鄂尔多斯盆地基底断裂对环境地球化学景观与水土流失的控制作用

鄂尔多斯盆地的环境地球化学景观与水土流失分布特征与基底断裂关系密切。地基底断裂控制了盆地的环境地球化学景观和元素分布特征,尤其是定边-绥德断裂带和华池-大同断裂带将盆地分成两个截然不同的地球化学、地貌景观区;鄂尔多斯盆地内的基底断裂在某种程度上控制了盆地的地势、地形、地貌、新构造运动、岩石类型、岩性构造、土壤类型及其性质、浅层地下水及其性质,并间接的控制了土壤岩石后期的改造、风与水的动力条件等因素。研究盆地基底断裂与水土流失的关系,用于指导水土流失综合治理具有重要的现实意义。     

α,β-双醚型木质素三聚体模化物热解机理模拟计算

为了解木质素三聚体的热解机理,采用密度泛函理论方法,对同时含有β-O-4和α-O-4连接的木质素三聚体模型化合物(4-(1,2-二苯氧基)-丙基苯酚)的热解过程进行了理论计算研究,分析了三聚体中α-O-4和β-O-4醚键断裂的相互影响,以及三聚体的整体热解反应机理和产物形成途径。计算结果表明,Cα-O均裂是三聚体初步热解的最主要反应,Cβ-O和Cα-Cβ均裂则是竞争反应。三聚体的α-O-4和β-O-4醚键在初步热解过程中的相互影响作用很小;但是在后续热解过程中,α-O-4(β-O-4)醚键断裂产物继续发生β-O-4(α-O-4)醚键断裂的解离能却显著降低。基于Cα-O均裂反应的热解产物主要有苯酚、4-丙烯基苯酚、4-烯丙基苯酚和含双键的二聚体(大分子产物的前驱物)等;基于Cβ-O均裂反应的热解产物主要有苯酚、4-丙烯基苯酚和4-丙基苯酚等;基于Cα-Cβ均裂反应的热解产物主要有苯乙醚、4-羟基苯甲醛、苯、4-甲基苯酚和苯酚等。该文的研究结果将为深入了解木质素的热解机理提供理论依据。     

苎麻茎秆冲击断裂韧性试验与分析

为了揭示不同含水率的茎秆在冲击载荷下,韧皮部和木质部的分离断裂能分布规律,以收获期二麻为试验对象,参照GB/T 1843-2008试验标准,采用TF-2056B悬臂梁冲击试验机对不同部位和不同含水率条件下的苎麻茎秆进行了冲击断裂能量试验。试验数据表明:苎麻茎秆下端部冲击断裂韧性最大,苎麻整秆最大冲击断裂能平均值为0.5067 J;含水率为84.04%时,苎麻茎秆冲击分离效果最好,连接木质部与韧皮部的"形成层"冲击断裂分离能由下端部至梢部依次为0.3072、0.2165、0.1662 J。该研究为苎麻茎秆收割、储存、剥离时间段选择及低能耗高效率分离机构设计提供理论依据。     

四川省甘孜州道孚县温泉资源调查及旅游开发探讨

道孚县位于青藏高原东缘、松潘-甘孜褶皱带上,境内有鲜水河大断裂和玉科大断裂两大断裂带通过,形成了多处富含微量元素的偏硅酸、偏硼酸温泉。但是,该县地处西部偏远山区,经济贫困,温泉资源亟待开发。从温泉形成的地质背景入手,讨论了道孚县温泉资源的现状、评价及分类,以及针对道孚县实际情况就如何合理开发、科学保护、促进地方经济发展提出了建设性意见。     

四川某水电站区域构造稳定性评价

水电站位于由川西三大主要活动断裂鲜水河断裂、安宁河断裂、龙门山断裂构成的“Y”地带,本文对工程区主要断裂的分布特征进行了概述,并分析了主要断裂的活动性及地震,在此基础上分析、论证了枢纽区及库区的区域构造稳定性。     

