奶牛子宫内膜炎诊疗学研究进展

子宫内膜炎是奶牛产后普遍发生的一种生殖疾病,可导致奶牛产犊间期延长、产奶量降低、淘汰率增加、治疗期间奶源废弃、管理及治疗成本增加,也是导致奶牛不孕症的重要原因之一。目前国内外防治奶牛子宫内膜炎的诊断技术和治疗方法众多,主要有阴道镜检查、Metricheck装置评估、子宫细胞学检查、抗生素疗法、中药疗法、中西医结合疗法、激素疗法、臭氧新型疗法等诊疗技术。阴道镜检查是一种可视化检查方法,利用内窥镜直观评估奶牛阴道内分泌物性状确定子宫内膜炎严重程度;Metricheck装置是根据阴道内分泌物含量和性状,设置不同评分值评估产后奶牛子宫内膜炎和繁殖性能;子宫细胞学检查通过子宫细胞刷、灌洗或活检技术确定子宫内膜细胞和中性粒细胞(PMN)的比例,设定奶牛产后不同时期PMN最佳阈值诊断子宫内膜炎;抗生素疗法通过宫内灌注、皮下注射、静脉注射抗生素等途径治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎,治疗成本低,见效快,是目前治疗奶牛临床子宫内膜炎最常用的疗法;中药疗法筛选不同组分的中药复方制剂,通过调节奶牛机体免疫系统,改善子宫内血液循环,抑制致病菌繁殖,促进子宫恢复正常生理机能;中西医结合疗法兼具中药辩证治疗的优点和西药见效快的特点,临床治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎具有广泛应用价值;激素疗法中前列腺素通过诱导黄体溶解,消除黄体酮产生和免疫抑制,刺激子宫复旧,降低产后奶牛长期子宫感染和炎症的风险;臭氧新型疗法是将臭氧制作成泡沫制剂、油制剂等产品通过宫内灌注杀灭病原菌。这些诊疗技术在治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎的过程中均取得了不同程度的效果,对评估产后奶牛繁殖性能和生产性能具有良好的指导作用。文章通过介绍这些诊疗技术在奶牛子宫内膜炎中应用的研究进展,以期为该病的防治提供参考。     

奶牛子宫内膜炎研究进展

奶牛子宫内膜炎是奶牛最为常见的繁殖障碍性疾病。此病大多数发生在奶牛分娩或产后期间，是由于子宫内膜的损伤和外界病原微生物入侵而引起子宫内膜慢性炎症过程，故有产后子宫内膜炎之称。最新的细胞学诊断方法有助于子宫内膜炎的早期诊断。该方法是在没有明显的临床征状的情况下，通过子宫内膜细胞学检查，对子宫内膜炎进行早期诊断，已经得到国际上业内专家的认可并作为行业标准。抗菌药、中药、防腐消毒药、激素和中西药结合都可以用于治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎，目前最有前景的治疗药物是生物制剂和中草药制剂。本文根据国内外最新的研究成果，对子宫内膜炎的致病因素、分类方法、诊断、治疗与预防等进行了阐述。     

奶牛子宫内膜炎研究进展

子宫内膜炎是奶牛中一种常见的产科疾病,它可引起奶牛不孕,给奶牛养殖带来严重经济损失。引起奶牛子宫内膜炎的主要原因可概括为理化性和生物性二类,病原菌的侵入可通过上行性感染和下行性感染的途径造成子宫炎的发生,主要致病菌有葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、链球菌等。直肠检查和内窥镜检查仍是奶牛子宫内膜炎的常规的诊断方法,但仍有待于探索简便准确的新诊断方法。恢复子宫张力,促进子宫血液循环和炎性分泌物排出,抑制或消除子宫内感染病菌是子宫内膜炎的主要治疗原则,常用的治疗方法有冲洗子宫,全身疗法,抗生素和激素疗法以及中药治疗等。创建新的治疗和诊断方法,开发疗效好的药物将是提高奶牛子宫内膜炎诊疗水平的努力方向。     

