益生菌枯草芽孢杆菌发酵培养基及条件的优化

试验对枯草芽孢杆菌4#的发酵培养基和发酵条件进行筛选优化.通过单因素试验及正交试验方法,确定该枯草芽孢杆菌4#的优化培养基为0.5 %葡萄糖、0.3 %淀粉、3 %豆粕、3.08 %硫酸锰0.2 mL、0.3 %磷酸氢二钾、0.15 %磷酸二氢钾、0.05 %硫酸镁、0.02 %酵母膏、0.01 %氯化铁和0.01 %碳酸钙.最适发酵条件为初始pH 7.2,发酵温度30 ℃,摇床转速220 r/min,接种量10 %.进行发酵罐放大培养,最佳放罐时间18～20 h,获得的菌体数量约128亿个/mL.     

渔用枯草芽孢杆菌发酵工艺优化研究

为了解决渔用枯草芽孢杆菌微生态制剂有效活菌数低、生产成本高的问题,试验以南美白对虾养殖池底分离的一株枯草芽孢杆菌为供试菌,采用单因素和正交试验L9(33)优化渔用枯草芽孢杆菌低廉高产的培养基配方。结果表明:当添加绵白糖6%、鱼粉4%、磷酸氢二钾0. 10%时,可获得最大的菌体生物量,同时研究确定了枯草芽孢杆菌的最佳发酵条件:pH值为7. 0,接种量为6%,培养温度为37℃,转速为200 r/min,发酵时间为32 h。在优化的配方和发酵条件下,枯草芽孢杆菌生物量OD600值(稀释10倍)为0. 658。说明通过优化条件可发酵出高活菌数的渔用枯草芽孢杆菌。     

3种益生菌的混合发酵探索

为探索益生菌混合发酵条件,经24 h培养,确定丁酸梭菌的最佳培养条件为pH 7.0和30℃,菌液OD=1.56。枯草芽孢杆菌的最佳培养条件为pH 7.0和32℃,菌液OD=1.06。酵母菌的最佳培养条件为pH 6.0和30℃,菌液OD=1.05。以丁酸梭菌为主菌,枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母菌为辅菌,丁酸梭菌∶枯草芽孢杆菌∶酵母菌为1∶1∶3、在pH 7.0和30℃时,培养24 h,菌液OD=2.42。     

枯草芽孢杆菌发酵菌糠制备饲料微生物添加剂的研究

试验旨在优化枯草芽孢杆菌发酵金针菇菌糠的条件进而制备饲料微生物添加剂。试验采用L1(645)正交试验,测定枯草芽孢杆菌发酵金针菇菌糠的培养温度(A)、外源氮水平(B)、初始pH值(C)、发酵时间(D)、菌液接种量(E)5个因素对芽孢数的影响,同时测定发酵产物的有毒、有害物质含量。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌的最适发酵条件为培养温度35℃、棉粕添加量3%、初始pH值7.5、发酵时间48 h、菌液接种量10%。对其发酵结果的影响程度依次是外源氮水平>初始pH值>发酵时间>接种量>培养温度。此添加剂中的黄曲霉毒素B1以及重金属砷、铅、汞、镉的含量均符合国家饲料添加剂卫生指标。在此条件下固态发酵菌糠,枯草芽孢杆菌的芽孢数为8×109cfu/g(干重),对其发酵后产品烘干即得到饲料微生物添加剂。     

菌种和发酵条件对发酵豆粕营养成分的影响

研究利用单一枯草芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和米曲霉混合菌种分别对豆粕进行固态发酵,通过单因素和正交试验对发酵时间、pH、温度、接种量和菌种比例进行优化,比较研究菌种和发酵条件对发酵豆粕营养成分的影响.结果表明:用枯草芽孢杆菌和米曲霉混合菌种发酵豆粕比用单一菌种枯草芽孢杆菌发酵更有利于提高发酵豆粕营养水平,发酵豆粕最优的方案为枯草芽孢杆菌和米曲霉混合菌种比例为2∶1,初始pH为7.5,温度为37℃,发酵时间为48 h.     

