犬隐睾及睾丸肿瘤中PGP9.5和NPY的分布比较

试验旨在分析肽能神经递质蛋白基因产物9.5（protein gene product 9.5,PGP9.5）和神经肽Y（neuropeptide Y,NPY）在犬隐睾及睾丸肿瘤中的分布和表达,并与同年龄正常睾丸组织进行比较,为认识犬睾丸肿瘤恶变临床诊断提供参考。应用HE染色、Masson三色染色、Gomori银浸染、甲苯胺蓝染色观察各组织中网状纤维、胶原纤维及肥大细胞等组织特征,采用免疫组织化学SP法及免疫荧光法结合IPP统计分析PGP9.5和NPY在组织中的表达及定位。结果显示,正常犬睾丸生精上皮由4~7层生精细胞及Sertoli细胞构成,间质组织胶原纤维和网状纤维分布稀疏。隐睾生精小管基底膜胶原纤维厚度增加,Sertoli细胞核浓缩位于生精小管基底,间质网状纤维增多。睾丸肿瘤组织结构不清晰,胶原纤维和网状纤维无规则分布,肥大细胞较正常组及隐睾组显著增多。免疫荧光定位表明,PGP9.5在正常睾丸Leydig细胞中呈中等阳性表达,生精细胞中无明显表达;隐睾Leydig细胞及生精细胞中呈强阳性表达;睾丸肿瘤中偶有表达。NPY在正常睾丸Leydig细胞中偶见阳性表达,生精细胞中无表达;隐睾Leydig细胞及生精上皮中无表达,间质小血管管壁呈高密度强阳性表达;睾丸肿瘤组织中无明显表达。免疫组化统计表明,睾丸肿瘤组织中PGP9.5和NPY较正常组极显著降低（P<0.01）,隐睾组PGP9.5和NPY表达显著或极显著增加（P<0.05;P<0.01）。因此,犬隐睾时PGP9.5及NPY的表达增高,提示犬隐睾时已有发展为肿瘤的趋势,且与肿瘤恶变程度相关。     

FGF22及其受体在庆阳黑山羊正常睾丸与隐睾中的表达比较

试验旨在研究成纤维生长因子22（fibroblast growth factor 22,FGF22）及其受体2（fibroblast growth factor receptor 2,FGFR2）、硫酸乙酰肝素糖蛋白（heparan sulfate proteoglycans,HSPG）在庆阳黑山羊正常睾丸与隐睾中的分布与表达,探究其在山羊睾丸发育和隐睾形成中的作用。采用HE和特殊染色观察其组织学结构特征,进而以免疫组织化学及免疫荧光法结合形态计量学统计研究FGF22、FGFR2和HSPG在山羊正常睾丸及隐睾中的定位。结果表明,山羊隐睾较正常睾丸生精小管缩窄,腔内各级生精细胞排列紊乱,间质的胶原纤维和网状纤维增多,糖原类物质阳性反应较弱,FGF22在隐睾组织的Leydig、Sertoli细胞、管周肌样细胞及血管内皮细胞整体表达密度相较于正常睾丸显著减弱（P<0.05）。HSPG在正常睾丸表达显著强于隐睾（P<0.05）,间质组织变化尤其明显。FGFR2在隐睾组表达显著增高（P<0.05）,且以Sertoli细胞强阳性表达为主。庆阳黑山羊隐睾较正常睾丸发育异常,间质组织有纤维化趋势,糖原类物质含量减少;FGF22及HSPG表达降低应与隐睾局部环境温度变化密切相关;FGFR2在隐睾组表达增高提示其在发生隐睾时可能通过Sertoli细胞进行适应性调节。     

