-鼠李糖苷以及山奈酚3-鼠李糖苷;芳香酸：绿原酸及其异构体。未检测到酰基化色素及5-O-甲基化黄酮醇。在6个开花阶段中,虽然花色变化明显,但花色素种类不变,其含量在各阶段差异极显著。从小蕾期到初开期,总花青苷含量（TA）和总黄酮醇含量（TF）迅速减少,花开放后变化平稳。基于花色素组成信息,探讨了耐寒杜鹃的花色育种策略。     

Identification and quantification of anthocyanins in different coloured cultivars of ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC)

Anthocyanins are responsible for the colour of many fruits, vegetables, flowers, and coloured-leaved trees. Ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC) is widely cultivated for its colourful inner leaves. To investigate the relationship between the degree of colouration and anthocyanin distribution, content, and composition in ornamental kale, the authors studied the pigment characteristics of five cultivars with different coloured leaves (white, pink, red, purple, and purple-black). Microscopy observation, spectrophotometer, and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis of fresh inner leaves revealed that pink, red, and purple colourations were associated with high levels of anthocyanin, while purple-black was the result of the combination of anthocyanins and chlorophyll. In the coloured cultivars, anthocyanins were abundant mainly in the first and second cell layers below the epidermis in both the hypocotyls and inner leaves. No anthocyanin was found in the white-leaved phenotype cultivar. Anthocyanin content increased as leaf colour deepened from pink, red, to purple cultivars, which had little chlorophyll and carotenoid. The authors identified eight anthocyanins in the four coloured cultivars, including one non-acylated, four monoacylated, and three diacylated cyanidin glycosides. Cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)(feruloyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside was the most abundant anthocyanin in the four coloured cultivars followed by cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside. The analysis of anthocyanin accumulation characterisation provides important information on evaluating colouration patterns in coloured plants, and will be helpful for breeding desired leaf colours in ornamental kale.     

不同采收季节对叶用芥菜类黄酮物质含量和抗氧化活性的影响

 以10个不同基因型叶用芥菜为试材, 研究了不同采收季节对其总酚含量、类黄酮含量和抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明春季采收的总酚含量、抗氧化活性显著高于冬季采收的。叶用芥菜含有槲皮素和山奈素两种类黄酮化合物, 春季采收的槲皮素和山奈素含量高于冬季采收的。基因型间总酚、槲皮素和山奈素的含量及抗氧化活性均存在较大的差异, 并与生长季节有极显著的互作关系, 表明生长季节对不同基因型叶用芥菜酚类物质积累和抗氧化活性有较大的影响。总酚、槲皮素和山奈素的含量分别与抗氧化活性呈极显著和显著正相关。     

Variety-specific responses of lettuce grown under the different-coloured shade nets on phytochemical quality after postharvest storage

This study illustrates the effects of light quality as influenced by photo-selective shade nets (red, yellow, and pearl with 40% shade) and the widely used commercial black net (25% shade) on overall retail quality and phytochemical contents of three lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) varieties (two green varieties, Ashbrook and Aquarell, and a red variety, Exbury) at after postharvest storage. Variety-specific responses were observed with respect to different coloured shade nets with regards to the accumulation of β-carotene, ascorbic acid, flavonoids (kaempferol, isorhamnetin, quercetin, myricetin, anthocyanin), and antioxidant activity at harvest. Growing var. Ashbrook under the pearl net improved the ascorbic acid and myricetin contents after postharvest storage. Var. Exbury (red) produced under the black net showed higher retention of ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin contents after postharvest storage. Also pearl net production improved the β-carotene content after postharvest storage in var. Aquarell. All lettuce types produced under the pearl nets showed less weight loss, and overall acceptance after postharvest storage. Spectral quality under the shade nets enabled us to improve the phytochemical content and antioxidant properties in light-sensitive varieties Ashbrook Aquarell and Exbury, during winter season.     

