硒对苦荞硒、总黄酮和芦丁含量、分布与累积的影响

采用盆栽试验探讨土壤施硒对苦荞硒、总黄酮和芦丁含量、分布与累积的影响。结果看出,在土壤施硒0.5～2.0 mg/kg范围,苦荞根在苗期（40 d）大量吸收并累积硒,全生育期各器官硒含量极显著提高;在生长中后期(60～80 d) 硒的累积最快,累积量最多。硒在苦荞各器官中的分布为:在40 d时,根＞叶＞茎;60 d时Se0.0处理为叶＞根＞花＞茎,施硒各处理则为花＞根＞叶＞茎;80 d时Se0.0处理以花＞根＞叶＞茎＞子粒,Se0.5处理以花＞叶＞子粒＞茎＞根,施硒≥1.0 mg/kg的处理则为花＞叶＞茎＞根＞子粒。土壤施硒≤1.0 mg/kg促进苦荞生长,提高地上部各器官干重和植株总干重以及各器官总黄酮和芦丁含量与累积量,不改变总黄酮和芦丁的器官分布,增加苦荞中后期对总黄酮的累积;以Se0.5处理效应最佳,各差异达显著水平。过量的硒（Se1.5～2.0 mg/kg）显著抑制苦荞生长,降低各器官干重、总黄酮和芦丁含量与累积,不利于硒在子粒中富集和总黄酮在子粒中分布。表明在低硒土壤上栽培苦荞,土壤施硒以不超过1.0 mg/kg为宜,既能最大限度的提高苦荞各器官硒、总黄酮和芦丁含量和累积量,又可降低施用硒肥的成本和减少硒肥对环境的影响。     

硒对烤烟生长、化学指标及矿质营养元素含量的影响

为探讨不同浓度的硒(Se)对植物生长、化学指标及矿质营养元素含量的影响,本研究以云烟87为试验材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了不同硒浓度对烤烟生长、化学指标及烤烟根、茎、叶中矿质元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Cu累积的影响。结果表明,土壤施硒(亚硒酸钠)4.4 mg·kg-1时,烟叶中烟碱、蛋白和还原糖等含量处于最适范围,根、茎、叶中矿质元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Cu的含量达到最大值。低硒处理(Se≤4.4 mg·kg-1)显著提高了烤烟各部位对矿质元素的吸收,尤其对N、K、Ca、Mg、Mn的影响最为显著,从而促进了烤烟的生长,烟叶化学成分更加协调;而高硒处理(Se≥11.1 mg·kg-1)则降低了烤烟各部位对矿质元素的吸收,尤其对N、P、K的影响最显著,从而抑制了烤烟的生长。土壤中不同硒浓度通过调控植物对矿质元素的吸收进而影响植物的生长和化学指标,该研究结果为指导富硒烟叶的生产提供了理论依据。     

土壤施硒量对鸭儿芹生长、生理特性及硒积累的影响

通过盆栽试验在设定的土壤施硒范围内,研究施硒对鸭儿芹的生长、品质及生理特性的影响.结果表明,土壤施硒量为0.5 mg/kg时鸭儿芹的各生长指标(株高、叶面积、茎粗、最长根长、全株鲜重、干重,根鲜重、根干重,茎鲜重、茎干重,叶鲜重、叶干重)均达到最大.土壤施硒可以明显提高鸭儿芹各部位中总硒的含量,在设定的土壤施硒范围内,根、茎、叶的含硒量分别为0.15～64.37 μg/g,0.06～26.45 μg/g,0.13～62.35 μg/g,均与土壤施硒量呈极显著的正相关.土壤施硒可降低鸭儿芹可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖的含量,各处理组的含量均低于对照.土壤施硒对K、Mg元素的吸收有促进作用,对Cu元素的吸收呈现抑制作用,对Na、Ca、Zn、Mn和Fe这5种元素的吸收在一定浓度下有不同程度的提高.随着施硒时间的延长和硒浓度的增加,鸭儿芹中的MDA含量和CAT活性都呈现先下降后上升的趋势;叶绿素和脯氨酸含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势.随着施硒时间的延长,SOD和POD活性呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势,随着硒浓度的增加呈现先下降后上升的趋势.通过综合分析施硒量对鸭儿芹生长、生理特性、含硒量及食用安全性的影响,确定土壤施硒量以0.5mg/kg为宜.     

