Detection and characterization of bismerthiazol-resistance of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

The resistance to bismerthiazol in the Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae population in China has not been clearly determined. Three bismerthiazol-resistant mutants (1-1-1, 2-1-1, 4-1-1) of X. oryzae pv. oryzae were induced on rice plants and the characteristics were compared with their parental strain ZJ173. After 10 subcultures on fresh bismerthiazol-free nutrient agar plates and after being inoculation onto and re-isolation from untreated rice plants two times, the mutants remained pathogenicity on rice plants treated with 300 μg/ml bismerthiazol, indicating that the in vivo-induced bismerthiazol resistance was stable in vivo. The in vitro characteristics of the bismerthiazol-resistant mutants and a wild-type bismerthiazol-sensitive strain (ZJ173) were also compared. The three mutants grew faster than ZJ173 during the logarithmic growth phase but at the same rate during the decline phase. Bismerthiazol had protective and curative activity against strain ZJ173 but not against the three mutants. To evaluate the current degree of bismerthiazol resistance in field populations of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in China, 781 isolates of X. oryzae pv. oryzae were obtained from 1419 leaf samples collected from Yunnan, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Guangdong, Hainan, and Hunan Provinces in China from 2007 to 2009. The in vivo sensitivity of 505 of the 781 isolates to bismerthiazol was determined by applying them to rice plants treated with 300 μg/ml bismerthiazol and evaluating blast severity. The tested strains were considered resistant, if they showed <70% inhibition relative to strain ZJ173. Of the 505 isolates, 62 were resistant to bismerthiazol. The resistance frequencies among field population ranged from 0 to 21.1%, differed among the provinces, and was 11.2, 20.0 and 10.4% in 2007, 2008 and 2009, respectively. Resistance determined in vivo was not related to resistance determined in vitro. The in vivo-induced bismerthiazol resistance identified in this study will serve as a base line for further studying bismerthiazol resistance in fields, and the current degree of bismerthiazol resistance in field populations of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in China determined would be useful for the rice growers for control of rice bacterial blight.     

OsDUF500基因沉默提高水稻对白叶枯病的抗性

 以编码HarpinXoo 的hrf1转基因水稻NJH12的cDNA为模板,克隆到了DUF500的保守功能区。序列分析表明,OsDUF500是DUF500家族成员,功能未知。构建OsDUF500的沉默载体,用土壤根癌农杆菌介导的方法转化粳稻 R109,用Hpt抗生素做抗性筛选,获得9个再生株系。经分子鉴定,8个为沉默株系（ABD 2~9）。与野生型相比, ABD株系株高变矮,叶片变短,出现白色空秕谷。白叶枯病抗性鉴定结果表明,OsDUF500沉默株系对水稻白叶枯病的抗性存在差异,病斑长度比野生型明显缩短,病斑面积均在30%以下,株系ABD 3和ABD 5病斑面积分别为12.3%和15.7%,显示出较好的抗性。推测在稻瘟病抗性中上调表达基因OsDUF500对水稻白叶枯病抗性起负调控作用。     

水稻白叶枯病菌hrcU基因缺失突变体构建及功能研究

 通过基因敲除方式,构建了水稻白叶枯病菌hrcU基因的缺失突变体。突变体丧失了在水稻上的致病性和在非寄主植物上的过敏反应。携带hrcU基因的黏粒完全互补了hrcU突变菌株的表型,互补菌在水稻组织中的生长能力也与野生型菌株相当。免疫杂交结果显示,hrcU基因突变后,水稻白叶枯病菌的Harpin蛋白Hpa1不能从细胞内分泌到胞外。这些结果表明,水稻白叶枯病菌hrcU基因的主要功能是形成Ⅲ型分泌系统,将效应分子分泌到病原细菌胞外,从而决定了在非寄主上的过敏反应和在水稻上的致病性。     

Identification of QTLs underlying resistance to a virulent strain of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in rice cultivar DV85