Analysis of petal anthocyanins to investigate coloration mechanism in herbaceous peony cultivars

Petal coloration and anthocyanin compositions of 41 herbaceous peony cultivars were analyzed. Anthocyanins were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI-MSⁿ) coupled with photodiode array detection (DAD). Peonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pn3G5G), pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pg3G5G), cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside (Cy3G5G), peonidin-3-O-glucoside (Pn3G), and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy3G) were the five major anthocyanins in herbaceous peony cultivars. Deep purple or reddish purple cultivars contained 4–5 anthocyanins, whereas pink cultivars only contained Cy3G5G and Pn3G5G, and their contents were much lower than those of purple cultivars. According to the chemical structures of three anthocyanidins in association with petal coloration, flowers were classified into three phenotypes: 1. “Pn, Cy, and Pg” (all purple flowers including two pink flowers); 2. “Pn, Cy” (pink flowers); 3 “Pn” (light pink and white flowers). The coloration mechanisms of cultivars with the pink and purple flowers were quite different. Correlations between lightness (L*) and chroma (C*), chromatic component a* and total anthocyanins (TA) value, a* and co-pigmentation index (CI) showed opposite tendencies, whereas L* and TA showed the same tendency in each group. High contents of Pn3G5G and Pg3G5G may responsible for the purple coloration of herbaceous peony cultivars.     

Stabilisation of the colour of anthocyanins in solutions by admixture with phytocomponents from apple

Summary

The colour of anthocyanins can be enhanced by planar chemical complex formation, or stabilised by the formation of adducts. We investigated these properties using fruit extracts. Delphinidine and its glucoside, myrtilline, at 0.1 mM were mixed with 10 mM caffeoylquinic acid (CQA; chlorogenic acid) or 6 mM ferulic acid (FeA). In a second experiment CQA, ferulic acid, and a CQA-rich apple extract were added in variable concentrations to a blackcurrant pigment preparation and incubated at 37°C in 0.02 M citrate buffer at pH 1.5, pH 3.0, or pH 4.5. The colour change was followed by measuring the absorbance at 540 nm and the composition of the solutions was assayed by HPLC using diode array detection. Deglycosylation of anthocyanins leads to a loss of colour and chemical stability. It is therefore of major importance that the enzyme preparations used during juice extraction be devoid of glycosidases. Addition of phenolic acids to an anthocyanin solution increases and stabilises the colour, which is accompanied by an acceleration of the loss of the native anthocyanins and the formation of coloured adducts, presumably based on the pyranoanthocyanin structure. The glycosyl residue in anthocyanins is necessary for colour stabilisation, which appears to be due to the formation of new pigments. Caffeoylquinic acid appeared to be more efficient than ferulic acid, and a CQA-rich extract from apple also resulted in stabilisation of the colour of a blackcurrant extract.     

Delayed harvest improves red blush development and quality of ‘Cripps Pink’ apple

The poor red blush development on ‘Cripps Pink’ (Malus x domestica Borkh.) apple fruit at commercial maturity (CM) reduces the economic return to apple growers in warmer regions of the world. The effects of delayed harvest maturity up to 6 weeks following CM on the development of red blush and fruit quality of ‘Cripps Pink’ apple were investigated at two locations in Western Australia during 2003 and 2004. The red blush, export-grade fruit, total anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-galactoside, chlorogenic acid, catechin, and epicatechin of apple fruit skin tissues increased with advancement of harvest maturity at both locations in both years, whereas hue angle, concentration of phloridzin, fruit firmness, and titratable acidity (TA) of apple fruit tissues decreased with delayed harvest. The internal ethylene concentration was elevated with the delayed harvest. The concentrations of quercetin 3-galactoside, quercetin 3-arabinoside, quercetin 3-rutinoside, quercetin 3-rhamnoside, and quercetin 3-glucoside increased up to 2 weeks following CM, and then declined in 2003 at both locations and at Perth Hills in 2004. Delayed harvest resulted in improved development of red blush on the fruit surface, accumulation of total anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-galactoside, chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, and quercetin glycosides in fruit skin, SSC:TA ratio and reduced fruit firmness possibly due to the increased ethylene production.     

草莓果实发育过程中花色苷和黄酮醇类物质的形成

以‘赛娃’草莓为试材,研究了果实中花色苷和类黄酮类物质的形成机制。在‘赛娃’果实中共检测到12种花色苷和7种黄酮醇类物质。幼果期(盛花后15～25 d)果实内没有花色苷的积累,但黄酮醇类物质大量积累;随着果实成熟,花色苷含量逐渐增加,黄酮醇类物质含量降低;遮光导致花色苷和黄酮醇类物质的积累降低了70％～90％,尤其是花青素糖苷和槲皮素糖苷的含量降低了90％以上,表明遮光抑制草莓花色苷和黄酮醇类物质的积累,且对花青素、槲皮素合成的抑制明显高于花葵素和山奈酚。草莓果实类黄酮类物质代谢在发育前期主要向双氢槲皮素方向合成,果实成熟期主要向花葵素方向合成。     