三种干燥方式制备的猕猴桃脆片品质比较

为拓展真空冷冻干燥联合干燥方法,进行了冻干-真空油炸干燥工艺技术制备猕猴桃脆片的探索试验,以冻干、"冻干-真空干燥"制备的猕猴桃脆片作为对比,考察三种方法制备猕猴桃脆片的复水性、质构、色差和感官指标差异。结果表明:冷冻干燥样品的复水性最佳,外观和香气感官指标得分最高;冻干-真空油炸的样品质构特性中硬度、断裂性、咀嚼性均大于另外两种,且其感官评分中滋味、口感和外观得分均较高,适合作为即食类果蔬脆片休闲食品工艺进行开发。     

冻结-高压湿热解冻对多种淀粉中支链淀粉断裂的影响

冻结和高压湿热解冻是含淀粉面团在食品加工过程的必要工艺,在此过程中淀粉球破裂、部分支链淀粉断裂成为直链淀粉,给面团和食品的物理性状控制带来许多不可预见的结果。该文通过研究加热时间、加热温度、冷冻时间和解冻时间对糊化后的小麦、甘薯、马铃薯和玉米淀粉中直链淀粉含量的影响,间接反映支链淀粉断裂情况,结合冻结解冻前后淀粉分子量分布、链长分布、光学和电子显微镜图谱提出了冻结-解冻过程不同淀粉中支链淀粉可能断裂方式。结果表明,4种淀粉中的直链淀粉含量先升高后下降,直链淀粉含量在4种淀粉的中达到峰值的时间分别为48,48,48,72 h。光学显微照片观察表明,冻融处理会导致更多凝胶化淀粉球的破裂。对于小麦支链淀粉,冻融解冻过程支链淀粉中侧链长度为5、6、7个葡萄糖残基的侧链对应3种可能的断裂方式:2+2+1、2+2+2及2+2+2+1;对于甘薯支链淀粉,支链淀粉中侧链长度为10、11和13个葡萄糖残基的侧链对应3种可能的断裂方式:3+3+4、2+2+3+4及2+2+2+3+4;对于马铃薯支链淀粉,支链淀粉中侧链长度为5和6个葡萄糖残基的侧链对应3种可能的断裂方式:2+3、2+4、3+3;而玉米支链淀粉中,支链淀粉中侧链长度为7、8、9个葡萄糖残基的侧链对应3种可能的断裂方式:2+5,3+5,和3+3+3(其中1表示1个葡萄糖;2表示含2个葡萄糖的麦芽糖、3表示含3个葡萄糖的麦芽多糖、4表示含4个葡萄糖的麦芽多糖和5表示含5个葡萄糖的麦芽多糖)。该论文结果为培育具有冻融稳定性的淀粉种子提供一种全新的思路,即通过基因方法控制植物减少容易断裂淀粉侧链的合成。     

单甘酯硅烷化衍生及气相色谱-质谱分析

为分析罗氏海盘车性腺的单甘酯组成,本研究对单甘酯的衍生方法和色谱条件进行优化,并对单甘酯硅烷化衍生物的断裂规律和质谱特征进行分析,同时对罗氏海盘车性腺的单甘酯组成进行分析测定。结果表明,三甲基硅烷化法对单甘酯具有理想的衍生效果,且通过弱极性毛细管柱HP-5MS(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)对单甘酯硅烷化衍生物取得了理想的色谱分离效果。根据断裂规律和质谱特征,1-单甘酯硅烷化衍生物的特征离子为m/z 73、m/z 205、[M-103]⁺(基峰离子)和[M-15]⁺;2-单甘酯硅烷化衍生物的特征离子为m/z 73(基峰离子)、m/z 129、m/z 218、[M+H-162]⁺和[M-15]⁺。单甘酯硅烷化衍生物的色谱保留时间具有一定的规律性,其中2-单甘酯衍生物先于1-单甘酯衍生物出峰。同时,从罗氏海盘车中共鉴定出8种单甘酯,以1-单软脂酸甘油酯(1-C16:0-MG)和1-单硬脂酸甘油酯(1-C18:0-MG)等1-单甘酯为主,而2-单甘酯含量较低。本研究结果为单甘酯的衍生、色谱分析和质谱鉴定提供了一定的理论参考。     