Bacterial blight (BB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the most devastating diseases of rice in China. A strongly virulent Xoo strain, designated Z-173, is widely distributed across China and Southeast Asia. Indica rice DV85 is known to carry the two resistance genes, xa5 and Xa7. However, their effectiveness against Z-173 is unknown. Using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between DV85 and the susceptible cultivar Kinmaze, we have identified the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for the resistance of DV85 to Z-173. Following 2 years of phenotyping, three QTLs associated with the resistance were detected. These were linked to RFLP markers X362, X292 and G1091 on chromosomes 3, 5, and 6, respectively. Qxa-5 and Qxa-6 probably correspond to xa5 and Xa7, respectively. Both the xa5 and Xa7 resistances are stable over different years, and act independently of one another in determining resistance. The effect of xa5 was larger than that of Xa7. Efficient ways to improve the resistance to Z-173 are discussed.     

白叶枯病菌xopXoo基因在致病性中的作用

辣椒斑点病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria,Xcv)在非寄主烟草上的过敏反应与xopX基因有关,但在白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo)基因组中并未标注xopX同源基因的功能。为研究白叶枯病菌中xopX同源基因在致病性中的作用,对白叶枯病菌的xopXoo基因进行了克隆和突变,并对xopXoo突变体在非寄主烟草上的过敏反应、水稻苗期的水浸症状以及成株期的致病性和病菌生长能力进行了分析。测定结果显示,xopXoo基因突变并不改变白叶枯病菌在烟草上激发过敏反应和在水稻上产生水浸症状能力,但突变菌株在成株期水稻上的致病性和菌体生长能力显著下降。遗传互补能够恢复xopXoo突变体的致病性和菌体生长能力,表明xopXoo是白叶枯病菌的致病性基因。还对白叶枯病菌激发非寄主烟草产生过敏反应的可能基因进行了讨论。     

稻瘟病菌原生质体制备和再生的研究

 为建立稻瘟病菌转化体系，选用稻瘟病菌2539B为受体，用Novozyme-234或国产裂解酶分别消化该菌细胞壁，都获得了足够数量的原生质体，并具再生菌的能力，其效率大体相近。上述两种裂解酶按1 g鲜重菌丝加50 mg酶量，消化2 h即可获得4．65×10⁸细胞／mL密度的原生质体,制备的原生质体和稻瘟病菌分生孢子具有相似的习性。     

湖南稻瘟病菌遗传多样性分析

利用13对SSR引物对2010年从湖南19个县(市)种植的44个水稻感病品种上分离到的169个稻瘟病单孢菌株进行了遗传多样性分析,结果在0.8的相似水平上将供试菌株划分为8个宗谱,其中L01宗谱为优势宗谱,占总菌株数的66.86％.病菌宗谱与菌株来源地及寄主品种之间关系复杂,来源于相同地区或来源于同一寄主品种的菌株亲缘关系相对较近,但不同地区稻瘟病菌生理小种分化程度不一,小种的分化程度与当地的地形地势以及该地区种植的水稻品种数量有一定关系.高海拔山区比丘陵区稻瘟病菌遗传多样性更丰富;在某一地区栽培品种组成多样化程度越高,该地区的稻瘟病菌遗传多样性越丰富.     

