典型复垦工业场地土壤垂直剖面重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险

[目的]揭示典型复垦工业场地中重金属元素污染特征及潜在生态风险,为此类工业复垦场地管理和治理提供科学依据。[方法]分析上海市33块典型复垦工业场地表层、中层和深层土壤中8项重金属(砷、镉、铬、铜、镍、铅、锌、汞)的含量,采用内梅罗指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对复垦工业场地土壤重金属污染进行生态风险评价。[结果]①复垦工业场地土壤中重金属整体风险可控,17个点位重金属含量超过风险筛选值,其中以表层土壤中Cu和Zn污染最为突出,最大超标倍数分别为3.24,3.73倍。下层土壤中重金属平均含量均低于上海市土壤背景值,部分点位存在一定的重金属累积;②复垦工业场地表层、中层和深层土壤重金属内梅罗综合污染指数分别为1.21,0.78,0.73,分别处于轻度污染、尚清洁和尚清洁水平,其中表层Cd和Zn污染最为突出;③除表层土壤Hg(中度)和Cd(中度)外,其余重金属元素均存在轻微生态风险,表层土壤潜在生态风险指数(RI)为107.22,总体潜在生态风险接近中等水平,中层及深层土壤处于轻微潜在生态风险水平。[结论]复垦工业场地土壤重金属存在一定程度的累积性污染,其中Cu,Cd,Hg和Zn污染较为突出,考虑到毒性响应因素,则Hg和Cd更应引起关注。     

松嫩平原北部土壤重金属空间分异特征及生态安全评价

以松嫩平原北部8.15万km2的范围为研究区域,以20 701个表层土壤样品的As,Cd,Cr,Pb,Hg,Cu,Zn,Ni共8种重金属元素含量为基础数据,利用地统计方法分析研究区内表层土壤重金属的空间分异特征.利用主成分分析法进行土壤生态安全质量评价.评价结果显示:松嫩平原北部表层土壤中重金属元素含量普遍低于世界土壤和中国土壤重金属平均含量;研究区内松花江、嫩江对表层土壤中重金属的水平迁移影响显著,表层土壤重金属含量由低及高呈现沿松花江嫩江的主要干支流向周围梯级过渡的趋势.表层土壤中重金属元素的空间分布主要受自然因素影响,其中Pb,As元素的空间分布受到一定程度的人为因素干扰.松嫩高平原区域土壤生态安全质量相对较低,松嫩低平原区域土壤生态安全质量相对较高.     

新疆准东矿区土壤与降尘重金属空间分布及关联性分析

土壤重金属与大气降尘重金属之间的关联性可以反映重金属污染的来源、土壤-大气系统中重金属的传输、迁移和扩散特征。为了研究矿区表层土壤的污染状况及与降尘重金属质量分数间的关联性,该研究以新疆维吾尔自治区准东矿区为研究靶区,利用2014年采集的51个表层土壤和大气降尘样品的室内实测重金属质量分数数据,并基于此分析了样品中6种重金属(As、Cu、Cr、Hg、Pb、Zn)的空间分布特征、地积累指数以及潜在生态风险;利用Pearson相关性分析矩阵和灰色关联法对表层土壤与大气降尘中重金属浓度的相关性和关联度进行探讨。结果表明:1)准东矿区表层土壤重金属的分布状况存在着明显的空间差异,其中Hg的污染程度最严重,处于强-极强度污染,其潜在生态危害指数达到了较高生态风险;Zn和Cu基本处于无污染状态,属于轻微生态风险;2)大气降尘重金属空间分布存在着明显差异,降尘中的Zn处于极强度污染,Hg处于无污染状态;3)Pearson相关分析与灰色关联分析表明,准东地区表层土壤与大气降尘中6种重金属的相关系数大小顺序与关联度排序结果一致,其中Hg和As元素具有较强的一致性,且具有相同的来源,说明大气降尘对表层土壤中重金属的质量分数有一定影响。但因不同重金属元素沉降特性不同,导致各元素之间的关联度有所差异。     

上海市某大型再开发场地土壤重金属污染特征、评价及来源分析

[目的]研究土壤中重金属污染与生态风险状况,为保障城市更新改造过程中土地的合理利用提供科学依据。[方法]以上海市某大型再开发利用场地为研究对象,采集了102个点位的表层(0-0.5 m)和下层(1.5-2.0 m)土壤样品,测定10种重金属(As,Be,Cu,Pb,Ni,TI,Zn,Cd,Cr和Hg)浓度,采用地累积指数、内梅罗指数和潜在生态风险指数进行土壤重金属污染和生态风险评价,并进一步利用多元统计分析方法揭示土壤中重金属的来源情况。[结果]①测试土壤中重金属均未超过《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB36600-2018)第二类用地风险筛选值,但6.9%,24.5%,25.5%,37.3%和63.7%的采样点土壤中As,Cu,Pb,Zn和Hg浓度超过土壤元素背景值,存在不同程度的累积现象。内梅罗指数评价结果表明研究区域土壤整体处于尚清洁到轻度污染状态,分别有11.8%和3.84%的表层区域与2.64%和0.63%的下层区域土壤呈中度污染和重度污染状态。②表层土壤综合潜在生态风险指数均值为89.91,处于中等风险水平,Hg为研究区域主要的生态风险因子。③土壤中Ni,Cr,Be和TI浓度主要受成土母质风化作用的自然源控制,Pb,Zn,Cu,As和Hg主要受交通运输源和历史农业活动源的影响,其中自然源对表层土壤中的As和下层土壤中Cu也有相当比例的贡献,而表层土壤中Hg更多受到除交通运输源以外的其他人类活动源影响。[结论]后续土地利用过程应注重Hg的生态风险管控,并提高对外来交通源引起的重金属累积效应的关注。     