枯草芽孢杆菌-MBS的培养条件优化研究

为了给枯草芽孢杆菌-MBS的标准化生长提供依据,研究应用单因子优化试验和正交试验对枯草芽孢杆菌-MBS的培养条件进行初步优化。结果表明:枯草芽孢杆菌-MBS在改良BPG培养基中生长良好,优化后的培养基成分为葡萄糖3.8g、蛋白胨3.8g、牛肉浸膏3.8g、淀粉2.3g、NaCl3.3g、KH2PO43.3g;生长最佳条件是温度为42℃、培养时间为18h、起始pH值为8.0、接种量为1.5%、转速为240r/min,此时OD610值能达到1.886,菌数能达到2.83×1010个/mL。     

产β-甘露聚糖酶内生菌最适发酵条件的优化

植物内生菌是一类种类丰富、生物学功能多样的微生物。试验研究将黄豆中筛选出的1株酶活力较高的枯草芽孢杆菌内生菌HD-1,在摇瓶发酵培养水平,对发酵pH值、温度、转速、接种量、发酵时间及培养基成分进行优化。结果表明,发酵最适培养条件为:温度35℃、pH值7.0、转速200 r/min、发酵72 h、接种量5%;发酵最适产酶培养基组成:魔芋粉3%、(NH4)2SO40.375%;最优的离子浓度分别为FeSO40.001%、NaCl 0.5%、MgSO40.01%,此时HD-1的产酶水平达到98.3 U/ml,约是初始酶活力的1.8倍,发酵罐验证试验得到酶活高达193.12 U/ml。     

枯草芽孢杆菌发酵黄芪提取液培养基优化研究

为了研究枯草芽孢杆菌发酵黄芪提取物的最佳培养基以及防腐剂对枯草芽孢杆菌存活率的影响,试验采用正交设计对培养基配方进行优化,并进行了扩大培养试验;用单因子试验法测定了枯草芽孢杆菌存活率。结果表明:培养基黄芪生药含量为0.5 g/mL,每100 mL培养基中含豆粕2.0 g、玉米2.0 g、麸皮2.5 g时枯草芽孢杆菌活菌数最多,可达到8.34×10~8cfu/mL,芽孢率大于90%。与摇瓶培养相比,发酵罐培养可以明显提高枯草芽孢杆菌的活菌数,为1.86×10~9cfu/mL。发酵液中添加一定量的防腐剂,经长时间保存后枯草芽孢杆菌的存活率均较高,约为95%。     

枯草芽孢杆菌产中性蛋白酶的发酵条件优化

文章对一株枯草芽孢杆菌产中性蛋白酶的发酵条件进行了优化,采用单因素试验和正交试验确定了最优发酵条件为装液量60 ml/250 ml,转速200 r/min,初始pH值6.9,发酵周期60 h,接种量4%,发酵温度37℃。通过发酵条件的优化,酶活提高了311.7%。     

猪源枯草芽孢杆菌HEW-B113的鉴定及发酵工艺优化

研究从猪肠道中获得一株疑似枯草芽孢杆菌,通过形态特征、生理生化鉴定和16S r DNA分子鉴定确定其为枯草芽孢杆菌,并采用液体发酵法,以发酵液中活菌数和芽孢数为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验对枯草芽孢杆菌HEW-B113的培养基和发酵条件进行优化。确定其最佳培养基配方为玉米淀粉2%、葡萄糖1%、豆粉1%、硫酸锰0.2%和硫酸铁0.15%;最佳发酵条件为初始p H 7.1、接种量0.8%、发酵摇瓶装液量100 m L/500 m L、转速200 r/min、发酵温度35℃及发酵时间40 h。采用枯草芽孢杆菌的最优发酵工艺可以降低成本,提高质量,为枯草芽孢杆菌的扩大化生产提供理论依据。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.