Characterization of Pilot Scale Processed Canadian Organic Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) Juice Pressing Residues and Phenolic-Enriched Extractives

This work examined the processing yields, physico-chemical characteristics, and bioactive properties of Canadian organic cranberry and blueberry pomace and phenolic-enriched extractives. The ethanol extracts from each berry contained three to four times the soluble solids and sugar contents compared to the pomace. The lipid content of organic cranberry pomace (4.44%), cranberry ethanol extractives (3.86%), and blueberry ethanol extractives (4.44%) were significantly lower than the lipid content of the organic blueberry pomace (5.42%). The organic blueberry pomace showed higher protein content (8.41%) than organic cranberry pomace (5.76%); however, both organic cranberry and blueberry ethanol extracts showed similarly low protein contents. Significant differences were observed in the mineral and elemental contents of both pomaces and their extractives. Total phenolics, tartaric esters, flavonols, anthocyanins, and antioxidant activities were increased by two to three times in both organic cranberry and blueberry ethanol extracts compared to their respective pomaces. The major anthocyanins detected in organic blueberry pomace and ethanol extracts were peonidin 3-glucoside, malvidin 3-galactoside, malvidin 3-glucoside, and cyanidin 3-arabinoside. Peonidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-arabinoside, and peonidin 3-arabinside were the major anthocyanins in the organic cranberry and ethanol extacts. Results indicated that cranberry and blueberry pomace could be used to develop bioactives with antioxidant activity for potential health benefit and/or bioenergy production.     

Phytochemical accumulation and antioxidant capacity at four maturity stages of cranberry fruit

Specific components of cranberry fruit are being associated with human health attributes, such as maintenance of urinary tract health and antioxidant status. Some of the chemical properties and antioxidant capacity of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. cv. Pilgrim) fruits were investigated at light green, blush, light red and dark red maturation stages. Fruit total phenolics, total monomeric anthocyanins, soluble solids, titratable acidity and individual organic acids were examined. Antioxidant capacity of fruits were determined by both the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. The fruit color was measured using a portable chromameter. A converse relationship was found between total phenolics and anthocyanin as fruits mature. Total phenolic concentration was declined from 7990 to 4745 mg GAE/kg fw, while total monomeric anthocyanin content was increased from 0.8 to 111.0 mg/kg fw from green to dark red stage. Brix was increased from 6 to 9.3% as well. The main organic acid was citric acid determined by the HPLC method. The antioxidant capacity of cranberries decreased to light red stage; when a fruit accumulates more anthocyanin the activity increased again in both FRAP and TEAC methods. Averaged antioxidant capacity measured was 12.61 and 17.48 mmol TE/kg fw by FRAP and TEAC methods.     

Effect of bearing position on phenolics profiles in the skins of four cultivars of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Summary

The fan-shaped trellis training system, resulting in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) with more than two trunks, has been widely used in northern China. The fruiting zone of grapevines trained to the fan-shaped trellis system is distributed from the top to the bottom of the canopy. The phenolics profiles of the skins of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Merlot’, ‘Chardonnay’, and ‘Italian Riesling’ grape berries were analysed to measure the effect of differences in bearing position on the phenolic compound and anthocyanin compositions of grape berries.The results showed that the upper bearing position significantly increased the concentrations of most phenolic compounds in grape berry skins. Among the non-anthocyanin and anthocyanin phenolic compounds identified in this study, the upper bearing position promoted the accumulation of delphinidin-, cyanidin-, and petunidin-glucosides in the skin of the two red grape cultivars. However, lowering the bearing position was associated with greater methylation of anthocyanins, and the flow of photosynthate towards the biosynthesis of kaempferol. These results were correlated with micrometeorological alterations in the canopy at the different bearing positions. The findings of this study suggest that higher bearing positions can increase the accumulation of phenolic compounds in grape berry skins in four different grapevine cultivars.     