高原牦牛隐睾组织结构特征

观察成年牦牛隐睾的组织结构特点,分析高原环境对其生殖微环境的影响。应用HE、Masson’s、Gomori’s特殊染色以及免疫组织化学方法和透射电镜观察比较成年牦牛隐睾与单侧正常睾丸、正常睾丸组织结构特点,进而用IPP图像分析软件进行定量统计。与正常组睾丸相比,隐睾生精小管管径极显著减小(P0.01),基膜增厚,腔内生殖细胞丢失,散在少数幼稚型Sertoli细胞,胞内线粒体变性且含有大小不等的脂褐素颗粒;间质内胶原纤维增生,间质/管腔面积比极显著增大(P0.01),Leydig细胞数量减少,胞内线粒体肿胀,间质血管数量减少,管壁增厚皱缩,血管内皮细胞内含大量脂褐素颗粒;睾丸实质部分钙化。单侧正常组睾丸生精上皮细胞为3~4层,Sertoli细胞发育成熟,少见初级精母细胞及精子;间质/管腔面积比与正常睾丸无明显差异(P0.05),Leydig细胞数量较多,内质网丰富呈一定扩张状态,线粒体减少。免疫组织化学显示,VEGF及VEGFR2在隐睾组与单侧正常组、正常组睾丸均表达于Sertoli细胞、Leydig细胞及各级生精细胞,血管内皮细胞偶见表达;隐睾组VEGF表达量较正常组、单侧正常组睾丸明显下降(P0.05),VEGFR2表达量明显高于正常组与单侧正常组(P0.05);单侧正常组VEGF及VEGFR2表达量较正常组均无明显差异(P0.05)。高原低氧环境,牦牛隐睾血管发育受阻,组织出现不同程度的纤维化和局部钙化,Sertoli细胞发育异常严重影响生精功能;单侧正常睾丸Leydig细胞数量增加,而其中线粒体数量减少,发育程度较正常组织有所降低,隐睾组织中VEGF与VEGFR2可能参与调节双侧睾丸生精抑制作用。     

PGP9.5和神经肽Y在双峰驼正常睾丸和隐睾的分布比较

探讨PGP9.5和神经肽Y在双峰驼正常睾丸和隐睾的表达及在精子发生中的作用机制。采集性成熟未交配2~3岁成年双峰驼正常睾丸及隐睾,应用免疫组织化学SP法检测PGP9.5和神经肽Y在睾丸的定位,并通过图像分析技术进行定量分析。结果表明:PGP9.5在正常睾丸支持细胞、各级生精细胞和动静脉血管都有高密度阳性反应;神经肽Y在支持细胞呈中等阳性,各级生精细胞和动静脉血管呈弱阳性,隐睾组中PGP9.5和神经肽Y表达位置相似于正常组,但表达量显著降低。PGP9.5和神经肽Y在正常组和隐睾组Leydig细胞表达无差异,均为强阳性。可见PGP9.5及神经肽Y参与了双峰驼正常睾丸和隐睾生精功能的调节,二者通过支持细胞及管周肌样细胞对于隐睾生精微环境的调控能力降低,但隐睾内间质细胞的分泌并未受明显影响。本研究为进一步研究双峰驼睾丸神经递质变化与隐睾症发生关系及调控机制提供了参考。     

双峰驼隐睾组织结构分析

比较观察同年龄(2岁)双峰驼(Camelus bactrianous)正常睾丸与隐睾的显微及超微结构特点。采用光镜和电镜制片及组织化学染色技术,比较双峰驼隐睾与正常睾丸的组织结构特点,进而用IPP图像分析软件进行定量分析。结果:光镜下双峰驼隐睾生精上皮由1~3层细胞组成,生精小管平均直径显著减小(P0.05),间质组织面积极显著增加(P0.01),间质/管腔面积比较正常组极显著增大(P0.01)。电镜观察,双峰驼正常睾丸生精小管固有膜层发育良好,相邻Sertoli细胞之间形成典型连接复合体;生精细胞之间多处形成细胞间小管和桥粒结构。隐睾生精上皮基膜增生明显,其上半桥粒结构不清晰,发育不成熟的Sertoli细胞相邻细胞膜间存在不完全的桥粒结构,可见相邻精母细胞间的胞质桥及Sertoli细胞与初级精母细胞之间桥粒连接;双峰驼正常睾丸Leydig细胞内滑面型内质网和粗面型内质网相延续;隐睾Leydig细胞形态不规则,胞内肿胀线粒体数量较多,内质网不发达;隐睾间质毛细血管基膜不清晰;血管内皮细胞之间可见缝隙连接。双峰驼隐睾生精小管组织结构主要变化为Sertoli细胞异常分化及精子发育阻滞;隐睾Sertoli细胞多为幼稚型,其与基膜连接的改变以及Sertoli细胞外质特化区形态结构及桥粒结构不完整影响了血-睾屏障构成;Leydig细胞内质网发育不均衡为其分泌功能与机体发育阶段关系研究提供思路。     