鄂尔多斯盆地基底断裂的环境地球化学效应

鄂尔多斯盆地的环境地球化学景观与水土流失分布特征与基底断裂关系密切。盆地基底断裂控制了盆地的环境地球化学景观和元素分布特征,尤其是定边—绥德断裂带和华池—大同断裂带将盆地分成两个截然不同的地球化学、地貌景观区;鄂尔多斯盆地内的基底断裂在某种程度上控制了盆地的地势、地形、地貌、新构造运动、岩石类型、岩性构造、土壤类型及其性质、浅层地下水及其性质,并间接地控制了土壤岩石后期的改造、风与水的动力条件等因素。研究盆地基底断裂与水土流失的关系,用于指导水土流失综合治理具有重要的现实意义。     

基于试验和分子动力学模拟的海藻多糖热解机理

该文选取海藻内2种主要的多糖分子:条浒苔硫酸多糖和羊栖菜褐藻糖胶,采用Py-GC/MS、TG-MS宏观试验和微观分子动力学模拟的方法研究海藻多糖热解过程及其热解主要产物的形成机理,Py-GC/MS试验表明条浒苔多糖的热解产物以呋喃类物质为主,典型产物为5-甲基-糠醛,而羊栖菜多糖的热解产物以酸酯类物质为主。对海藻多糖模型化合物的热解过程进行分子动力学模拟发现热解过程主要发生在中温阶段,温度升高到420 K时,开始有羟基断裂;温度升高到500 K时,糖苷键开始断裂,环状单体内部化学键相继分解成各种分子碎片,由于其成分差异,热解产物也不尽相同,模拟分析的热解规律与试验结果基本一致。该文还结合TG-MS试验结果推导其热解过程中主要气体产物H2O、CO2、SO2的形成机理。     

喀斯特槽谷区岩层倾向对土壤入渗特性的影响

为了解岩层倾向对喀斯特槽谷区土壤入渗特性的影响,以重庆市青木关岩溶槽谷区顺/逆层坡为研究对象,分析5种典型土地利用方式裸地(AL)、辣椒地(PL)、玉米地(CL)、林地(FL)、草地(GL)在顺/逆层坡的土壤入渗能力差异,并探讨土壤物理性质对土壤入渗能力的影响。结果表明:(1)＞0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、毛管持水量、黏粒以及粉粒含量在顺/逆层坡存在显著差异(p<0.05),其中在>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量和毛管持水量方面,分别为PL与FL的顺/逆层坡差异最大,在黏粒和粉粒方面,CL的顺/逆层坡差异最大,且均为逆层坡＞顺层坡。(2)除FL顺层坡的土壤渗透能力低于逆层坡外,其余4种土地利用方式下的土壤入渗能力均表现为顺层坡高于逆层坡。(3)土壤渗透特性在顺/逆层坡均与容重呈极显著负相关关系(p<0.01),在顺层坡与总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、＞5 mm水稳性团聚体含量和饱和持水量呈极显著正相关关系(p<0.01),在逆层坡与非毛管孔隙度、饱和持水量、粉粒含量呈极显著正相关关系(p<0.01);通过多元逐步回归分析与通径分析发现,顺/逆层坡土壤入渗能力的首要决策因素均为容重,其次分别为>5 mm水稳性团聚体含量和粉粒含量。(4)对比4种土壤入渗过程的拟合模型,Philip模型对顺/逆层坡的土壤入渗过程拟合效果最佳。研究结果可为喀斯特槽谷区不同岩层倾向的水土流失防治以及植被恢复提供数据支撑。     

Effect of joint structure and slope direction on the development of collapsing gully in tuffaceous sandstone area in South China