外源硒矿粉对玉米硒累积及矿质元素吸收的影响

【目的】通过生物强化的方法获得生物安全形态的有机硒,是实现人体科学补硒的重要途径。研究外源硒矿粉在生产中的合理施用量及其对作物的影响,可为富硒农产品生产提供理论与技术指导。【方法】以玉米为试材,以湖北恩施的富硒矿粉(总硒含量为180 mg/kg)为硒源进行田间试验,研究了玉米对外源硒的吸收与转化及施硒对玉米矿质元素吸收的影响。设5个施硒处理: Se 0 (CK)、 750 (Se1)、 1500 (Se2)、 2250 (Se3) 和3000 g/hm2 (Se4)。于玉米大喇叭口期和成熟期取样,测定玉米不同部位总硒含量以及玉米籽粒中总硒、 有机硒及矿质元素含量。【结果】土壤施用富硒矿粉对玉米籽粒产量和总生物量没有显著影响,但可显著增加玉米籽粒及各器官硒含量。随硒施用量由0增加到3000 g/hm2,玉米籽粒中硒含量由14.2 μg/kg 增加到350.3 μg/kg。除Se2处理外,玉米根系中的硒含量在收获期高于抽穗期,而玉米茎和叶中的硒含量在收获期低于抽穗期。玉米不同器官对硒的富集能力依次为根叶籽粒茎,而玉米对硒的转移系数大小顺序亦为叶籽粒茎。与对照相比,施硒使玉米籽粒中有机硒含量显著增加,不同施硒处理玉米籽粒中有机硒含量范围为12.9~302.6 μg/kg,随土壤施硒量增加,有机硒占总硒的比例从86.87%增加到90.84%,不同处理之间有机硒所占比例差异不显著。玉米籽粒总硒、 有机硒与各器官硒含量之间均表现出显著的相关性,其中籽粒中有机硒与不同生育期根中硒含量达到极显著相关水平。施硒可显著抑制玉米籽粒对Na的吸收,对K、 Ca、 Mg、 Fe 的吸收无显著影响,一定的施硒水平下,可促进玉米籽粒对Mn、 Cu、 Zn的吸收。【结论】施用外源硒矿粉对玉米生物量与籽粒产量无显著影响。随施硒量增加,玉米籽粒中总硒含量和有机硒含量与对照相比显著增加,但对玉米籽粒中的有机硒与总硒的比例没有显著影响。一定施硒水平下,可促进玉米籽粒对Mn、 Cu、 Zn的吸收。以纯硒施用量为750~1500 g/hm2作为硒矿粉在富硒玉米生产中的推荐施硒量。     

磷、硒配施对冬小麦硒吸收及土壤硒形态转化的影响

为研究磷硒配施对冬小麦根土界面硒有效性及形态分级的影响,并探究磷硒配施提高土壤硒有效性的可能机制,以冬小麦为试验材料进行根箱培养试验,设置0(P0)、80(P80)、160 mg·kg^-1(P160)3个磷水平和0(Se0)、1 mg·kg^-1(Se1)2个硒水平,分析冬小麦植株磷硒含量、累积量、迁移系数及根际和非根际土5种硒形态含量。结果表明,无论施硒与否,随着磷含量的增加,冬小麦生物量、地上部和根系磷含量均增大。施硒1 mg·kg^-1显著降低了P80和P160水平下冬小麦生物量、P160水平下根系磷含量及各部位磷累积量。在Se1条件下,施磷增加了各部位硒累积量,但显著降低了地上部硒含量和硒从根系向地上部的迁移系数。在Se0条件下,P160处理增加了根际土壤和非根际土壤中的可交换态硒含量。在Se1条件下,P160处理根际土壤中可交换态硒含量显著高于非根际土壤,但铁锰氧化物结合态硒和残渣态硒含量低于非根际土壤。综上所述,适宜的磷硒配施可影响土壤中各种硒形态的转化过程,可能是由于磷的施入和根系活动共同作用促进了土壤中铁锰氧...     