Comparison of anthocyanins in non-blotches and blotches of the petals of Xibei tree peony

A comparison in non-blotches and blotches of 35 cultivars of Xibei tree peony was investigated to explore flower coloration of Xibei tree peony (the second cultivar group in Chinese tree peony). With high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, six anthocyanins including peonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pn3G5G), peonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pn3G), cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Cy3G5G), cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy3G), pelargonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (Pg3G5G), and pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pg3G) were detected in non-blotches and blotches of petals. Total anthocyanins (TA), total flavones and flavonols (TF), and the copigmentation index (CI) were also analyzed. Cyanidin-based glycosides, which accumulated abundantly at the basal petal, resulted in blotch formation. Some peculiar cultivars with only one kind of anthocyanins or without anthocyanins in non-blotches were found in this study. For example, ‘Feng Zi Xiu Se’, ‘Ou Duan Si Lian’, and ‘Xi Wang’ contained only Pn3G5G; ‘Bing Shan Cang Yu’ and ‘Jin Bo Dang Yang’ contained only Cy3G; while no anthocyanins were found in ‘Bing Shan Xue Lian’. Several cultivars were rich in Pg-based glycosides, such as ‘Ni Hong Huan Cai’, and ‘Ju Yuan Shao Nv’. These cultivars would be excellent parents for creating new cultivars with novel flower color in the future.     

红肉猕猴桃花色苷组成及浸提研究

以全红河南猕猴桃(Actinidia arguta var.henanensis)为试材,利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用技术(HPLC-MS-MS)定性定量分析其花色苷组分,并运用正交试验优化通常情况下决定花色苷提取效果的甲酸强度、料液比、超声时间等3个重要工艺参数。结果表明,红肉猕猴桃果实中有5种花色苷,分别是未知矢车菊素(Cy.)、矢车菊素-3-O-木糖(1-2)-半乳糖苷(Cy-xyl.gal.)、矢车菊素-3-O-半乳糖苷(Cy-gal.)、飞燕草-3-O-木糖(1-2)-半乳糖苷(Dp-xyl.gal.)和飞燕草-3-O-半乳糖苷(Dp-gal.)。每种花色苷浸提值达到最高时对应的甲酸、料液比、超声时间不同。     

Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of anthocyanin-rich Morus nigra and Morus rubra fruits

In this study, phytochemical and antioxidant properties of anthocyanin-rich mulberry species of Morus nigra L. (black mulberry) and Morus rubra L. (red mulberry) fruits harvested from across Turkey were investigated. Fruit color, total phenolics (TP), total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA), titratable acidity (TA), and individual sugar and organic acid compositions were determined. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of fruits was assessed by both the trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Black mulberry exhibited higher TP, TMA, TAC and TA when compared to red mulberry. The average TP contents of M. nigra and M. rubra were 2737 and 1603 μg gallic acid equivalent in g fresh weight basis (GAE/g fw), respectively. M. nigra had the richest amount of anthocyanin with an average of 571 μg cy-3-glu/g fw. Overall, TAC averaged 10.5 and 12.0 mmol TE/L by the TEAC and FRAP methods, respectively. We found that FRAP, TEAC, TP and TMA were significantly correlated (r = 0.64–0.99) with each other. Fructose (5.27 g/100 mL) and glucose (5.81 g/100 mL) were determined to be the major sugars in both mulberries. M. nigra displayed a higher TA (2.05 g/100 mL) than M. rubra (0.78 g/100 mL), with citric acid as the major acid.     

Factors affecting the efficacy of agar-based substrates for the study of tomato pollen germination

Summary

The present work examines the effects of substrate additions and incubation conditions on in vitro germination of tomato pollen on semi-solid, agar-based substrates with the ultimate aim of defining a standard semi-solid substrate for tomato pollen germination studies. Partial replacement of sucrose by polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) for osmotic regulation of the substrate significantly increased pollen germination of both the low temperature-susceptible F₁ cultivar ‘Dombito’, and the more temperature-resistant cv.‘Supermarmande’, to a level that varied according to the season of pollen harvest. In contrast, partial substitution of sucrose by mannitol was inhibitory to an extent that depended on the final concentration of mannitol in the medium. The optimum pH for germination was 6.5 and the optimum incubation temperature was 15°C. Among the vitamins (riboflavin, thiamine, pyridoxine, niacin, pantothenic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid), amino acids (glutamic acid, aspartic acid), casein hydrolysate, plant growth regulators (gibberellic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid, indole-3-propionic acid, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, kinetin) and flavonoids (naringin, myricetin, naringenin, quercetin, rutin) tested, a significant increase in pollen germination was induced only by the flavonoids quercetin and myricetin and, to a lesser extent, by indole-3-acetic acid. In contrast, both kinetin and naringenin were inhibitory, as were both amino acids at 100 mg l^–1 and casein hydrolysate (at 1.0 – 10.0 g l^–1). On the basis of the above results, we conclude that, for both tomato cultivars tested, the most suitable semi-solid substrate among those examined was that containing 10% (w/v) sucrose, 15.1% (w/v) PEG-6000 and 1.5% (w/v) agar, with the possible addition of 5 mg l^–1 quercetin, or 5 mg l^–1 myricetin.     

