甘南地区羊泰勒虫病的预防与治疗试验

2004年-2005年在甘南藏族自治州羊泰勒虫病流行的农区、半农半牧区及半林半牧区，进行最佳灭蜱药物试验和治疗羊泰勒虫病效果对比观察试验。结果表明：最佳灭蜱药物是长效阿力佳注射液和灭蜱灵油剂，平均有效期分别为44d、36d，灭蜱预防后发病率降到5．00％、2．86％；蒿甲醚、血虫克星、焦虫净及贝尼尔注射液对羊泰勒虫病的治愈率分别为92．30％、91．76％、90．47％7和90．43％，其治疗效果均较好，特别对发病初期轻症病羊治疗效果好。     

灭蜱灵等五种灭蜱药物的试验观察

经流行病学调查,甘肃省中部地区羊血液原虫病的主要致病病原为羊泰勒虫.该病是一种季节性很强的严重危害牛羊等家畜的蜱传性血液原虫病.预防本病的关键在于及时有效地灭蜱.为此我们在羊血液原虫病高发的四个县选用倍特、螨净、虫克星、碘硝酚和灭蜱灵5种药物进行了羊只体外灭蜱药物的筛选与应用试验.     

甘南藏族自治州山羊泰勒虫病的调查及防治

目的了解羊泰勒虫病在甘南州的流行情况并进行有效防治。方法采用血液涂片、ELISA、PCR三种方法进行了本病的流行病学调查,其中ELISA的检出率最高,为69．50％。在药物防治试验中,对3种灭蜱药物进行了灭蜱效果对比,对4种抗原虫药物进行了治疗效果对比。结果最佳灭蜱药物是长效百虫净,灭蜱有效期为48天,预防效果达92.30％;最佳治疗药物是长效弓血灵,治愈率达90．77％。结论甘南州山羊泰勒虫病发病率较高,要以灭蜱和治疗相结合的方法来有效控制本病的发生。     

羊泰勒虫病的预防与治疗试验

研究如何对羊泰勒虫病进行有效的预防以及治疗。方法:从羊泰勒虫病流行较为严重的村中选择480只年龄在1岁以内的羊只,将其随机分为5组,每组各96只,分别对其采用不预防、灭蜱灵乳油、灭蜱灵乳油+伊利加注射液、灭蜱灵乳油+多拉菌素注射液、灭蜱灵乳油+多拉菌素+血虫净等方法进行预防;选取2018年1～12月发生羊泰勒焦虫病的羊只共364例。将其随机分为4各小组,每组各91例,分别采用不治疗、血虫净、血虫净+长效土霉素、青蒿琥酯注射液四种方法进行治疗。结果:灭蜱灵乳油+多拉菌素+血虫净的有效灭蜱时间为51d,发病率仅为6.25%,其有效率达87.78%;血虫净与长效土霉素联合治疗效果最佳,其治愈率可达90.11%。     

甘肃省马驽巴贝斯虫病综合防治研究

在查明了30余年来流行甘肃省陇东南地区的一种马病病原为驽巴贝斯虫病，传媒为森林革蜱和草原革蜱的基础上，开展了综合防治研究工作。通过抗血液原虫药物的治疗试验，证明咪唑苯脲、贝尼尔、黄色素、焦虫净对驽巴贝斯虫病的治愈率分别为100％、84．62％、81．82％、73．33％。对贝尼尔用药途径改肌注为静脉滴注后治愈率由84．625提高到90．63％，且副反应大幅度降低，药物预防试验中证明咪唑苯脲、焦虫净、贝尼尔预防效果均达98％以上，有效保护期分别为59、24、24天。应用敌杀死灭蜱预防，效果达100％，有效保护期为23天。成功地研制出了咪唑苯脲缓释剂，其预防效果达100％有效保护期为113天。研究制定了“三双”综合防治措施，在流行区15个县（区）实施3年，共治愈马类家畜119175匹，预防马类家畜905200匹。流行区发病率由13．85％降到0．095，死亡率由5．65％降至0．04％。，获得经济效益8908．98万元。     

贝尼尔缓释剂预防羊泰勒虫病的试验研究

对健康羔羊注射贝尼尔制备的缓释剂,注射液后２个月和３个月分别用感染羊泰勒虫的青海血蜱成蜱进行攻击,结果对照组羔羊全部发病,贝尼尔缓释剂注射组未发病,证明贝尼尔缓释剂能有效地预防羊泰勒虫病。     