This study focuses on the collapsing gullies in tuffaceous sandstone area and investigates the slope direction and morphological characteristics of the main and branch gullies. Furthermore, we assess the structural characteristics of the rock joints within this area, including their strike, dip direction and dip angle. The results show that there are 405 collapsing gullies in the study area. The slope directions associated with collapsing gullies and the directions of the main gullies largely fall within the ranges of NE20°-NE90°, SE90°-SE160°, SW240°-SW270°, and NW270°-NW290°. The collapsing gullies include 1103 branch gullies in total, most of which have directions that fall within the ranges of NE20°-NE40°, NE50°-NE70°, NW280°-NW300°, and NW330°-NW350°. The joints in the bedrock are directional and regional, and they can be divided into two main groups. The number of southward dip directions is greater than the number of northward dip directions, and most of the measured dip angles are greater than 60°. The mean dip angle is greatest for joints with measured strike values of NW280°-NW290°, with a value of 85.2°. The development of collapse gullies is affected by both the slope direction and joints. The slope direction determines the direction of the main gullies, with a correlation coefficient of 0.809 (P<0.01). The branch gullies are mainly affected by joints, with a correlation coefficient of 0.876 (P<0.01). The joint structure also influences the degree of development of the collapsing gullies, and the average depth of the gullies that parallel the dominant joint orientation is significantly larger than that of gullies with other directions. Moreover, the average depth of the gullies associated with the dip angle of 85.2° measured relative to the joint strike is 6.89 m, which is significantly greater than that associated with lower dip angles. The dip angles of joints have an important effect on the infiltration of water, and high dip angles accelerate the erosion associated with collapsing gullies.     

Rangeland Degradation in a Semi‐Arid Communal Savannah of Swaziland: Long–Term DIP‐Tank Use Effects on Woody Plant Structure,Cover and their Indigenous Use in Three Soil Types

This study investigated dip‐tank use effects on the surrounding woody vegetation cover and encroachment level and on their indigenous utilisation. Eight dip tanks, three in deep‐pale‐brown old alluvium sandy, three in deep‐yellow‐red loamy, and two in rock outcrops and stony ground soils, were selected. Woody vegetation survey was conducted at 50, 100, 150, 300, 500, 700 and 900 m from each dip tank. Dichrostachys cinerea and Acacia tortilis were the dominant woody species in all areas. In deep‐pale‐brown old alluvium sandy soils, D. cinerea density was affected by distance from dip tank up to 150 m (p = 0∙03), where the density of A. tortilis was low (p = 0∙02). In deep‐yellow‐red loamy soils, the lowest and highest (p = 0∙05) D. cinerea densities were recorded at 150 and 700 m from the dip tank, respectively. Inconsistent results were found on the piosphere formation of total woody density and cover. Nevertheless, large areas surrounding the dip tank had a bush cover of >50 per cent. This study concluded that there was heavy bush encroachment around many dip tanks despite the harvest for woody species by the community. Therefore, there is a need to develop a sustainable and integrated bush control programme that provides conservation plans for species valuable for food and livelihood security. The programme should be based on communal participation and consider shifting of old dip‐tank sites and protecting the areas from disturbance. Indiscriminate (burning) or selective (manual) or a combination of the two bush control methods may be initially recommended after a rest period of at least two consecutive growing seasons. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Factors affecting imazalil and thiabendazole uptake and persistence in citrus fruits following dip treatments.