老龄哈多利系博美犬睾丸组织结构分析

为比较哈多利系博美犬老龄与青年阶段睾丸的组织结构差异及相关蛋白分布特征，探索博美犬不同年龄阶段睾丸组织结构变化及其对生殖功能的影响，本试验应用特殊染色、免疫组织化学法结合免疫荧光观察比较青年与老龄博美犬睾丸组织化学特点，并用IPP图像分析软件进行定量分析。结果显示，与青年博美犬相比，老龄博美犬生精上皮层数与厚度降低，Leydig细胞数及Sertoli细胞数显著增加（P<0.05），生精小管基底膜及血管管壁层胶原纤维与网状纤维含量明显增加。免疫组织化学结果显示，老龄博美犬睾丸细胞外基质（exreacellular matrix，ECM）相关蛋白Ⅳ型胶原（collage，Col Ⅳ）、硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白多糖（heparan sulfate proteoglycan，HSPG）含量极显著低于青年博美犬（P<0.01），层黏连蛋白（laminin，LN）含量显著低于青年博美犬（P<0.05）。免疫荧光结果显示，Col Ⅳ、HSPG和LN主要在Leydig细胞及Sertoli细胞强表达。因此，老龄博美犬胶原纤维与网状纤维含量增加，Leydig细胞数及Sertoli细胞数增多可能与其生精功能的维持相关，其生精功能的下降与Col Ⅳ和HSPG的变化密切相关。     

TGF-β1及其受体在性成熟前后藏绵羊睾丸的表达比较

旨在比较研究转化生长因子-β1 (transforming growth factor-β1, TGF-β1)及其受体在性成熟前后藏绵羊睾丸组织的表达及分布特征,探索其对藏绵羊睾丸发育及生殖机能的调节作用。采用睾丸摘除手术收集1.0、1.5、2.0岁藏绵羊睾丸,应用免疫印迹、免疫组织化学SP法及IPP图像分析研究TGF-β1及其受体(transforming growth factor-βreceptor I, TGF-βR I)的表达及分布特征。结果表明:1)TGF-β1在藏绵羊睾丸组织中弱表达,性成熟前后差异不显著(P>0.05);1.5岁藏绵羊睾丸组织中TGF-βRⅠ表达均显著高于1.0及2.0岁(P<0.05)。2)各年龄组TGF-β1主要表达于睾丸间质细胞(Leydig)及小血管内皮细胞,1.5岁藏绵羊在各级生精细胞及支持细胞(Sertoli)亦有中等阳性表达,其他年龄组在生精上皮弱表达;TGF-βRⅠ在各年龄组生精上皮均有表达,1.0岁时在Leydig细胞无明显表达,1.5岁时强表达于圆形精子、Leydig细胞及淋巴管内皮细胞,2.0岁时在Leydig细胞及毛细淋巴管亦见阳性表达,但明显弱于1.5岁。3)各年龄组TGF-βRⅠ表达明显强于TGF-β1,TGF-β1表达组间差异不显著(P>0.05);TGF-βRⅠ在1.5岁时较1.0及2.0岁表达差异显著(P<0.05)。综上表明,高原地区藏绵羊睾丸组织TGF-β1和TGF-βRⅠ的阳性表达随着性成熟出现先上升后下降的变化趋势,提示性成熟前后TGF-β1及其受体通过调节Sertoli细胞在精子生成过程中发挥作用;各年龄段藏绵羊睾丸组织TGF-βRⅠ及TGF-β1阳性表达以Leydig细胞变化最为明显,为进一步分析TGF-β1/TGF-βRⅠ信号通路随着性成熟发育参与调节Leydig细胞生物合成提供研究基础。     