不同花色牡丹品种花瓣色素含量及成分分析

以分属白、粉、红3个色系的6个牡丹品种花瓣为试材,采用薄层层析色谱法(TLC)、紫外-可见分光光度计(UV)和高效液相色谱仪-二极管阵列检测器(HPLC-DAD)研究不同花色牡丹品种花瓣中的色素含量,并进行了定性分析。结果表明:粉色和红色系牡丹中检测出2种花青苷,分别是矢车菊素-3,5-二葡糖苷和芍药花素-3,5-二葡糖苷,白色系牡丹中未检测到花青苷类物质,其中矢车菊素-3,5-二葡糖苷在粉色系牡丹中含量较高,而红色系中总黄酮和总花青苷的含量最高。     

The influence of exposure to light on the phenolic content of ‘Fuji’ apple

In this study, the influence of changes in fruit lighting on individual and total phenols in ‘Fuji’ apple, as well as color development was studied. Content levels of eight quercetin glycosides, five anthocyanins, two catechins and a hydroxycinnamic acid in the skin of apples were analyzed, using high-performance liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Total phenol, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were determined by spectrometry. The purpose of this study was to compare content levels of those compounds in apple skin of fruit grown in different parts of the tree canopy, under and outside of the hail net. Lighting of fruit was measured during the last month before harvest. The lowest values were measured in the inner fruit and higher ones in the outer parts of the canopy, while the highest values were measured in fruit growing at the top of the tree. The hail net had no influence on the decrease of lighting in comparison to the control. Light conditions in the tree canopy influenced lower content levels of quercetin glycosides and most anthocyanins in the fruit skin in the inner part of the tree canopy, whereas fruit from the canopy top contained the highest levels of quercetin glycosides and cyanidin glycosides. Catechin, epicatechin and chlorogenic acid content levels in apple skin were independent of fruit position in the canopy or hail net usage, except for chlorogenic acid, where the content level was higher in cases when the orchard was covered with a hail net. Fruit from the top and outer parts of the canopy had a darker and redder coloration than inner fruit, while no influence of canopy position on chlorophyll and carotenoids was detected. Since quercetin glycosides and cyanidin glycosides are influential in red skin color development, better coloration of fruit from the outer and top canopy was observed. More intensive lighting stimulated a higher content level of flavonoids and, consequently, better coloration, which is an important factor in fruit quality.     

蜡梅的花色和色素组成及其在开花过程中的变化

以蜡梅的4个变种为材料,对其在开花过程中的花色、花色素组成及含量的变化进行研究。花色测定采用英国皇家园艺学会比色卡（RHSCC）和分光色差计,色素的定性及定量分析采用高效液相色谱 —二极管阵列检测技术（HPLC-PAD）和高效液相色谱—电喷雾离子化—质谱联用技术（HPLC-ESI-MS）。结果表明,在开花过程中,各蜡梅变种的花色呈明显变化。黄色外瓣和红色内瓣彩度C* 值均变小,黄色外瓣色相角h增大,由黄色向浅黄方向变化,而红色内瓣色相角h变小,由红色向深红方向变化。在蜡梅红色内瓣中检测到2种花青苷和3种黄酮醇,在黄色外瓣中检测到与红色内瓣相同的3种黄酮醇。其中花青苷为：矢车菊素 3-O-葡萄糖苷和矢车菊素 3-O-芸香糖苷;黄酮醇为：槲皮素 3-O-芸香糖苷、山奈酚 3-O-芸香糖苷和槲皮素苷元。首次检测出蜡梅花瓣中含有矢车菊素 3-O-芸香糖苷。蜡梅各变种间及每个变种的各开花阶段,色素种类没有差异,但色素含量发生了明显变化。从蕾期到初花期,黄色外瓣和红色内瓣的总黄酮醇（TF）含量迅速减少,花朵开放后变化平稳。红色内瓣的总花青苷（TA）含量在开花过程中较稳定。