鸡三种肿瘤病在广西的流行病学研究

对采自广西20个鸡场106群鸡的360只病、死鸡共1126份组织样品进行检测,结果马立克氏病的群阳性率为84．91％,个性阳性率为73．33％,网状组织增生症的群阳性率为25．47％,个体阳性率为13．61％,禽白血病的群阳性率为16．98％,个体阳性率8．89％,肿瘤病二重及三重感染率为21．92％,在有肿瘤病变和无肿瘤病变的病例中,马立克氏病的阳性率分别为77．85％和47．17％,其中60日龄以上鸡的阳性检出率显著高于60日龄以下的鸡（P＜0．05）,对马立克氏病和网状组织增生症而言,腺胃是最理想的检测组织。     

应用PCR/RFLP技术对广西禽白血病病毒的检测与分型研究

对2000～2003年间从广西的南宁、玉林、桂林、钦州、柳州、梧州等地采集的有肿瘤/可疑肿瘤的250份鸡病例进行肿瘤病的检测.结果发现,外源性禽白血病阳性的有32份,阳性率为12.8%.其中,同时为马立克氏病阳性的有30份,两者共感染率高达93.75%(30/32);根据禽白血病病毒囊膜糖蛋白gp85基因的限制性片段长度多态性分析,对其中20份外源性禽白血病病毒进行分型鉴定,结果证实全部属于A亚群.     

鸡传染性贫血病毒与其他禽免疫抑制性疾病病毒的混合感染

应用多重PCR方法对广西主要养鸡地区的514只可疑鸡传染性贫血与其他禽免疫抑制性疾病临床病／死鸡进行了检测。结果显示，鸡传染性贫血病毒（CIAV）与其他禽免疫抑制性疾病病毒的二重或多重感染率达48．05％；CIAV阳性鸡群中，马立克氏病病毒（MDV）、网状内皮增生症病毒（REV）、禽白血病病毒（ALV）的群阳性率和个体阳性率均明显高于CIAV阴性鸡群，表明CIAV的感染与3种肿瘤病病毒的感染具有明显相关性，其中CIAV与MDV的感染具有明显相互促进作用；被调查鸡群中，传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）和禽呼肠孤病毒（ARV）也有一定的感染率。结果表明,商业鸡群中各种免疫抑制性病毒的混合感染很普遍．与鸡群临床上所表现的生长阻滞、疫苗免疫效果不佳、总的发病率和死淘率增加等密切相关。     

鸡肿瘤病快速鉴别诊断试剂盒的研制及其应用

建立了快速鉴别诊断鸡肿瘤病的PCR技术，研制鸡肿瘤病快速鉴别诊断试剂盒，应用该试剂盒在两年多时间里，对来源于广西养殖鸡业发达地区的139个鸡群共505只病，死鸡的1570份肿瘤及可疑肿瘤组织病料进行了检测，马立克氏病，网状内皮增生症和禽白血病的阳性率分别为74．065，11．49％和6．73％，肿瘤病的混合发生率为16．83％。结果表明，应用PCR技术建立的鸡肿瘤病快速鉴别诊断试剂盒具有操作简便快捷，结果准确保靠，保存方便等特点，不仅适用于临床肿瘤病的鉴别诊断，而且对开展肿瘤的流行病学调查及兽医检疫具有重要意义。     

禽肿瘤病病毒诊断与防治

1禽肿瘤病病毒禽肿瘤病病毒包括疱疹病毒、马立克氏病病毒(MDV)、网状内皮组织增生病病毒(REV)、禽白血病和禽白血病病毒J亚群(ALV-J)。火鸡对MDV、REV以及相对罕见的反转录病毒——淋巴细胞增殖病病毒(LPDV)易感。MDV为双股DNA病毒,     