土壤增施蛋氨酸硒对厚皮甜瓜生理特性和品质的影响

【目的】本研究探究了蛋氨酸硒对厚皮甜瓜生长与生理特性的调控作用,硒在厚皮甜瓜中的富集效益,以及硒在土壤中的变化趋势。【方法】以‘M135’厚皮甜瓜为试材,蛋氨酸硒为硒源,采用盆栽试验,以土壤本底硒为对照,通过向土壤中增施蛋氨酸硒使土壤中的总硒含量分别增加4、 10和16 mg/kg,研究了蛋氨酸硒对厚皮甜瓜生长、 产量、 光合特性、 产品品质及果肉硒含量的影响,对厚皮甜瓜不同组织器官中总硒含量的影响,以及对土壤中不同形态硒含量变化的影响。【结果】施硒4、 10和16 mg/kg均可显著提高甜瓜叶片光合色素含量、 叶片光合速率、 植株生长量以及甜瓜产量; 另外,不同浓度施硒处理还显著提高了果肉中有机硒、 无机硒、 可溶性糖、 可溶性蛋白、 游离氨基酸和维生素C的含量,并以10 mg/kg施硒处理的效果最佳。10 mg/kg施硒处理的单株产量比对照提高了19.53%,果肉中的可溶性糖、 可溶性蛋白、 游离氨基酸和维生素C的含量比对照分别提高了14.82%、 49.88%、 23.42%和25.03%,果肉中硒的总含量为44.74 μg/kg,其中有机硒含量36.87 μg/kg,占到总硒含量的82.91%,达到富硒标准。进一步的研究发现,虽然果肉中硝酸还原酶活力、 硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量均随施硒浓度的增加而增加,但4、 10和16 mg/kg施硒处理后的亚硝酸盐含量分别为1.499、 1.907和2.131 mg/kg,均远低于国家标准的上限(20 mg/kg)。对施硒后厚皮甜瓜不同组织器官中硒含量的研究发现,厚皮甜瓜各组织器官(根、 茎、 叶柄、 叶、 果皮、 果肉和种子)的总硒含量也随施硒浓度的增加而增加。对根、 茎、 叶柄和叶的比较发现,在未增施蛋氨酸硒时叶中的硒含量最高,其次为根、 茎和叶柄; 而增施蛋氨酸硒后则表现为根中最多,其次为茎、 叶和叶柄。对果皮、 果肉和种子的比较发现,各处理果实内各组织的总硒含量均表现为种子中最多,其次为果肉和果皮。对施硒后土壤中不同形态硒含量的研究发现,定植后未施蛋氨酸硒的上层土壤中总硒、 无机态Se6+的含量均呈下降趋势,土壤中有机硒和无机态Se4+的含量变化不大; 4、 10和16 mg/kg施硒处理的土壤中有机硒、 总硒以及无机态Se4+含量都呈先下降后趋于平缓的趋势,而无机态Se6+的含量则呈先上升后下降的趋势。【结论】土壤增施蛋氨酸硒后提高了厚皮甜瓜果肉的硒含量,增强了光合能力,促进了厚皮甜瓜植株的生长,从而提高了产量和综合品质,其适宜的土壤施硒浓度为10 mg/kg。     