牛羊梨形虫病及媒介蜱综合防治药物筛选

天祝县莫客片一带牛梨形虫病发病率达24.6%,病死率28.6%;羊发病率34.2%,病死率27.5%,与往年相比变化不大,笔者从蜱控制、梨形虫病预防加治疗相结合综合防控入手,作控制、预防药物试验对比,筛选药效长、低毒、安全、广谱药物,结果显示用敌杀死环境灭蜱,同时注施可诺注射液控制蜱感染,用蒿甲醚注射液或盐酸咪唑苯脲,预防和治疗梨形虫病,能有效降低当地牛羊梨形虫病的发病率和病死率。     

磷酸伯氨喹和贝尼尔对人工感染羊泰勒虫病例的治疗试验

用感染羊泰勒虫的青海血蜱叮咬健康羊人工复制羊泰勒虫病病例6只，用贝尼尔和磷酸伯氨喹各治疗2只，结果，磷酸伯氨喹以1．5mg/kg体重剂连续肌肉注射3d,2只羊的染虫率分别为从15．0％和10．0％下降到0．5％，临床症状基本消失；贝尼尔以5．0mg/kg体重剂量连续肌肉注射3d仅1只羊的染虫率由12．0％下降到1．5％，临床症状基本消失，1只羊的染虫率由12．0％上升到15．0％，临床症状加重。     

羊泰勒焦虫病预防及对育肥羊生长速度、口蹄疫免疫抗体和母羊繁殖率影响试验

羊泰勒焦虫病是由梨形虫纲、泰勒科、泰勒属的羊泰勒焦虫寄生于羊红细胞和网状内皮系统细胞引起的一种蜱传血液原虫病。临床以高热稽留、发病率高、致死率高为特征。本试验在蜱、焦虫病流行病学调查和蜱驱杀试验基础上,首先对羊泰勒焦虫病进行了预防试验,取得了较好地效果,在此试验基础上又进行了羊泰勒焦虫病对育肥羊生长速度、口蹄疫灭活疫苗免疫抗体和母羊繁殖率影响观察试验,使人们对羊泰勒焦虫病的危害性有进一步深入了解,从而加强对传播者蜱、羊泰勒焦虫病的防控力度,减少羊的发病和死亡,保证养羊业的健康发展,提高养羊的经济效益。     

甘肃省羊泰勒虫媒介蜱的传播试验

用采自羊泰勒虫病疫区甘肃省永靖且的麻点璃眼蜱饥饿成虫叮咬健康羊体，试验羊体内未发现羊泰勒虫；用其饱血雌虫孵化的幼虫叮咬羊泰勒虫感染羊，收集饱血若虫，再用其饥饿成虫叮咬健康羊体，被叮咬羊体内也未查出羊泰勒虫，证明麻点璃眼蜱不传播羊泰勒虫。用采自羊泰勒虫病疫区张家川和永靖县的青海血蜱经人工孵化的幼虫叮咬羊泰勒虫自然感染羊，收集饱血幼虫蜕皮后，用其若虫叮咬健康羊，40d后在被叮咬羊血片中发现羊泰勒虫，但未显示明显的临床症状。用采自羊泰勒虫病疫区羊体的青海血蜱成虫、若虫、幼虫同时叮咬健康羊，18d时在试验羊体内发现羊泰勒虫，试验羊表现贫血、黄疸、稽留热、肩前淋巴结肿大等特征性症状，出现心包积液，肝、脾、肾肿胀及出血的典型病理变化。由此确定，甘肃省的羊泰勒虫是由青海血蜱传播的。     

贝尼尔脂质体和贝尼尔注射剂的急性毒性比较试验

我们试制了贝尼尔脂质体 ,并对其和贝尼尔注射剂进行了小鼠的急性毒性比较试验 ,试验结果表明 ,贝尼尔脂质体的毒副作用显著低于贝尼尔注射剂 ,脂质体组的 L D50 (177.83mg/ kg· bw)显著高于原药组 L D50(74.14m g/ kg· bw) ,是原药组的 2 .40倍。说明贝尼尔制成脂质体后 ,可以显著降低药物毒副作用 ,增加用药的安全性     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.