贵阳地区禽白血病的血清学调查

为了解和掌握禽白血病在贵阳地区发生和流行的基本情况,采用禽白血病A、B亚群抗体(ALV-A或B)和J亚群抗体(ALV-J)检测试剂盒,对贵阳市13个养鸡场中的15个肉鸡和商品蛋鸡共481份血清进行禽白血病抗体间接ELISA检测,结果 ALV抗体阳性率达到11.43%(55/481),其中9个鸡群172份血清样本A、B亚群抗体阳性率达到18.60%(32/172),13个鸡群309份血清J亚群抗体阳性率达到7.44%(23/309),结果表明该地区存在禽白血病病毒的感染。     

安徽省鸡免疫抑制性疾病的流行病学调查

采集了安徽省6个主要养鸡地区65群鸡的185只病鸡共986份组织样品，对可引起免疫抑制性疾病的5种最常见病毒进行了PCR检测。结果，传染性腔上囊病病毒（IBDV）、鸡传染性贫血病毒（CIAV）、马立克氏病病毒（MDV）、禽白血病病毒（ALV）和网状内皮增生症病毒（REV）的群阳性率和个体阳性率分别为73．08％和40．91％、46．15％和25．95％、41．54％和17．84％、18．46％和7．57％、13．85％和4．86％，其中被检鸡之二重或多重混合感染的总阳性率为24．33％。调查结果证实，免疫抑制性疾病在安徽省的商业鸡群中普遍存在，并与鸡群疾病多而复杂、损失大相关。     

芦花鸡传染性肿瘤病的流行病学调查

从山东某养殖场散养的60日龄芦花鸡随机抽取100只隔离饲养,分别于65、120、190、240日龄翅静脉采血,动态检测禽白血病（AL）AB、J亚型抗体、网状内皮组织增殖病（RE）抗体;取泄殖腔棉拭子动态检测禽白血病病毒（ALV）群特异性抗原p27;同时对患瘤病死鸡进行剖检、病理组织学检查、PCR病原检测。结果显示,鸡群在240日龄时出现13．24％的ALV-AB抗体阳性率,未检测到ALV—J抗体,网状内皮组织增殖病病毒（REV）抗体在120日龄时出现阳性,且阳性率随日龄增加而升高;p27阳性率为34．21％～66．18％;开产前后鸡群开始出现肿瘤性疾病,一直持续至240日龄,死亡率达32％,120～190日龄为死亡高峰期;剖检病鸡可见内脏器官普遍肿大,肝、脾、肾表面及切面有大小不等的灰白色肿瘤样结节,部分病鸡坐骨神经肿胀;组织学检查,肿瘤组织为浸润性生长的多形态淋巴样细胞构成,符合马立克氏病（MD）的病变特征;PCR检测16份肿瘤病料中有14份为ALV-J阳性（87．5％）,13份马立克氏病病毒（MDV）阳性（81．25％）,2份为REV阳性（12．5％）,ALV-J与MDV、REV混合感染率分别为68．8％（11／16）、12．5％（2／16）,三重感染率为6．3％（1／16）。该芦花鸡群存在ALV、MDV和REV的共感染。     

禽白血病与马立克氏病的防控

正家禽的肿瘤病主要由致瘤性病毒感染引起,其中禽白血病(Avian Leukosis,A L)、马立克氏病(Marek's Disease,MD)和网状内皮增生症(Reticuloendotheliosis,RE)最常见且危害最大。本文主要综述禽白血病与鸡马立克氏病的病原学、流行病学、临床症状、病理变化以及鉴别诊断,为预防和控制禽肿瘤疾病提供参考和建议。一、禽白血病1.概述。禽白血病是由禽白血病/肉瘤群中的病毒(统称为ALSV)     