高原牦牛睾丸组织VEGF及其受体的增龄性分布特点

探索VEGF及其受体(VEGFR2)在不同年龄牦牛睾丸的分布特点。应用免疫组织化学SP法检测VEGF及其受体(VEGFR2)分布特征并通过IPP图像分析软件进行定量统计。免疫组织化学显示,不同年龄段牦牛睾丸中,VEGF表达于各级生精细胞以及Sertoli细胞和Leydig细胞,强表达于长形精子,小血管内皮细胞见强阳性表达,肌样细胞未见表达;其受体VEGFR2表达于各级生精细胞及Sertoli细胞,且Leydig细胞内强表达,小血管弱表达;牦牛幼龄期至性成熟期,睾丸中VEGF表达量呈明显上升趋势(P0.05),性成熟期达到最高水平,进入老龄期后表达量明显下降(P0.05);其受体VEGFR2表达量性成熟前期最高,进入老龄期下降不明显。因此,牦牛睾丸中VEGF及其受体随年龄增加存在差异性表达,幼龄期随增加明显,性成熟期趋于稳定,老龄后下降显著,提示其可能参与调节牦牛生后睾丸发育的各个阶段,且与高原牦牛睾丸血管发育,生精及其低氧适应具有一定的关系。     

性成熟期辽宁绒山羊与子午岭黑山羊睾丸发育比较

本研究旨在探究性成熟期辽宁绒山羊与子午岭黑山羊睾丸发育是否存在差异,并对两品种繁殖性能进行比较。选取性成熟期健康的辽宁绒山羊和子午岭黑山羊各5只,采集睾丸组织,通过大体解剖和苏木精-伊红（HE）染色石蜡切片,比较两品种山羊睾丸组织发育及形态学差异;ELISA检测雄激素浓度;实时荧光定量PCR （real time quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR）、蛋白免疫印迹（Western blot）检测两品种山羊睾丸组织中死盒多肽4（DEAD box polypeptide 4,DDX4）和类无精症缺失基因（deleted in azoospermia-like gene,DAZL）的表达情况。结果显示,辽宁绒山羊睾丸总重和睾丸长周径极显著高于子午岭黑山羊（P<0.01）,而睾丸短周径、睾丸脏体比和睾丸胴体比均差异不显著（P>0.05）;辽宁绒山羊生精上皮厚度显著高于子午岭黑山羊（P<0.05）,而两者精细管面积、直径和单位面积内精细管数量均无显著差异（P>0.05）;两品种山羊睾丸中雄激素分泌无显著差异（P>0.05）;辽宁绒山羊DDX4 mRNA及蛋白表达量均显著高于子午岭黑山羊（P<0.01或P<0.05）,DAZL mRNA表达量极显著高于子午岭黑山羊（P<0.01）,而蛋白表达量差异不显著（P>0.05）。以上结果表明,性成熟期辽宁绒山羊性腺发育程度与子午岭黑山羊一致,但生精上皮较子午岭黑山羊厚,生殖标记基因表达量存在差异,推测可能会影响两品种的生精能力。     