硒对镉胁迫下寒地水稻Cd、Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn含量的影响

研究了镉胁迫下施硒后水稻各器官Cd、Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn含量的变化,并探讨了施硒对缓解镉胁迫下水稻养分吸收的可行性。采用人工模拟镉胁迫的盆栽试验方法,研究不同镉浓度(0,2,4,8mg/kg土壤)下,施硒(0,0.07,0.14mg/kg土壤)对水稻不同器官Cd、Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn含量的影响。结果表明:(1)随着土壤镉浓度的增加,水稻各器官镉含量均增加,不同器官镉含量表现为根系茎鞘叶片精米。(2)相同镉浓度下,随着硒浓度的增加,各器官中镉含量下降,Se2(0.14 mg/kg)优于Se1(0.07 mg/kg)处理。Cd1(2mg/kg)浓度时,Se2处理精米镉含量比Se0降低31.5%(P0.01)。(3)镉胁迫下,施硒对水稻各器官中Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn含量影响不同。相同镉浓度下,随着硒浓度的增加,叶片Zn含量下降,Fe含量增加;茎鞘Zn、Fe含量下降,而Cu含量增加;根系Zn、Cu含量下降,而Fe、Mn含量增加;精米Zn、Mn、Cu、Fe含量增加。其中Cd2(4mg/kg)浓度时,与Se0处理相比,Se2处理茎鞘Zn含量降低了36.2%;叶片和根系Fe含量增加了15.4%和11.4%;精米Zn、Mn、Cu、Fe显著含量增加,分别增加了43.3%,15.8%,52.6%,20.5%(P0.01)。施硒能显著降低镉胁迫下寒地水稻镉含量,Cd1浓度下,施硒后精米镉含量下降幅度最大;镉胁迫下施硒影响水稻对Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn的吸收,尤其Cd2浓度下,施硒对精米Zn、Mn、Cu、Fe含量影响较大,Se2处理效果最佳。     

施硒对壶瓶碎米荠产量、品质及其硒含量的影响

通过盆栽试验,以壶瓶碎米荠(Cardamine hupingshanensis)为试验材料,研究了不同施硒处理(0、40、80、120、140、160、200和300 mg kg~(-1))后壶瓶碎米荠各部位硒含量、分布特征,以及硒对壶瓶碎米荠产量和品质的影响。结果表明:适量施硒(≤200 mg kg~(-1))促进壶瓶碎米荠生长,植株生物量、可食用部分产量和品质均显著提升;而过量施硒(≥300 mg kg~(-1))抑制壶瓶碎米荠生长,植株生物量减少,品质下降。施硒能够显著提高壶瓶碎米荠各部位的硒含量,其根、茎、叶中最高硒含量分别为CK处理的1080、1599和1403倍,硒在各部位的分配为叶根茎,主要存在硒形态为Se Cys2,各部位硒含量与土壤施硒浓度呈非线性相关。如果以各部位的硒含量为评价标准,土壤硒含量为140 mg kg~(-1)时,适宜培养壶瓶碎米荠。     

紫甘薯对硒的吸收和累积特征

以紫甘薯为试验材料,采用盆栽试验的方法研究了基施硒酸钠[Se(VI)]和亚硒酸钠[Se(IV)]条件下,紫甘薯对外源硒的吸收累积规律,并比较了施用两种不同价态硒的紫甘薯富硒效果。结果表明:两种硒源均可显著提高紫甘薯各器官含硒量,且紫甘薯含硒量均随施硒量的增加而增大。当土壤施硒量为Se 8 mg/kg时,施用硒酸钠、亚硒酸钠收获期薯块的硒含量(干基)分别达到6.69、0.88 mg/kg。紫甘薯生育期40 d时各器官硒含量叶茎薯块,130 d时硒含量叶薯块茎。当硒酸钠施用量为Se 4 mg/kg时,紫甘薯薯块中的硒累积量最高达923.81μg/株,硒在紫甘薯块根中的分配率可达67%~70%,硒酸钠处理下,紫甘薯对硒的吸收利用率远远高于亚硒酸钠处理。综合紫甘薯含硒量和施硒量对生长的影响结果分析,施用硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠均能增加紫甘薯薯块的硒含量,紫甘薯对硒酸钠敏感性高于亚硒酸钠,生产过程中应充分考虑施用硒酸钠对作物造成的毒害。     