白叶枯病菌效应子XopN在拥有OsSWEET11同源基因的水稻品种上发挥毒性作用

【目的】黄单胞菌细胞外泌蛋白质(Xanthomonas outer proteins, Xops)是植物病原黄单胞菌高度保守的毒性效应子或毒性辅助组分,通过细菌Ⅲ型分泌系统分泌到细菌细胞外部,然后转入植物细胞而发挥病理作用。水稻黄单胞菌水稻致病变种即水稻白叶枯病菌的标准菌株PXO99^A分泌的XopN是一种毒性效应子,通过影响寄主免疫反应而使水稻发病。但是,XopN对病菌毒性的影响是否因水稻品种的不同而异,还有待研究。【方法】利用同源双交换技术,先敲除了PXO99^A的XopN基因,获得了∆XopN突变体,又经过遗传互补,得到了回补菌株∆XopN/XopN。通过营养肉汤液体培养,测定了XopN对病菌繁殖能力的影响;根据文献选用14个水稻品种,通过接种实验,测定了PXO99^A对这些品种的毒性与XopN敲除或回补的影响;在XopN发挥毒性作用的水稻品种上,测定了隐性抗病基因OsSWEET11/xa13与显性感病基因OsSWEET11/Xa13受病菌侵染而表达的情况,分析了XopN敲除或回补的影响。【结果】在营养肉汤液体培养过程中,病菌突变体菌株∆XopN的繁殖速度明显低于野生型PXO99^A。PXO99^A、∆XopN和∆XopN/XopN接种水稻后,根据其在水稻叶片组织内的繁殖量及随后产生的白叶枯病症状的严重程度,将供试的14个水稻品种分为两种情况。一是感病程度与病菌XopN是否敲除或回补无关,这有10个水稻品种（IRBB1、IRBB3、IRBB8、IRBB10、IRBB14、IR24、IRBB203、IRBB204、IRBB205和IRBB211）,PXO99^A、∆XopN和∆XopN/XopN对它们的毒性无明显差别。二是XopN对病菌毒性发挥作用的水稻品种,包括高度感病的3个品种（IRBB208、Asominori和日本晴）和低感品种IRBB13。与PXO99^A或∆XopN/XopN相比,∆XopN对这4个水稻品种的毒性大为降低。在IRBB13上,病菌侵染对隐性抗病基因OsSWEET11/xa13在叶片内的表达发生抑制作用,这一效应与XopN的毒性功能相关。相反,日本晴显性感病基因OsSWEET11/Xa13却受病菌侵染的诱导,在叶片内的表达水平大幅度提高。IRBB208和Asominori携带OsSWEET11/Xa13同源基因,该同源基因在叶片内的表达水平也因病菌侵染而大幅提高。在这4个水稻品种上,PXO99^A和∆XopN/XopN能够诱导OsSWEET11/Xa13或其同源基因表达,但∆XopN无此作用。另外,XopN对病菌在非寄主植物烟草上诱发过敏反应有量变贡献,相比PXO99^A或∆XopN/XopN,∆XopN引起过敏反应的程度有所降低。【结论】XopN是一个有限广谱性效应子,在拥有OsSWEET11同源基因的水稻品种上发挥毒性作用。XopN也是病菌繁殖所需要的,对病菌在非寄主植物上诱导过敏反应有一定贡献。     

云南高海拔粳稻区白叶枯病菌致病力差异分析

云南高海拔粳稻区白叶枯病危害日益严重,为了探明该区域白叶枯病菌致病力差异,对白叶枯病进行有效防控。利用15个水稻白叶枯病菌鉴别品种,对采集自海拔1800 m以上稻区11个水稻品种上的32份菌株进行致病力研究。结果发现,致病力最强的菌株是楚雄州的CX28-3和CX30-1,致病率为73.33%;最弱的是大理州剑川县的JC12-2,致病率为0。在高海拔粳稻区,菌株的致病力分化与采集地的海拔高度无关,却与地理距离、采集品种的推广面积有关;而菌株的致病型频率与其采集地的海拔、经纬度、采集品种的推广面积的相关性均不显著。鉴别品种毫糯扬(含新基因)、IRBB14(Xa14)、IRBB4(Xa4)和Tetep(Xa2,Xa16)对所有参试菌株表现为高抗或抗。因此,这些品种内所含的抗性基因值得在云南高原粳稻育种和生产中应用,特别是云南地方稻种毫糯扬,更应加强其新抗病基因的定位和克隆,以为品种选育提供新的抗原。     

Identification of quantitative trait loci associated with resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae pathotypes prevalent in South China