The effect of concentration, temperature, and length of treatment with imazalil (IMZ) and thiabendazole (TBZ) was studied with application to citrus fruit. The amount of residues retained by fruit after "home" washing was also monitored. IMZ uptake in citrus fruit was related to treatment duration, whereas TBZ residues was not. Residues of IMZ or TBZ fungicides were significantly correlated with dip temperature (r = 0.943 for IMZ; r = 0.911 for TBZ). Treatment at 50 degrees C produced a deposition approximately 8 and approximately 2.5 times higher than when treatments were carried out at 20 degrees C in IMZ and TBZ, respectively. No significant differences in terms of IMZ deposition were detected after treatments carried out alone or in combination. Uptake of the two fungicides was associated with their physicochemical characteristics as well as different formulation types. IMZ residues showed a great persistence during storage when applied separately, and >83% of active ingredient was present after 9 weeks of storage. IMZ residues increased with dip length, doubling when dip time increased from 0.5 to 3 min. In contrast, TBZ residues did not change with the different dip times. Following postharvest dip treatments of citrus fruit at 20 or 50 degrees C, home washing removed approximately 50% of the IMZ and approximately 90% of the TBZ.     

安宁河断裂带应力集中与发震机制的数值模拟分析

安宁河地区是我国地震活动的多发地带。通过对安宁河断裂带构造格架的研究,对发震机制进行了分析,在分析概念地质模型的基础上,进行三维数值模拟,证实了在现今区域应力场作用下,在5～10km深度范围内于断层交汇部位应力高度集中,因此,安宁河断裂带强震主要局限在于其它方向断层的交汇部位。     

Mode of action of hot-water dip in reducing decay of lemon fruit

A hot-water dip for 2 min at 52-53 degrees C prevented decay for at least one week in lemon fruit inoculated with Penicillium digitatum. The mode of action of hot water in reducing decay was investigated by studying the effects of this treatment on the pathogen and on the resistance mechanisms of the fruit. The hot-water dip had a transient inhibitory effect on the pathogen, arresting its growth for 24-48 h. During this lag period, the combined effects of the pathogen and the hot-water dip induced the build up of resistance in the peel. Lignin production in the inoculated sites began within 24 h after inoculation or wounding. When inoculation was followed by the hot-water dip, lignin accumulation continued for a week. Inoculated lemons that were not dipped in hot water rotted completely within 3 days after inoculation and their lignin content did not rise or even decreased. The scoparone concentration in the inoculated sites of hot dipped fruit started to rise 24 h after treatment and reached a level sufficient to inhibit the pathogen within 2 days after treatment. Parallel to scoparone accumulation, scopoletin was detected in inoculated and heat-treated lemons. Without the pathogen challenge or wounding, heat treatment by itself was not able to induce any of the above-mentioned defensive effects. Our data do not support the involvement of ethanol-extractable aldehydes, associated in the literature with wound gum, or of citral in decay inhibition in hot-water dipped lemons.     

汶川地震前后崩塌和滑坡分布特征与敏感性对比分析

以汶川地震活动断裂龙门山断裂带穿过的12个县(市)为研究区,分析了研究区汶川地震前后崩塌和滑坡空间分布特征,并使用统计学方法Logistic回归模型分别对震前震后的崩塌和滑坡敏感性进行评价,结合崩塌和滑坡敏感性变化矩阵,分析了汶川地震后崩塌和滑坡敏感性的空间变化特征。震前崩塌和滑坡高敏感区主要沿河谷分布,而震后崩塌和滑坡高敏感区主要沿龙门山断裂带分布。震前的极高敏感区震后仍表现为极高敏感区,而靠近断裂带的区域,震前的低敏感区转换为高敏感和极高敏感区。     

An analysis of crack pattern in clay soil: its density and orientation

The structure of much clay soil is angular blocky, and the pore space consists of a three-dimensional network of narrow, approximately planar cracks. This paper presents a means of describing such a network in terms of its density and orientation. Undisturbed samples are impregnated with resin containing a fluorescent dye. Plane sections of known azimuth and elevation are cut through them and photographed under ultra-violet light. The photographs are projected onto a screen and the spacings between successive cracks along linear probes are measured in several directions. The sets of distances obtained are then analysed. The method was applied to subsoil of the Windsor series. The distribution of inter-crack distances appeared to be exponential but with a dearth of distances less than about 1 mm. The crack pattern was judged to be the outcome of a Poisson process, but one in which some of the very narrow wedges of soil had collapsed. The crack network was perceptibly anisotropic, and was modelled as two superimposed patterns, one isotropic and the other a set of approximately parallel cracks. The orientation of the parallel component was estimated from the sections. The cracks were found to be aligned parallel to the contour of the land and to dip into the hill slope at angles ranging from about 25° to 75° to the horizontal. The intensities in the soil of the two components were estimated as 0.18 mm^?1 for the isotropic component and 0.2 mm^?1 normal to the parallel component, equivalent to 0.1 mm^?1 for a random direction.     