部分集约化养禽场肉鸡马立克氏病横断面调查

为了解肉鸡马立克氏病的流行特征,从6个集约化养殖场随机选择未免疫马立克氏病疫苗的20日龄和45日龄肉鸡各360只,分别采集其羽髓和血清样品,用琼脂免疫扩散试验和PCR试验进行马立克氏病检测。琼脂免疫扩散试验检测结果为:20日龄肉鸡马立克氏病阳性率为3.33%~6.67%,45日龄肉鸡马立克氏病阳性率为5.00%~8.33%;PCR试验检测结果为:20日龄肉鸡马立克氏病阳性率为5.00%~10.00%,45日龄肉鸡马立克氏病阳性率为8.33%~13.33%。统计这两种试验均为阳性的数据,结果显示20日龄肉鸡双阳性率为3.33%~5.00%,45日龄肉鸡双阳性率为5.00%~6.67%。检测结果表明,所调查的肉鸡群存在一定的马立克氏病感染,提示要加强肉鸡马立克氏病防疫,降低其感染发病率。     

Antibody prevalence of low-pathogenicity avian influenza and evaluation of management practices in Minnesota backyard poultry flocks

Low‐pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses have caused illness in poultry and humans with poultry contact. To determine whether there is evidence of exposure to avian influenza viruses (AIV) among backyard poultry in Minnesota and their human caretakers, 150 flocks of backyard birds were sampled for antibodies to AIV from August 2007 through December 2008. One hundred flocks were tested through routine slaughter surveillance by the Minnesota Board of Animal Health and an additional 50 flocks were contacted and sampled by study investigators. Blood was collected from 10 to 13 birds from each flock and a survey of biosecurity and management practices was administered to the flock owner. Blood samples were tested by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) for influenza A antibodies. Tested flocks had a median flock size of 100 birds (range: 12–800 birds), and were most commonly owned for meat for personal use (81% of respondents), fun or hobby (58%) and eggs for personal use (56%). Although 7% of flock owners reported that their birds had shown respiratory signs in the previous 3 months, only 1 of 150 flocks tested positive for influenza by AGID. Antibodies to LPAI H6N1 were detected in the positive flock. The owner of the positive flock did not have antibodies to H6 or other common AIV. Based on the findings of this study, the risk of transmission of LPAI viruses from backyard poultry to owners in Minnesota appears to be low under current conditions and management practices.     

Seroprevalence of Histomonas meleagridis in pullets and laying hens determined by ELISA

Serum samples from 1120 layers from 56 flocks and 400 pullets from 20 flocks were tested by an indirect sandwich ELISA to investigate the prevalence of antibodies to Histomonas meleagridis in chickens kept in alternative husbandry systems. The overall prevalence of antibodies to H meleagridis in layers was 37.3 per cent, and positive birds were identified in 50 flocks. This was significantly higher than in pullets, where only 8.3 per cent of the birds tested positive. Optical density (OD) values obtained from pullet sera were much lower than the OD values from layers; however, positive birds were detected in half of the pullet flocks. In particular, all birds from an organic pullet flock were found to be positive, with high OD values. Overall, the highest prevalence of positive sera was obtained from birds kept in free-range flocks. Attempts to reisolate live histomonads from birds in 18 layer flocks were unsuccessful.     

Newcastle disease--seroepidemiologic study of a highly contagious epizootic in poultry and in wild birds in Switzerland

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease particularly of domestic poultry. Switzerland is currently declared free from ND. A serosurvey using an ELISA was performed to investigate infections with ND-Virus (NDV) in 260 Swiss laying hen flocks, 169 backyard poultry flocks and 1576 wild birds. For laying hen flocks, a stochastic model was applied to analyse the results from serological testing. Four laying hen flocks were identified as NDV-seropositive, and the true NDV seroprevalence in this population was most likely between 1.3 and 1.5%. NDV antibodies were also detected in five of the 169 backyard poultry-flocks. ND-antibody positive birds were found in 10% of all wild birds examined, with the highest proportions among cormorants, grebes, birds of prey, owls, and swifts. The study indicated that positive flocks must have been in contact with NDV strains causing sub-clinical infection, since no clinical signs had been observed. Moreover, trade of poultry or poultry eggs was considered to be an important factor associated with seropositivity in backyard poultry flocks. Contact to wild birds did not seem to be of major importance.     