Bacterial blight(BB), which is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae(Xoo), is an important rice disease responsible for significant yield losses. In the rice-growing regions of South China where BB outbreaks are common, the resistance of cultivars with BB resistance genes Xa4 and Xa21 has been lost because of rapid changes in the Xoo population structure and virulence. In this study, 421 diverse rice accessions were evaluated regarding their resistance to two Xoo strains, namely GD1358(C5) and IV, which are prevalent pathotypes in South China and overcame the resistance of Xa4 and Xa21, respectively. Using the 4.8 mio filtered SNP dataset, we conducted a genome-wide association study, which identified 13 loci associated with BB resistance, including eight new quantitative trait loci(QTL) and five QTL harboring known BB resistance genes: Xa3/Xa26, xa5, Xa35(t), Xa36(t), Xa40, Xa43(t), and xa44(t). Intriguingly, a steep peak was detected on chromosomes 5 and 11. Six QTL including three new ones, were distributed on chromosome 11, whereas a new QTL q BB5.1 and a known QTL were detected on chromosome 5. Haplotype analyses indicated that the LOC;s05 g01610(Os PRAF2) gene within the q BB5.1 region, which encodes a PRAF protein, is associated with BB resistance. Furthermore, Os PRAF2 knockout lines generated using the CRISPR-Cpf1 system were significantly more resistant to Xoo strains than the wild-type plants. Our results provide researchers and breeders with useful information regarding QTL and gene resources,which may be relevant for developing new BB-resistant rice cultivars.     

Pathogenic and Genetic Diversity of Magneporthe oryzae Populations from Sri Lanka

The present study was undertaken to determine the pathogenic and the genetic diversity of the isolates of M.oryzae collected from the wet,intermediate and dry zones of Sri Lanka with a view to develop rice varieties conferring durable resistance to rice blast.No significant morphological or growth variations existed amongst the isolates studied.The genetic diversity of isolates determined by carrying out Pot2 transposable element based on repetitive-PCR revealed that the majority of isolates (92%) clustered into a single group with 45.4% similarity.The existence of nine pathotypes was identified by observing the reaction type of isolates on 16 different rice lines.Pathotype 1 which was distributed in all zones affected only one differential line.Pathotype 2 which was able to infect six lines was restricted only to the dry zone of Sri Lanka.Of the 16 rice lines,seven lines,K3 (Pik-h),C101A51 (Piz5),K1 (Pita),C105TTP2L9 (Pita),K59 (Pit),Shin (Pish) and WHD-1S-75-1-127 (Pi9) had highly effective blast resistance.None of the isolates of the fungus showed any virulence against the seven lines.These seven blast resistant lines can be used in the breeding programmes in Sri Lanka for development of lines conferring durable resistance to rice blast.     

Virulence Types of Magnaporthe oryzae to Hybrid Rice in Sichuan,China

A total of 638 isolates of rice blast(Magnaporthe oryzae) were isolated in 2002-2009 from different rice varieties in different regions of Sichuan,China and inoculated onto seven rice varieties(Lijiangxintuanheigu,IR24,Minghui 63,Duohui 1,Chenghui 448,Neihui 99-14 and RHR-1) to differentiate the virulence types of the fungus and trace the changes.The virulence to the seven varieties was respectively scored at 1,2,4,8,16,32 and 64.The total scores of individual M.grisea isolates which were the sum of scores infecting differential varieties could,in turn,be used for the nomenclature of the virulence types due to their accordance to the special virulence patterns.The 638 tested isolates were then differentiated into 56 different virulence types.Type 15 virulent to Lijiangxintuanheigu,IR24 and Minghui 63,and Type 127 virulent to all of the seven varieties were the most dominant virulence types respectively with the occurrence frequencies of 15.99% and 15.83%.Type 19 and other seven virulence types were not monitored during 2002-2009.Type 15 was the predominant virulence type in 2002,2003,2004 and 2007,whereas Type 127 had been the most dominant virulence type after 2005 except for the year 2007 when the province underwent severe drought.Five hundred and seven out of the 638 tested isolates were virulent to Minghui 63,and 89.58% of the 384 isolates virulent to either Duohui 1,Chenghui 448 or Neihui 99-14 were virulent to Minghui 63,which indicated the impact of the extensive plantation of hybrid rice Minghui 63 as the restorer line on the virulence evolution of M.oryzae in Sichuan.The virulence pattern of the dominant virulence types suggested that the acquiring of virulence to all the major resistant restorer lines was the main routes of the evolution in virulence of M.oryzae to hybrid rice in Sichuan.The virulence frequencies of the 638 tested isolates to IR24,Minghui 63,Duohui 1,Chenghui 448,Neihui 99-14 and RHR-1 were respectively 74.6%,79.5%,73.8%,37.0%,39.0% and 40.4%.The analysis for the sources of the different virulence type isolates indicated the pathogen on the newly released resistant varieties were stronger than conventional rice varieties which had become susceptible in the field since 1980s.     