基于多元统计和地统计的肇源县表层土壤重金属来源辨析

土壤圈是地圈系统中对人类健康影响最显著的圈层之一。土壤重金属的自然和人为来源辨析对土壤修复和保障人体健康有重要意义。本研究以黑龙江省肇源县为研究区域,通过空间插值分析、主成分分析和聚类分析等方法,对区域土壤表层和深层土壤重金属As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn的含量和空间分异特征进行分析,进而对区域表层土壤重金属来源进行辨析。结果表明:成土母质作为表层土壤的重要物质来源对表层土壤重金属含量及空间分布有显著影响;肇源县表层土壤中Hg元素表现出全局范围较明显的富集现象,局部区域Cd元素表现出一定的富集现象,富集原因是人为污染造成的;嫩江上游汇水区土壤重金属元素的迁入,是表层土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn等元素在研究区范围内轻度富集的主要原因。     

汕头经济特区土壤环境对经济、社会快速发展的环境地球化学响应

通过对汕头经济特区115个土壤表层样品中8种重金属元素的分析测试,初步摸清了各区(县)土壤环境中重金属污染状况. 研究区土壤中Hg、Pb两元素分别有70.43%和56.52%超过国家土壤环境质量一级标准,除As元素外,其.余元素均有不同程度的累积.对照广东省土壤环境背景值,各重金属元素的累积效应更为明显,其中Cd元素更是100%超标.各区(县)土壤重金属污染状况由于地理位置及工业分布不同而产生差异.应用因子分析和聚类分析,可将研究区8种重金属元素归因为4个主因子,并分析了主因子对应的污染物来源.     

土地利用类型对侵蚀黄壤腐殖质及土壤酶的影响

[目的]研究土壤侵蚀条件下,土地利用类型对黄壤不同土层深度的腐殖质(胡敏酸、富里酸和胡敏素)和4种重要土壤酶的影响,为保持土壤肥力提供科学依据。[方法]采用锯齿形布点法,采集土壤表层至30cm深度的3个土层土壤样品,用3次4分法淘汰多余样品,再测定相应指标。[结果](1)保持土壤肥力最好的是灌丛和园地,耕地最容易受侵蚀;土壤肥力高低与胡敏素的含量有直接关系。(2)土壤侵蚀导致水分和氮元素流失会影响胡敏酸的含量;林地、园地和耕地土壤表层的富里酸易流失,而草地仅对于土壤表层肥力保持有作用。(3)耕作对土壤表层的脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的不利影响较大;土壤侵蚀导致的土壤pH值改变对土壤酶的影响也很明显。(4)相关性分析表明腐殖质各组分含量与4种土壤酶都有着密切的联系且互相影响。[结论]黄壤受侵蚀下,土地利用类型对腐殖质及土壤酶有明显不同的影响。     

区域土壤Cd和Cr空间分布的影响因素研究

以种粮大县肇源为研究区,对土壤表层Cd、Cr两种元素水平空间变异及分布特征的影响因素进行深入探讨。结果表明:(1)肇源县土壤表层重金属Cd和Cr的平均含量分别为0.078、46.006 mg/kg,略高于松嫩平原土壤背景值。表层土壤Cd的块金效应为0.432,具有中等程度的空间自相关性;表层土壤Cr的块金效应为0.227,存在强烈的空间自相关性。Cd、Cr元素的空间自相关表现出较为明显的各向异性,均在45°(东北-西南)和135°(东南-西北)方向上空间自相关最强烈。(2)表层土壤和成土母质中Cd和Cr元素含量相关分析结果显示,相关系数分别为0.167、0.639,在P0.01水平上显著相关;不同成土母质类型区域表层土壤中Cd和Cr元素含量的方差分析结果显示,方差齐性检验显著性分别为0.627和0.975,表明成土母质是表层土壤重金属元素Cd和Cr水平空间分布的主要影响因素。(3)研究区内表层土壤Cd和Cr元素的空间分布还受土壤类型、pH、土地利用及覆被类型的影响。     

煤炭高污染风险区土壤重金属地球化学垒研究

对煤炭矿区地球化学垒进行研究是了解矿区土壤元素迁移、富集及污染状况的重要途径。以大柳塔矿区周围耕地土壤为研究对象,在采集52个耕地样点的基础上,对样品重金属含量、富集状况进行了分析,并运用不同的标准对污染状况进行了评价。结果显示经过20多年的煤炭开采,对大柳塔矿区耕地土壤中重金属富集和污染有显著贡献,矿区耕地表层土壤重金属明显积累,除Zn外,重金属元素表层含量明显高于下层11%⁵2%,形成明显的人为地球化学垒,表层各重金属的富集系数EF在1.752%,形成明显的人为地球化学垒,表层各重金属的富集系数EF在1.7³.3之间,富集不是十分强烈,重金属含量虽然高出土壤环境背景值,但明显低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准,土壤尚属清洁。矿区土壤因矿业活动造成的重金属污染是一个缓慢的过程,部分重金属元素的积累量已经接近轻度污染,应引起高度重视。     

矿山复垦土壤重金属元素时空变化研究

利用网格布点取样法采集抚顺矿区老虎台井田煤矿北部矸石回填垦还田生态重建试验区不同覆土类型、不同土壤深度、不同覆土年龄的土壤样品,对矿山复垦土壤的重金属元素的时空变化进行研究。结果表明,矸石回填覆土后,重金属元素含量呈逐年递减趋势;施（培）肥造成了重金属元素含量表层高于30cm和60cm土层;覆土中重金属元素主要来源于外界输入;矸石母质中的重金属不存在对覆土耕作层的污染问题。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.