Epidemiological and clinical investigations into big liver and spleen disease of broiler breeder hens

SUMMARY The epidemiological and clinical features of big liver and spleen disease (BLS) in flocks on two broiler breeder farms were investigated by serology and gross pathology. The most common necropsy findings on farm 1 were splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, with kidney enlargement in some birds. In one flock (farm 1), a decline in egg production began at 40 weeks of age and lasted for 9 weeks. Seroconversion to BLS antigen was first detected at 45 weeks (3.1% of birds) and increased to 72% at 50 weeks, which coincided with clinical recovery in the flock. Antigen was detected before antibody at 44 weeks and persisted at low incidence (<15%). Farm egg production statistics and serology indicated that the disease affected all flocks on the farm. In three of eight flocks, seroconversion was detected in birds before peak production. The birds in the remaining sheds did not seroconvert or become sick until after peak production. On the second farm, sampling began within a flock already experiencing BLS. Clinical signs and pathology were similar to those seen in flocks on farm 1. However, the lesions that were seen in the pancreas in 15% of birds have not been reported previously. BLS antibody was detected in 78%, and circulating antigen in 14%, of sick birds.     

Prevalence and characteristics of intimin- and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from gulls,pigeons and broilers in Finland

The role of birds as sources of Shiga toxin-and intimin-producing Escherichia coli was studied. Fecal samples from live gulls (n=86), pigeons (n=33) and broiler chickens (n=199) from 23 flocks were analyzed for stx and eae by PCR. No stx positive samples were detected. In contrast, eae E. coli were highly prevalent among gulls (40%), and was also found in pigeons (7%) and chickens (57% of the flocks contaminated). The eae positive isolates were analyzed genetically and O-serogrouped. One isolate from a pigeon was found to have stx (2f). The isolates of gulls differed from those of pigeons and chickens, and all eae E. coli isolates from birds differed from human pathogenic strains by the lack of EHEC-hlyA and bfp/EAF as well as distribution of O-serogroups. Thus, birds cannot be regarded as important carriers of zoonotic stx or eae E. coli in Finland.     

Characteristics of fowl cholera outbreaks in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information was gathered from 64 cases of fowl cholera (FC) in turkey flocks through diagnostic case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys. Forty-five cases came from flocks of commercial turkeys, of which 15 were presented twice, and four came from mature breeder flocks. The prevalence of FC was 18.0% of commercial flocks and 14.7% of breeder flocks at risk. The average age at first diagnosis of FC was 90 days in commercial turkey flocks and 32 weeks 5 days in breeder flocks. Acute mortality was the most common presenting complaint, with a 0.37% average mortality in commercial flocks on the day of first presentation, 0.80% in commercial flocks presented a second time, and 0.43% in breeder flocks. Pasteurella multocida was cultured from 69.8% of the 361 tissue samples submitted from these cases. Novobiocin, penicillin, and chlortetracycline (CTC) had the greatest in vitro activity against isolates. Serotype 3-cross-4 was found in all 18 commercial flocks from which isolates were typed. All breeder flocks and 88.6% of commercial flocks were vaccinated before disease onset. Flocks were treated for an average of 14.3 days, most commonly with high levels of sulfadimethoxine and/or CTC. Body weights of affected birds were comparable to those of birds in unaffected flocks, but mortality and feed efficiency were worse.     

Detection of antibody to Salmonella enteritidis and S typhimurium in the yolk of hens' eggs

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been developed to detect IgG antibodies to Salmonella enteritidis and S typhimurium in the yolk of hens' eggs. Better discrimination and more consistent results were obtained between eggs from experimentally infected and uninfected hens by using saline-dilution of yolk rather than chloroform extraction. Threshold absorbance values were determined in three salmonella-free flocks, and on the basis of these results ELISA optical density values greater than 0.25 were considered to be positive for antibodies to salmonella. Four flocks with a history of salmonella infection were examined; three contained birds which were seropositive for S enteritidis by ELISA and from which S enteritidis was isolated, and a large proportion of eggs from these birds contained antibody to S enteritidis. Eggs from the fourth flock had no detectable antibody, although serum antibody was detected in some birds. No salmonellae were isolated from the yolks of the eggs from any of the four flocks.     