Structural analysis and mechanical origins of gilgai at Boorook,Victoria, Australia

Gilgai microrelief at an undisturbed site is described. Surface and subsurface structural patterns in a duplex soil (solodic planosol) are analysed using principles and techniques adapted from structural geology. The microrelief is situated on a gently dipping regional slope and some mounds show evidence of surface erosion. Large cracks on the ground surface have an orientational relationship with the strike and dip of the regional slope. Some of the surface cracks may post-date the original time of gilgai formation. Beneath the microrelief surface a lenticular gravel layer of sedimentary origin is folded into a series of anticlines and synclines. Compositional layers also have fold-like geometries. Two-dimensional crack pattern analysis on a vertical section through several mounds, revealed upwards fan-like and concentric-convex patterns, where upwards movement had occurred. Three-dimensional measurements were made on monoliths and on an undisturbed block sample. The mean slickensided shear plane dip below a mound is 43° (standard deviation 9°). There is a statistical decrease in shear plane dip with depth, which is in partial agreement with soil mechanics theory. Shear planes are distributed from 0.3 m below ground surface down to a projected limit of 1.3 m to 1.8 m which is shallower than the limits reported for slickensided cracks in non-gilgai soils of Israel. The mechanism proposed to explain the surface and subsurface structures involves moisture concentrations that focus near, and below pre-gilgai surface cracks and a gravel lens. The moisture interacts with a swelling component and a triaxial state of stress is achieved. Differences between lateral and vertical stresses due to swelling pressures and overburden loads are sufficient to cause small, inclined shear displacements in definable depth zones. Accumulations of vertical movement components arising from the shear displacements, and vertical sliding of blocky non-sheared units nearer the ground surface, cause the gilgai microrelief and fold-like deformations in the soil profile. Zones of possible downward movement are located at the margins of mounds. Mechanical models proposed in the past are assessed in the light of the Boorook findings. Some proposals appear to be mechanically unlikely for the Boorook gilgai.     

喀斯特槽谷区侵蚀坡面的土壤质量评价及障碍因子

[目的]为准确评价喀斯特槽谷区顺/逆层坡侵蚀坡面的土壤质量特征,筛选出适用于该地区的土壤质量评价方法,探析限制其土壤质量的障碍因子。[方法]以重庆市青木关喀斯特槽谷区顺/逆层坡面的5种典型土地利用类型(林地、草地、裸地、玉米地、辣椒地)为研究对象,利用主成分分析法结合Norm值建立评价指标最小数据集(minimum data set, MDS),并通过非线性土壤质量评价方法和隶属度函数对喀斯特槽谷区顺/逆层坡面的土壤质量进行评价。[结果](1)喀斯特槽谷区土壤质量评价指标最小数据集(MDS)包括毛管持水量、毛管孔隙度和全磷;(2)通过非线性土壤质量评价方法得出,逆层坡土壤质量(0.519)优于顺层坡(0.451),其中逆层坡林地土壤质量最优(0.653),辣椒地土壤质量最差(0.426);(3)非线性评价方法在顺/逆层坡的决定系数(R²)均高于隶属度函数,因此喀斯特槽谷区更适合采用非线性评分模型;(4)顺/逆层坡侵蚀坡面的土壤质量障碍因子差异显著,仅有全氮为共同的障碍因子。[结论]适当增加草地和乔木林的覆盖能提高喀斯特槽谷区土壤质量,研究结果可因地制宜地为喀斯特槽...