中国南方水稻条斑病菌小种分化研究

采用针刺接种的方法,在水稻孕穗期的剑叶上接种测定了国内南方稻区细菌性条斑病菌62个菌株的致病力。根据病菌与鉴别品种互作反应和亲和性的差异,将供试条斑病菌株区分为6个小种。大多数条斑病菌株与鉴别品种的互作反应表现为弱互作模式,部分菌株与品种间存在强互作关系.     

Pathogenicity of Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae on Brachypodium distachyon

Inoculation methods for rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae to Brachypodium distachyon were developed to investigate the infection process and symptom development in comparison with those on rice (Oryza sativa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare).M.oryzae could infect leaves,sheathes,stems and panicles of B.distachyon and cause blast disease.Spraying conidial suspension on either intact seedlings or leaf segments induced typical symptoms on B.distachyon.During the intact seedling inoculation,the symptom developed on B.distachyon leaves closely resembled that on rice;but the lesions on B.distachyon had better uniformity in shapes and sizes than those on rice or barley.In the leaf segments inoculation,only initial and low-developed lesions could be found on rice,while normal symptoms on B.distachyon and barley.Inoculated with low-virulent mutants of M.oryzae,B.distachyon produced low-level symptoms.The symptom level of each mutant on B.distachyon corresponded well to that on rice.In addition,typical infection processes presented on B.distachyon leaves:forming melanized appressoria,penetrating into host epidermis and then forming hyphae in epidermal cells.According to these results,B.distachyon can be used as a candidate for studying fungus-plant interactions and as a probable source of disease resistance.     

中国水稻白叶枯病菌小种C8菌株无毒基因的分离及功能鉴别

 白叶枯病菌与水稻间的互作符合基因对基因模式,不同小种中存在特异的avrBs3/pthA家族基因。对中国水稻白叶枯病菌小种C8菌株基因组DNA进行BamHⅠ酶切和Southern杂交,发现了其特有的约6.0 kb大小、含avrBs3/pthA家族基因的信号条带。经文库筛选、Southern杂交和限制性酶切分析,获得了C8小种avr/pthC8a基因。将该基因导入菲律宾小种6 的代表菌株PXO99A中,发现avr/pthC8a可使PXO99A丧失对水稻品种Asominori（携有成株期抗性基因Xa17）的毒性,暗示avr/pthC8a可能是与Xa17相应的无毒基因。序列分析发现,avr/pthC8a基因大小为3816 bp,编码1272个氨基酸,由102 bp编码的34个氨基酸重复单元在基因内的重复数为20.5个,其3′端的BamHⅠ酶切位点由GGATCC突变为AGATCC,其他特征均与avrBs3/pthA家族的成员相似,即C端存在1个亮氨酸拉链、3个核定位信号和1个酸性转录激活域。avr/pthC8a基因3′端的BamHⅠ酶切位点发生突变在avrBs3/pthA家族基因中鲜有报道。中国C8小种avr/pthC8a基因的发掘,为进一步了解水稻黄单胞菌毒性变异以及avrBs3/pthA家族基因的进化提供了理论依据。     