施用硒肥对鸡毛菜产量、品质及生理特性的影响

在施不同量的硒肥田间处理下,研究鸡毛菜对土壤中硒的吸收对鸡毛菜产量、品质及生理特性等的影响。结果表明,土壤施硒肥可明显提高鸡毛菜中总硒含量,随施硒量的增加,总硒在次高处理浓度(112.725g/hm2)呈最高,在浓度74.925g/hm2时Se含量增加最快,是鸡毛菜硒积累的最大效率浓度。施Se鸡毛菜产量较对照降低,但未达显著水平。鸡毛菜的Vc含量随着硒浓度的增加,各组均增加,以112.725g/hm2到达顶峰;蛋白质含量除149.85g/hm2有小幅度增加外,其余处理组含量都低于对照,但差异不显著;可溶性糖含量的各处理组水平均低于对照,以149.85g/hm2组含量最低;元素Ca、Mg、Fe、K、Zn、Mn在低硒浓度下有不同程度提高,在高硒浓度时均有所降低。生理特性方面,施硒浓度的增加,鸡毛菜内的MDA含量也逐渐上升,当浓度高于112.725g/hm2,增强幅度加大;SOD活性在37.125,74.925g/hm2时活性略低于对照,当浓度在高于112.725g/hm2时,SOD活性上升幅度较大;低硒浓度,POD酶活性有所降低,而在112.725g/hm2时,酶活性上升,而在最高浓度时又急剧下降;CAT酶的活性在各硒浓度的处理下相对于对照都受到了不同程度的抑制,CAT酶活性对硒具有浓度依赖性。土壤硒浓度上升,显著提高了硝酸还原酶活力,而降低了鸡毛菜体内的硝酸盐含量,两者之间存在极显著负相关。综合分析硒对鸡毛菜含硒量、产量、各品质因素及食用的安全性,施硒量以不超过37.125g/hm2为宜。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

我国亚热带山地丘陵区特征及开发中的有关问题

我国亚热带山地丘陵区，山多地少、人口众多、经济基础薄弱，生态环境严重恶化，障碍着区内经济的发展，区内开发应按照以下几个方面搞好：１、协调山－林－地－人的关系；２．调整粮食－林牧－融渔关系；３．改善生产－生活－生态环境。４．提高生态－经济－社会效益。     

百菌清和毒死蜱在大棚番茄中的分布与降解特征

大棚和露地环境下,分别对番茄植株一次性喷洒推荐剂量的百菌清（CHT）和毒死蜱（CHP）,研究喷药后两周内农药在番茄根、茎、叶和果实中分布的持久性及其动态降解规律。实验结果表明,百菌清在大棚番茄中的残留浓度分布呈现为叶片垌果实〉茎〉根;毒死蜱呈现为叶片〉果实垌茎〉根。大棚番茄各部位的最高残留浓度出现时间滞后于喷药时间8~60h;空间浓度分布上表现为大棚中间区域浓度高于两侧,这与棚内的空气对流有关。大棚番茄果实中百菌清和毒死蜱的残留半衰期分别为5.8d和7.2d,明显高于文献报道。     