老龄牦牛睾丸细胞外基质相关蛋白的分布特征

探索细胞外基质相关蛋白在老龄牦牛睾丸的分布特征。应用组织化学方法比较、观察9头健康老龄牦牛和10头青年牦牛睾丸组织结构特点及层黏连蛋白(LN)、Ⅳ型胶原(ColⅣ)和硫酸乙酰肝素糖蛋白(HSPG)的分布特征。结果显示:光镜下,老龄牦牛生精上皮部分或完全退化,生精小管固有膜及间质胶原纤维及网状纤维较青年牦牛丰富;老龄睾丸间质血管及生精小管固有膜中AB-PAS阳性反应较青年牦牛增强。数据统计表明,老龄牦牛Sertoli细胞及Leydig细胞数均明显减少,生精小管横截面积以及平均间质组织面积极显著大于青年牦牛(P0.01)。免疫组织化学显示,LN在老龄牦牛睾丸Sertoli细胞和肌样细胞表达与青年牦牛相近,LN在生精细胞表达降低,而在Leydig细胞几乎无表达;ColⅣ在不同年龄牦牛睾丸组织表达位置及强弱相似,但其平均吸光度检测结果无统计学差异;老龄牦牛睾丸组织HSPG主要在Leydig细胞表达降低,平均吸光度检测统计极显著低于青年牦牛(P0.01);同一年龄段LN、ColⅣ和HSPG表达无明显差异。高原环境中,老龄牦牛生精上皮退化伴随着间质成分增加、间质面积增大、Leydig细胞及Sertoli细胞数量减少等形态学变化;睾丸组织ColⅣ分泌增加且胶原纤维合成增强,LN和HSPG的显著降低可能影响Leydig细胞合成分泌能力。     

Comparison of the Distribution of PGP9.5 and NPY in Cryptorchidism and Testicular Tumors in Dogs

The purpose of this study was to analyze the distribution and expression of peptidergic neurotransmitters protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in cryptorchidism and testicular tumors of dogs,compare them with normal testicular tissues of the same age,and provide reference for clinical diagnosis of malignant transformation in testicular tumors of dogs.HE staing,Masson trichrome staining,Gomori silver staining and toluidine blue staining were used to observe the tissue characteristics of reticular fibers,collagen fibers and mast cells.Immunohistochemical SP method and immunofluorescence combined with IPP were used to analyze the expression and localization of PGP9.5 and NPY in tissues.The results showed that the seminiferous epithelium of normal dog testis was composed of 4-7 layers of spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells,and the distribution of collagen fibers and reticular fibers in interstitial tissue was sparse.The thickness of collagen fibers in the basement membrane of cryptorchidism seminiferous tubules increased,the nucleus of Sertoli concentrated at the base of seminiferous tubules,and the interstitial reticular fibers increased.The tissue structure of testicular tumor was unclear,collagen fibers and reticular fibers were irregularly distributed,and mast cells increased significantly compared with normal and cryptorchid groups.The immunofluorescence results showed that PGP9.5 was moderately positive in Leydig cells of normal testis,no significant expression in spermatogenic cells,strongly positive in Leydig cells and spermatogenic cells of cryptorchidism,and occasional expression in testicular tumors.NPY was occasionally expressed in normal testicular Leydig cells,but not in spermatogenic cells,strong positive expression in Leydig cells and seminiferous epithelium of cryptorchidism,high density and strong positive expression in interstitial vessels,and no obvious expression in testicular tumors.Immunohistochemical statistics showed that the expression of PGP9.5 and NPY in testicular tumor tissue were extremely significantly lower than that in normal group (P<0.01),while the expression of PGP9.5 and NPY in cryptorchidism group were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P<0.05;P<0.01).Therefore,the expression of PGP9.5 and NPY in cryptorchidism of dogs was increased suggesting that the cryptorchidism of dogs had a tendency to develop into a tumor,and was related to the degree of malignant transformation of tumor.     