中药防治奶牛子宫内膜炎

正子宫内膜炎是奶牛产后最为常见的产科疾病之一,给奶牛养殖业造成巨大的经济损失。截止目前,治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎临床上仍以抗生素疗法为主,其优点是见效快、抗菌谱广,但毒副作用大,易在奶制品和肉制品中造成药物残留,给广大消费者健康带来极大的潜在危害。中药成分复杂,调节机体整体机能,毒副作用小,残留少,但见效慢,用量大。笔者等结合自身经历与体会,将中药临床防治     

中药治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎的应用进展

子宫内膜炎主要由细菌感染引起,是危害养牛业发展的四大疾病之一,严重影响奶牛养殖业的发展。子宫内膜炎主要由大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌等病原菌引起,主要的治疗方法为抗生素疗法、激素疗法、生物学疗法和中药疗法,由于细菌耐药性的产生、激素等的残留,中药治疗子宫内膜炎成为广大科研工作者的研究方向。作者阐述了单味中药的抑菌效果、中药复方制剂的抑菌抗炎活性及中药复方制剂的临床应用,为科研人员在筛选抗菌消炎中药方面提供科学依据。     

中药治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎的研究进展

正在奶牛业中,子宫内膜炎是一个世界范围内的重要疾病,是奶牛的三大疾病之一,各国发病率都很高。为此,国内外学者从不同角度对该病进行了深入的研究。在我国,部分研究者采用中药疗法治疗预防该病,极大地克服了抗生素和激素疗法的一些弊端,如副作用小、不易产生抗药性、无有害药物残留。因此,中药治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎具有很大发展前景。一、国内外奶牛子宫内膜炎发病情况调查显示,在美国部分奶牛场,产后奶     

复方中药制剂对家兔子宫调节作用的研究

奶牛子宫内膜炎的病因较为复杂,其中子宫活动力的强弱与子宫内膜炎的发病率有着直接关系,如果产后子宫收缩有力,则有利于胎衣和恶露的排出;如果产后子宫收缩无力,加上产后子宫内的物质条件和温度条件有利于细菌的生长,就容易继发子宫内膜炎.多数治疗子宫内膜炎的药物都是通过影响子宫活动而达到治疗目的的.试验依据中兽医学的基本理论研制出一种治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎的纯中药复方制剂,并通过观察其对家兔在体和离体子宫活动的影响为今后该复方中药制剂的临床应用提供依据.     

中草药治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎

正子宫内膜炎是奶牛的一种常见病和多发病,多发于母牛产后,常呈慢性经过,虽然发病率高但是死亡率很低,严重地影响了奶牛的繁殖力和生产性能,给养殖户造成一定的经济损失。在传统治疗方法中,常使用抗生素疗法,但是该方法存在着药物残留、耐药性普遍、影响奶品质量等诸多问题。下面笔者介绍一种治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎的中药疗法。。     

复合溶菌酶制剂治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎对比试验

子宫内膜炎主要是由于奶牛在分娩后子宫受到微生物的侵袭以及产后胎衣滞留或剥离损伤了子宫内而导致的产后疾病,一般以抗生素类药物局部给药治疗有一定的效果,但治疗周期较长.为了检验溶菌酶的效果,我们应用复合溶菌酶制剂和抗生素对患子宫内膜炎的12头奶牛进行了对比治疗试验,现报告如下:     

微生态制剂防治奶牛子宫内膜炎研究进展

子宫内膜炎是奶牛产后多发病,屡配不孕的奶牛中患子宫内膜炎的占1/2以上。患病牛由于子宫存在炎症,无法完成受孕过程,给我国乃至世界奶牛业造成严重经济损失。由于抗生素的大量应用,病原菌的抗菌谱越来越广,耐药问题日趋严重,开发抗生素替代疗法得到学界广泛共识。微生态制剂具有绿色、安全、无残留等特点,是最有潜力的抗生素替代品之一。本文主要阐述奶牛子宫内膜炎的发病机理,微生态制剂的种类、应用,以及微生态制剂防控奶牛子宫内膜炎作用机理,以期为抗生素减量化防治奶牛子宫内膜炎的研究提供参考。     

奶牛子宫内膜炎的诊断及其防治措施

子宫内膜炎是奶牛养殖过程中常见的繁殖类疾病,会推迟奶牛的发情时间,影响配种率.本文首先对急性、慢性奶牛子宫内膜炎的临床症状及其直肠检测结果进行概述,然后从中西医结合、内外兼治的角度提出奶牛子宫内膜炎的治疗方法,该方法能有效缩短疗程,提高治愈率,最后提出加强日常管理、做好产后护理、中药调理精血、掌握好发情规律、适时配种和...     