Sources of sulphate and acidity in wetlands and lakes in Nova Scotia

There is a declining gradient of wet SO₄ deposition from south to north in Nova Scotia with the highest values being in the south, along with a localized increase around the Halifax metropolitan area, due to local SO₄ emission. Edaphic conditions such as drainage from soils containing gypsum or drainage on disturbed rocks containing pyrite, provide additional SO₄ to surface waters.Acidity is usually absent in the former (pH > 7.0) and very high in the latter (as low as pH 3.6). By contrast peaty, organic drainages release water low in SO₄ during the growing season but they release high amounts of organic anions (A?), consequently, these waters maintain decreased pH values, usually < 4.5. A study of over 80 wetlands and lakes during the ice free period in Nova Scotia showed that sea salt corrected SO₄ concentrations range from 45 ueq L^?1 in the south end of the province, ～30 ueq L^?1 in the Kejimkujik area and < 17 ueq L^?1 in the northern areas with values > 85 ueq L^?1 in the Halifax area, reflecting the atmospheric deposition pattern of SO₄ The SO₄ concentrations may be > 2000 ueq L^?1 in drainages containing gypsum, > 700 ueq L^?1 in drainages over pyrite bearing socks but < 20 ueq/L^?1 in streams draining bogs. The SO₄ concentrations change considerably during the non-growing season when the ground is saturated with water or frozen, and the runoff is high (snow and rain often alternate in winter). Under such conditions SO₄ concentration drops in the two former cases and increases in bog drainages, accompanied with a considerable drop in (A?) concentrations. Care should be taken when interpreting SO₄ concentrations in surface waters in Nova Scotia with respect to atmospheric SO₄ deposition.     

红薯对Pb、Cd的吸收累积特征及根际土壤Pb、Cd形态分布研究

为了解土壤在Pb、Cd单一以及复合污染条件下红薯对Pb、Cd的吸收和积累规律,通过盆栽试验对红薯地上部和地下部的生物量和重金属含量进行测定,分析了单一及复合污染土壤中重金属Pb、Cd形态分布特点。结果表明,相对于对照,较低浓度的Pb、Cd能显著促进红薯的生长（P〈0.05）,Pb超过50mg.kg-1、Cd超过3mg.kg-1时,红薯生长受到显著抑制（P〈0.05）,Cd是影响红薯生长的主要因素;随着试验处理浓度的升高,红薯体内重金属含量也随之升高,二者之间存在极显著的相关性（P〈0.01）,Pb、Cd共存对红薯吸收累积Pb、Cd具有明显的交互作用,Pb促进Cd向地上部转移,Cd促进Pb在地下部积累。根际土壤中Pb、Cd以可交换态与碳酸盐结合态为主,二者均占总量的55以上,在复合污染条件下,Pb浓度为50mg.kg-1时其活性系数显著高于其他Pb处理（P〈0.05）,并在很大程度上促进有效态Cd含量的增加。     

Degradation and development of peatlands in Peninsular Malaysia and in the islands of Sumatra and Borneo since 1990

In this study, we investigated the extent of peatland degradation and development in Peninsular Malaysia and in the islands of Sumatra and Borneo, in the western part of insular Southeast Asia, since 1990. Furthermore, carbon emissions caused by these land cover changes were estimated in order to evaluate their contribution to global climate change. High resolution Landsat (30 m spatial resolution) and Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT; 10–20 m) satellite images were used to derive information on land cover in 1990 and 2008. Analysis of land cover changes since 1990 revealed remarkable reduction and degradation of peatswamp forest ecosystems. In less than 20 years, 5·1 Mha of the total 15·5 Mha of peatland had been deforested (11·6 Mha → 6·5 Mha; 75 per cent → 42 per cent) and the great majority of the remaining forests had been selectively logged. Simultaneously, area covered by unmanaged secondary growth ecosystems had doubled to nearly a quarter of all peatlands and industrial plantations had expanded dramatically (0·3 Mha → 2·3 Mha; 2 per cent → 15 per cent). It was conservatively estimated that these changes have caused minimum of 1·5 Gt carbon emissions into the atmosphere since 1990. Currently, peatlands of the study area emit at least 81 Mt of carbon (equivalent to 300 Mt of carbon dioxide) on annual basis due to mere peat decomposition. Thereby, it was concluded that peatland degradation and development in insular Southeast Asia during the past two decades have not only put the existence of Southeast Asian peatswamp forest ecosystems in danger but it has also caused globally significant carbon emissions and created a constant source of carbon dioxide. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Immobilization and species of heavy metals in soils in the absence and presence of rhizobia