INSL-3 protein expression in normal and cryptorchid testes of Ziwuling black goats

Ziwuling black goats are typically found in loess plateaus regions and the Ziwuling Nature Reserve. Cryptorchidism is a common disease in this inbred goat, and its pathogenesis has been linked with the expression of insulin-like factor 3 (INSL-3). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate anatomical alterations caused by cryptorchism and the expression and distribution of INSL-3 in normal and cryptorchid testicular tissues. The testicular tissues of 6-month-old Ziwuling black goats were collected for microscopic analyses using histochemical, immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence and biometrical methods, as well as Western blotting to compare the expression and distribution of INSL-3. A lower expression of INSL-3 was observed in cryptorchid compared with normal testicular tissues (p < .01). Cryptorchidism caused a significant reduction in layers of spermatogenic epithelium and tubule areas in Ziwuling black goat (p < .01). The interstitial to seminiferous tubule area ratio was larger in cryptorchid than in normal group. Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining revealed pronounced positive bands in the interstitial tissue, while positive Alcian blue (AB) staining was not clear, and AB-PAS staining revealed a positive red band in the basement membrane of cryptorchid group. Immunofluorescence revealed a strong signal of INSL-3 expression in Sertoli and peritubular myoid cells, and moderate signal in Leydig and spermatogenic cells in the normal group. However, in cryptorchid testicular tissues, the signal of INSL-3 expression was strong in primary spermatocytes, occasional in Sertoli cells, limited in Leydig cells and absent in peritubular myoid cells. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry showed that INSL-3 expression was higher in normal testes compared with cryptorchid testicular tissues (p < .05), especially in primary spermatocytes and Sertoli cells. Collectively, our results indicate that cryptorchidism is closely related to the disorder of acid glycoprotein metabolism and the reduction in release of INSL-3 from Leydig cells. Moreover, Sertoli and peritubular myoid cells are crucial for INSL signalling and could underpin further research on the mechanism of cryptorchidism in animal.     

Immunohistochemical expression of calretinin in canine testicular tumours and normal canine testicular tissue

Calretinin is a calcium-binding protein expressed abundantly in the central and peripheral neural tissues. It has been demonstrated to be a valuable marker in human testicular neoplasia. The immunohistochemical expression of calretinin has been studied in 102 samples of normal (n=25) and three different neoplastic canine testicular tumours (n=77). In normal canine testis, calretinin expression was restricted to Leydig and Sertoli cells of the testis. In tumour tissues, calretinin expression was detected in all tumours investigated (interstitial cell tumours, seminoma, and Sertoli cell tumours), with a cytoplasmic and nuclear pattern of cellular distribution. The present work reports, for the first time, calretinin immunohistochemical expression in normal and neoplastic canine testis.     

睾丸肾上腺素能受体和胆碱能受体的分布及神经递质对睾丸间质细胞增殖的影响

试验旨在研究不同发育时期小鼠睾丸肾上腺素能受体(β1AR、β2AR、β3AR、α1A、α1B和α1D)和胆碱能受体(M1、M2、M3、M4和M5)mRNA的表达,以及神经递质去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine,NE)和乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine,Ach)对发育期小鼠睾丸间质细胞增殖的影响。RT-PCR结果表明,β1AR和β2AR mRNA在睾丸发育的3个时期都表达,β3AR、α1A和α1B mRNA在小鼠发育早期的睾丸表达,在成年期睾丸不表达,α1D mRNA在睾丸发育的早期不表达,成年期表达;胆碱能受体M1R、M2R、M3R和M5R mRNA在睾丸发育的3个时期都表达,而M4R mRNA主要在成年期表达。另外通过NE和Ach处理体外培养的发育期睾丸间质细胞,发现Ach处理组BrdU阳性细胞的数量明显增加(P＜0.01)。结果表明,肾上腺素能受体和胆碱能受体在小鼠睾丸的整个发育时期都表达,Ach可促进发育期小鼠睾丸间质细胞的增殖。     

Inhibin-α immunohistochemical expression in mature and immature canine Sertoli and Leydig cells

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from 32 canine pairs of testes were immunohistochemically examined for Inhibin-α (INHα). Samples were subdivided into two groups (group 1, neonates; group 2, puppies and adults) and results statistically compared. Inhibin-α was significantly expressed only in Sertoli cells of neonatal testes, while in Leydig cells it was expressed without significant difference between groups. These results suggest that, in dogs, INHα expression switches from Sertoli to Leydig cells during testicular maturation and that, in adult, Leydig cells represent the main source of INHα.