Estimating prevalence of endometritis in smallholder zero-grazed dairy cows in Rwanda

Endometritis is a postpartum uterine disease of cows that interrupts reproductive cycles resulting in suboptimal fertility, reduced performance and profitability of the dairy herd. The objective of the study was to estimate the perceived and observed prevalence of endometritis among zero-grazed dairy cows in smallholder farms in Rwanda. A snowball sampling method was applied in cross-sectional survey to obtain data from 370 farms on 466 cows within their 21–60 days postpartum (dpp). The survey, conducted from September 2018 to March 2019, simultaneously examined cows using the Metricheck Device (MED) to determine the presence and type of vaginal mucus (VMC) based on a score scale of 0 to 3. Cows scoring VMC ≥ 1 were recorded as clinical endometritis (CLE)–positive. Cytotape (CYT) was used to determine the percentages of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) in endometrial cytology sample. Cows with ≥ 5% PMN were recorded subclinical endometritis (SCLE)–positive, whereas cows with VMC-0 and < 5% PMN were considered healthy cows. At cow-level, endometritis prevalence was 70.2% with 67.2% CLE and 31.8% SCLE while at the herd-level, prevalence was 71.1% with 68.1% CLE and 34.4% SCLE. The differences between the diagnostic performance of the MED and CYT were significant (p < 0.001). Perceived prevalence by farmers was much lower (3.2%) and without agreement with the observed prevalence (kappa = − 0.02, p > 0.05). The highly observed prevalence and farmer underestimation of endometritis prevalence indicate knowledge gaps about endometritis. The extension service therefore needs to increase awareness and education among smallholder farmers about detection and management of endometritis.

     

Predisposing factors,diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of persistent endometritis in postpartum cows

A certain level of endometrial bacterial infection and inflammation is involved in bovine uterine involution during the puerperal period. Factors that hamper normal uterine involution expose the uterine environment to pathological conditions, causing different endometritis levels. The lack of proper diagnostic tools extends the time to conception. Efforts have been made to elucidate the postpartum uterine environment, including bacterial flora, changes in transient endometrial inflammation, and the pathophysiology of endometritis, to improve bovine reproductive performance. E. coli and Trueperella pyogenes in the uterus are likely to cause persistent infection, and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium infection is associated with dystocia and cytological endometritis in postpartum dairy cows. Due to the widespread use of cytobrush as a diagnostic tool for bovine subclinical endometritis (SE) that enables quantification of the degree of inflammation, we found that endometritis at week 5 postpartum was associated with delayed first ovulation. Approximately 30% of open cows have SE during the postpartum period, and cows with low blood glucose during prepartum have a high risk of developing SE. Additionally, cows with purulent vaginal discharge do not always have endometritis but only vaginitis and/or cervicitis. Intrauterine infusion of polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine (PVP-I) improves fertility and promotes endometrial epithelial cell regeneration after inducing transient uterine inflammation, suggesting that PVP-I could be a good alternative to antibiotics. In conclusion, prepartum management to prevent glucose deficiency, prompt diagnosis to identify causative agents and intrauterine inflammation levels, and appropriate treatment to minimize antimicrobial resistance is beneficial for tackling endometritis and improving reproductive performance in bovine herds.     

Subclinical endometritis in dairy cattle and its effect on fertility--a review of recent publications

Reduced reproductive performance in dairy cattle is often caused by uterine disorders. Beside acute metritis and chronic endometritis recent reports on a negative impact of subclinical endometritis on reproductive performance have been published. Diagnosis of subclinical endometritis can be performed by ultrasonography or cytological examination of the uterus. The cytological examination is based on uterine lavage or the cytobrush-method. Prevalence of subclinical endometritis in different studies ranges from 16 to 90 percent and depends on the diagnostic method and the time postpartum when the examination is performed. Affected cows showed significantly decreased conception rates, prolonged days to first service and days open as well as a reduced number of cows pregnant. Studies on the treatment of subclinical endometritis with prostaglandin F2alpha or analogues, intrauterine antibiotics or proteolytic enzymes showed heterogeneous results and do not allows valid recommendations for veterinary practice.     