High seroprevalence of Histomonas meleagridis in Dutch layer chickens

Histomona meleagridis is a protozoan parasite that may cause outbreaks of histomonosis with high mortality, especially in turkey flocks. Chickens are less susceptible to the disease than are turkeys, but are considered to act as an important reservoir. To determine the seroprevalence of H. meleagridis in Dutch layer chicken flocks, a large scale seroepidemiologic study (3376 samples) was performed by sampling 12 organic flocks, 24 free-ranging flocks, 40 flocks with floor housing, and 40 flocks with cage housing. At the end of the laying period, approximately 30 blood samples per flock were collected for serology. The seroprevalence found was high. In every flock, at least one of the samples tested positive while in 87% of the flocks, at least one of the samples was strongly positive. There were no significant statistical differences in seropositivity between the housing types. To confirm the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results, a small-scale seroepidemiologic study (576 samples) was performed in 29 additional layer chicken flocks kept in different housing systems. Subsequently, a subset of five seropositive flocks was selected. Five birds were obtained from each of these flocks in order to detect the parasite using culture and PCR. In all five flocks, H. meleagridis was either isolated from (culture), detected in (PCR), or both, the birds sampled. Together with the previously performed validation studies, the latter results confirm that the positive ELISA serology found is genuine. We conclude that the seroprevalence of H. meleagridis in layers is, as anticipated, high.     

California National Animal Health Monitoring System for meat-turkey flocks, 1988-1989: diagnostic testing results.

Six hundred fourteen meat turkeys were submitted for necropsy from 24 California ranches as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS). Enteritis was the most frequent pathologic diagnosis in birds 18 days old or younger and the second most frequent diagnosis in birds 19-70 days old. Hemorrhagic enteritis was the most frequent diagnosis in birds aged 19-70 days. Tibial dyschondroplasia, bronchopneumonia, and ascaridiasis were ranked one through three in frequency of diagnoses in birds over 70 days of age. Salmonella was isolated from 71% of flocks tested, and Mycoplasma meleagridis was isolated from 33% of tested flocks over 70 days of age. Antibodies to several disease agents were detected, including hemorrhagic enteritis (100% of flocks over 70 days old) and Newcastle disease (63% of flocks over 70 days old).     

Detection of chicken anemia virus in the gonads and in the progeny of broiler breeder hens with high neutralizing antibody titers

Previous evidence for the presence of chicken anemia virus (CAV) in the gonads of immune specific-pathogen-free chickens raised the question whether this occurs also in commercial breeders. The presence of CAV was investigated by nested PCR in the gonads and spleens of hens from two 55- and 59-week-old, CAV-vaccinated (flocks 2 and 3), and two 48- and 31-week-old non-vaccinated broiler breeder flocks (flocks 1 and 4). In addition, lymphoid tissues of 20-day-old embryos from these hens were also investigated for the presence of CAV. CAV was detected in the gonads and of 5/6 and 11/22 of the vaccinated hens and in some hens also in the spleen alone. Embryos from 7/8 and 5/18 of these hens were positive. In the non-vaccinated flocks, CAV was detected in the gonads of 11/34 and 10/10 hens in flocks 1 and 4, respectively. In addition, 11 birds in flock 1 had positive spleens. CAV DNA was detected in 3/11 and 2/10 of their embryos. CAV-positive gonads and embryos were detected in samples from hens with moderate as well as high VN antibody titers. Vaccinated chickens positive for CAV in the gonads and in their embryos had VN titers ranging from >1:512 to <1:2048. In non-vaccinated chickens, the VN titers of CAV positive chickens ranged from 1:128 to 1:4096. These results demonstrate that CAV genome can remain present in the gonads of hens in commercial broiler breeder flocks even in the presence of high neutralizing antibody titers that have been associated with protection against CAV vertical transmission. It also suggests that transmission to the progeny may occur irrespectively of the level of the humoral immune response in the hens.