水稻与稻瘟病菌的蛋白质─细胞在体外的相互作用初步研究

在离体条件下，用蛋白质双向电泳技术分析水稻与稻瘟病菌在接触反应开始阶段的蛋白质变化情况，以寻找参与寄主与病原菌相互作用的蛋白质分子．结果表明有两个蛋白质与孢子或菌丝体混合后从电泳胶上消失，同时出现了另外两个蛋白质．还没确定两个消失的蛋白质是被菌体细胞所吸附，还是由于被修饰而导致电泳行为改变．上述蛋白质在抗病和感病水稻品种中都存在，是组成型的。推测它们可能参与寄主与病原菌的接触反应．另外还发现，当悬浮培养的水稻细胞与稻瘟菌的菌丝体蛋白质接触后会产生一些新的蛋白质分子，但孢子蛋白无此作用．由此推测水稻与猪瘟病菌的特异性识别反应可能发生在孢子萌发之后和菌丝体阶段．以上结果在亲和与非亲和体系中相同．文中对此现象提出了初步解释，还介绍了一个在离体条件下研究寄主与病原菌的蛋白质－细胞相互作用的简单方法．     

Occurrence of rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) and identification of potential resistance sources in Uganda

Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae continues to be the most destructive disease of rice worldwide, and is a number one disease of rice in Uganda. We present the footprints of M. oryzae importance, distribution, incidence and severity in the rice growing agro-ecologies of Uganda for 2009/2010, and the potential mitigation measures. Our data show that rice blast affects more than 50% of the cultivated rice area on average, and ranks as the most important disease encountered in the field. Between and within agroecologies, both incidence and severity varied (P < 0.05) reflecting the contribution of different cropping practices on rice blast epiphytotics. The highest blast incidence and severities were recorded in Bugiri, Butaleja, Mbale and Lira farmlands, which are the ancestral rice cultivation areas in Uganda. These areas showed mean yield reductions of >30% relative to other locations, suggesting that rice production history played a significant role in rice blast outbreaks. Broadcasting and drill seeding yielded 42.4% less than transplanted rice. Growing two rice crops per year is one of the methods suggested to increase rice production in Uganda, but there was a higher disease incidence in the late season than in the early season, indicating the need for improved resistant varieties. Four blast resistance genes (Pi9, Piz-t, Pi19 and Piz-5) and the cultivar Tetep had the lowest (≤4) blast severity scores in all the test locations. It could be suggested that these genes are potential resistance sources for developing varieties, which would be more relevant for the double cropping systems.     

稻瘟病菌对新型模式植物二穗短柄草的致病性研究

 建立了稻瘟病菌对二穗短柄草的接种体系,观察了稻瘟病菌在二穗短柄草上的发病过程和特点,并与在水稻和大麦上的发病情况进行了比较。在人为接种稻瘟病菌的条件下,二穗短柄草的叶片、叶鞘、茎秆、穗部均可获病。利用稻瘟病菌孢子悬浮液对二穗短柄草进行苗期活体或离体接种,都能引发典型病斑。与大麦相比,二穗短柄草叶片上病斑的出现时间及发展速度更接近水稻。同时,二穗短柄草叶片上的接种和发病条件比水稻更易控制,病斑更具一致性。另外,稻瘟病菌致病突变体在二穗短柄草叶片上致病性变化（降低或丧失）趋势与在水稻上的情况一致。显微观察及组织化学染色表明,稻瘟病菌在二穗短柄草叶片上可有效形成附着胞,侵入叶片表皮细胞,形成典型的侵染菌丝,其过程与水稻近似。因此,二穗短柄草可以作为稻瘟病菌与寄主互作的研究材料,并有望为杂草上梨孢菌的研究提供可能的模式植物以及为农作物的抗病育种提供参考。