奶牛子宫内膜炎研究进展

奶牛子宫内膜炎是奶牛产后主要由于细菌感染而引起的常见产科疾病,给奶牛养殖业造成很大的经济损失。细菌感染是引起该病的主要原因。该病的分类比较复杂并缺乏准确性,为了确立一个统一明确的分类标准,国外学者对奶牛子宫内膜炎给出了一个清晰的定义,成为最新的国际通用分类标准。最新的细胞学诊断方法也得以建立,该方法是在没有明显的临床征状的情况下,通过子宫内膜细胞学检查,对子宫内膜炎进行早期诊断,已经得到国际上业内专家的认可并作为行业标准。抗菌药、中药、防腐消毒药、激素和中西药结合都可以用于治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎,目前最有前景的治疗药物是生物制剂。文章根据国内外最新的研究成果,对奶牛子宫内膜炎的病因、分类方法、诊断、治疗与预防等进行了阐述。     

Evaluation of the diagnosis of subclinical endometritis in dairy cattle using ultrasound

The aim of this study was to determine signs of subclinical endometritis found by ultrasound that are associated with reduced fertility in dairy cows.The maximum diameter of the uterine lumen was determined by ultrasound in 324 cows without clinical signs of endometritis after evaluation of the genital tract 21 to 27 days postpartum. Cows were classified into healthy or with subclinical endometritis by three threshold values for the maximum uterine lumen diameter of 0.2 cm, 0.5 cm or 0.8 cm. Examinations by rectal palpation and ultrasound as well as classifications were repeated 14 days later. In addition, ovaries were scanned by ultrasound to determine the stage of the estrous cycle. In a subgroup of 103 cows the echotexture of the uterus and its contents was evaluated. In these cows the diagnosis of subclinical endometritis was performed by a scoring system. The diameter of the uterine lumen was significantly affected by stage of the estrous cycle at the time of examination. However, no effects were found for the stage of the cycle at the time of examination on subsequent reproductive performance. A uterine lumen with a maximum diameter of more than 0.2 cm showed a significant negative association with conception rate and proportion of cows pregnant. Classification based on higher threshold values did not reveal an association with reproductive performance. Echogenic content in the uterus also decreased reproductive performance. A classification based on the echotexture of the uterus and its contents revealed significant differences between healthy cows and cows with subclinical endometritis regarding the proportion of cows inseminated and pregnant.The results of this study showed that the diagnostic of bovine endometritis should be broadend by ultrasonography. The definition of subclinical endometritis diagnosed by means of ultrasonography has to be evaluated in further studies.     

Significance of nitric oxide concentration in plasma and uterine secretes with puerperal endometritis in dairy cows

Endometritis is an inflammation of the endometrial lining of the uterus without systemic signs, which is associated with chronic postpartum infection of the uterus with pathogenic bacteria. Nitric oxide (NO) is an inflammatory mediator that among other effects causes smooth muscle relaxation and mediated cytoimmunity and inflammation toxicity. To see if the nitric oxide concentration in plasma and uterine secrets is related with postpartum endometritis, NO concentrations in plasma and uterine secrets were measured in dairy cows with puerperal endometritis (clinical endometritis (n = 60) and subclinical endometritis (n = 58)). Cows with clinical or subclinical endometritis showed higher concentrations of NO in both plasma and uterine secrets when compared with normal cows and the highest concentrations of NO in plasma and uterine secrets were found in dairy cows with clinical endometritis. Expression level of NOS2 mRNA in endometrial biopsies from cows with puerperal endometritis was also higher and the highest expression of NOS2 mRNA was found in cows with clinical endometritis. The results showed that concentrations of NO in plasma and uterine fluid are related with the degree of endometritis which may be useful to diagnose the endometritis in dairy cows.     