Abstract

The effect of bacterial inoculation of Rhizobium fredii HN01 on the immobilization and speciation of Cu, Zn, and Cd was studied in Red and Cinnamon soil which are typical Chinese soils. The soil was mixed with bacterial suspension for one week followed by an immobilization of each heavy metal for another week. The total binding and fractionation of heavy metals in soils were analyzed. As compared with the control, the retention of total Cu, Zn, and Cd in Red soil increased by 28, 16, and 28%, respectively, in the presence of rhizobia. The amount of exchangeable, NH₄OAc-extractable, Mn oxides-bound and organic matter-bound Cu increased by 23–123%. There were significant decrease of exchangeable Cu and marked increases of NH₄OAc-extractable and Mn oxide-bound Cu in Cinnamon soil with the presence of rhizobial cells, although no changes for the total retention of Cu were observed. The amount of exchangeable Zn in Red soil-rhizobia composite was 20% greater than that of the no-rhizobia soil. Addition of rhizobia also increased exchangeable Cd and specifically-adsorbed Cd by 25 and 93%, respectively, in Red soil. No considerable differences were found for the total immobilization of Zn and Cd as well as their distribution in various solid fractions of Cinnamon soil in the absence and presence of rhizobial cells. In terms of soil components, it is assumed that bacterial biomass had a relatively less impact on the species of heavy metals bound with Fe oxides. Results suggested that the retention and speciation of heavy metals in soil are governed largely by the interactions of bacteria with various inorganic and organic soil constituents. The data are useful in understanding the impact of microorganisms on the behavior, mobility and transformation of heavy metals in soil environments.     

Distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in pairs of arable and afforested soils in Denmark

Afforestation of sandy arable soils in northern Europe is likely to lead to an increase in the soil's acidity and changes in the behaviour of the organic matter, and this might affect the ability of the soil to retain heavy metals. It is important to assess the impact of such a change in the land use on the solubility of the heavy metals and to assess the risk of leaching to surface‐ and groundwater and the possible entrapment of heavy metals in the tree canopy. The impact of afforestation was assessed by excavating soil profiles in adjacent 34‐year‐old Norway spruce stands and arable plots at four different sites. We found that after 34 years the pH had decreased and cations were depleted in the topsoil under forest. The aqua regia‐extractable heavy metals were determined, and the heavy metal binding within the soil was assessed using a modified version of the BCR (Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. Higher contents of heavy metal were found in the arable plots in the loamy sand soils. Cadmium was found only in the most mobile fractions. The content of Pb in the subsoil was strongly correlated with the clay content, but not in the topsoil, which suggested that Pb had been added to the topsoil. We found strong correlations between the clay content and the Cu, Ni and Zn in the residual fraction, leading us to conclude that much of the Cu, Ni and Zn is of geological origin. No significant differences in the heavy metal fractionation between forest and arable soil were found, presumably because 34 years of different land use is not long enough to produce such differences.     

Antioxidant properties of soybean isoflavone extract and tofu in vitro and in vivo

Isoflavones in soybean were extracted in the crude form using 80% food-grade ethanol at 80 degrees C for 6 h and followed by concentration and dehydration. The soy extract contained isoflavones primarily in the forms of glucosides. In vitro antioxidant activities of the soy extract containing 20-500 ppm isoflavones were conducted using a Rancimat method. The results showed that soy isoflavone extract had strong in vitro antioxidant activity. There was a dose-dependent response for the in vitro antioxidant activity at the lower concentrations but not at the higher concentrations. In vivo antioxidant property was determined by measuring the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in various organs of rats that were fed with diets containing partially oxidized oil and various levels of isoflavones for up to 24 weeks. Neither short-term (8 weeks) feeding nor low isoflavone content (50 ppm) induced changes in superoxide dismutase or catalase activities in rats. Only diets containing high isoflavone contents (150 and 250 ppm) showed obvious elevated enzymatic levels in various organs. In addition, a laboratory-prepared tofu containing approximately 50 ppm isoflavones had better effects than the soy extract with the 250 ppm isoflavone group, which indicated that molecules other than isoflavones may have a synergistic effect on in vivo antioxidant enzyme inductions of tofu.