Blood and Intrauterine Leukocyte Profile and Function in Dairy Cows that Spontaneously Recovered from Postpartum Endometritis

The profile and function of blood and uterine leukocytes were evaluated in 14 dairy cows that spontaneously recovered from postpartum endometritis (mild, n=6 and heavy, n=8; general health not affected). From a minimum of 2 weeks before parturition until 6 weeks postpartum, blood samples were obtained twice weekly for leukocyte counts and leukogram determination and once weekly for flow cytometry assessment of polimorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) phagocytic capacity and oxidative burst activity. Uterine fluid‐stained smears, obtained twice weekly from parturition until fluid was present in the uterus, were used for determination of the percentage of PMN, of phagocytizing PMN (phago‐PMN) and of the mean number of phagocyted bacteria per phagocytizing PMN (phagocytic index; PI). Uterine swabs were obtained twice weekly from parturition until 35 days postpartum for bacteriological examination. The time of endometritis diagnosis was similar in cows with mild or heavy endometritis but the latter cows had a significantly longer persistence of the infection and of the isolation of Gram‐negative anaerobes from the uterus. However, the effect of group (mild versus heavy) was not significant for all the blood and uterine parameters analysed. The effect of sampling day (within group effect) was significant (p<0.01 to p<0.00001) for all parameters, except for the blood monocyte count and the blood PMN phagocytic capacity, in which only a tendency for significance was observed (p<0.1). The effect of the interaction group × sampling day was significant only for the blood monocyte count. The phago‐PMN and the PI were significantly correlated (r=0.70, p<0.001). A significant correlation was also observed between the uterine fluid phago‐PMN and the blood PMN oxidative burst activity (r=?0.41, p<0.05). At the spontaneous recovery, the blood PMN oxidative burst activity was significantly higher (p<0.05) and the percentage of intrauterine phago‐PMN and the PI were significantly lower (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively) than at diagnosis of endometritis. These results suggest that a decrease in blood PMN oxidative burst activity until the first week postpartum could be associated with an increased susceptibility to early postpartum endometritis. The later increase in this parameter as well as the increase in the intrauterine fluid phago‐PMN and PI, might favour the spontaneous resolution of endometritis.     

Subclinical endometritis in Zebu x Friesian crossbred dairy cows: its risk factors,association with subclinical mastitis and effect on reproductive performance

A study was carried out on 59 clinically healthy Zebu x Friesian crossbred cows to determine the prevalence of subclinical endometritis, associated factors and its effect on the reproductive performance. Subclinical endometritis was diagnosed by endometrial cytology using uterine lavege technique and subclinical mastitis using CMT. The clinical, management and reproductive data were obtained from a weekly follow up visit of each cow for a period of 6 months after calving. The prevalence of subclinical endometritis, with ≥5% neutrophil count, was 47.5% and 30.5% at week 4 and 8, significantly decreasing (P = 0.002) as postpartum period advanced. Body condition score at week 4 postpartum (OR = 4.5, P = 0.017) and regular cow exercise (OR = 4.8, P = 0.026) were the significant risk factors while post-calving hygiene (P = 0.06) was poorly associated. Subclinical endometritis was also directly associated with subclinical mastitis at both week 4 (OR = 4.5, P = 0.012) and 8 (OR = 3.6, P = 0.031) postpartum. The risk of first service pregnancy (OR = 5.1, P = 0.004) was higher in cows negative for subclinical endometritis at week 8 postpartum and the proportion of cows that required more than 3 services was higher in cows with uterine inflammation. Also the proportion of cows diagnosed pregnant within 180 DIM was higher in cows with normal uterus at both week 4 (OR = 10.3, P = 0.001) and week 8(OR = 21.8, P = 0.001). These results indicated that subclinical endometritis was directly associated with poor body condition and subclinical mastitis and that it had negative effect on reproductive traits of dairy cows. This association may also reflect the possibility of translocation of bacteria/bacterial products from the uterus to the udder or vic-versa or else the presence of common cause for both endometritis and mastitis.     

奶牛子宫内膜炎治疗研究进展

子宫内膜炎是奶牛的常发病,对奶牛养殖业造成的危害巨大.目前,治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎的方法主要有抗生素疗法、中药疗法、中西医结合疗法、微生物疗法、免疫学疗法和激素疗法.主要根据国内最新的研究成果,对奶牛子宫内膜炎的治疗进行综述,并对不同治疗方法的优缺点进行比较,以期为积极探寻该病最为合适的治疗方法提供参考.