辣椒CMS系及其保持系叶绿体超微结构观察比较

从辣椒胞质雄性不育系8A、保持系8B为材料,利用透射电镜观察两者叶片叶绿体超微结构,探讨CMS与叶绿体结构的关系,并比较其特性与差异,揭示CMS机理。结果表明,辣椒CMS系8A叶绿体结构发生变化,表现为基粒片层之间界限模糊、消失,发育滞后,与基粒连接的类囊体不发达,整个片层排列紊乱,叶绿体数目减少;保持系8B叶绿体形状为椭圆形,基粒片层、类囊体均发育正常。辣椒胞质雄性不育系叶绿体数目较保持系减少,结构、形状与保持系有所不同。     

氮肥施用时期对玉米后期叶绿体超微结构的影响

采用盆栽试验研究氮肥不同施用时期对玉米生长后期叶绿体超微结构的影响.结果表明,当氮肥分别在基施、拔节期与大喇叭口期1∶3∶1施用时,叶绿素含量最高,叶绿体和线粒体结构完整,基粒和基质片层结构丰富;当追肥次数逐渐减少直至不施氮肥时,叶绿素含量逐渐降低,叶绿体形状由长椭圆形趋于圆形,被膜不断破裂,片层结构由排列整齐变为混乱,线粒体膜被破坏,脊的数量减少.因此,合理地增加追肥次数能提高叶绿素含量,有效改善叶绿体的超微结构.     

不同土壤水分供应下锌对玉米叶片超微结构的影响

选择 土为供试土壤, 进行盆栽玉米试验, 设定0和5.0 mg·kg^-1两个锌处理, 按土壤饱和持水量的40%~45%和70%~75%在玉米的4叶1心期实施干旱和正常水分处理。生长50 d后, 测定不同土壤水分与锌供应状况下植株生物量和锌含量, 利用透射电子显微镜观察完全伸展新叶的超微结构变化, 以期揭示不同土壤水分供应下, 植物对施锌的响应机理。结果表明: 土壤水分供应充足条件下, 与不施锌相比, 施锌玉米地上部生物量和总干重分别增加78%和52%, 根系和地上部锌含量和锌吸收量增加较多; 而干旱条件下, 施锌对玉米生物量无显著影响。干旱条件下缺锌玉米叶片维管束鞘细胞中叶绿体结构基本保持完好, 淀粉粒和基质片层清晰可见, 但叶肉细胞中叶绿体膜受损, 基质片层结构出现皱缩, 基粒片层减少; 施锌玉米叶片维管束鞘细胞中叶绿体结构保持完好, 叶绿体周围的线粒体数目较多, 叶肉细胞中叶绿体中脂肪颗粒增多, 叶片维管束鞘细胞与叶肉细胞之间可见清晰的胞间连丝。土壤水分充足处理下, 缺锌叶片细胞膜出现皱缩, 维管束鞘细胞叶绿体淀粉粒增多, 片层结构受损, 严重时维管束鞘细胞中内溶物消失, 残存的叶绿体中仅有淀粉粒和少许片层; 叶肉细胞中叶绿体可见淀粉粒, 但片层结构少, 有些出现断裂、收缩。土壤水分充足条件下, 施锌玉米维管束鞘核叶肉细胞结构清晰, 叶绿体结构完整。结论认为: 锌对干旱胁迫下玉米叶片细胞结构的破坏有一定的缓解作用; 但土壤水分正常供应下, 缺锌导致细胞结构受损程度比干旱情况下更严重。     

一氧化氮改善铁胁迫玉米光合组织结构及其活性

一氧化氮(NO)影响植物生长发育过程及其机制是近年来的研究热点,在植物生长发育的多个层面起着重要的作用。以硝普钠(SNP)为一氧化氮发生剂,液体培养20.d龄的玉米幼苗叶片为实验材料进行研究,结果表明,NO可完全逆转玉米幼苗由缺铁引起的脉间失绿现象,极显著地提高叶片叶绿素含量。电镜观察结果证实,NO促进了玉米叶片叶肉细胞和维管束鞘细胞中叶绿体的发育,叶绿体数量增多且体积增大,基质片层和基粒数量明显增多且结构完好。同时,NO促进了缺铁玉米类囊体膜色素蛋白复合体的装配并显著提高了光合链的电子传递速率,使叶片光合活性得到极显著增加。     

水分胁迫下酿酒葡萄叶片细胞组织超微结构变化

以一年生盆栽酿酒葡萄"梅鹿辄"(Merlot Mission,Vitis vinifera L.)为试材,研究了在不同水分胁迫强度下的细胞结构和组织结构的变化.结果表明,随着水分胁迫强度的增大,叶片厚度有增厚的趋势,在严重胁迫下的葡萄叶片厚度反而与对照叶片的厚度无显著差异.随着胁迫过程的延续,叶绿体向细胞内部膨胀,类囊体肿胀弯曲加剧,直至消失,排列错综复杂无规律性.叶绿体膜与类囊体膜模糊不清,甚至出现解体现象.基质片层溶解,基质中出现了较大的透明腔.在严重胁迫时,部分叶绿体挤入细胞中间部位.研究观察到叶绿体体积大小与其中嗜锇颗粒的数量和大小有关.     

一个新的玉米黄化突变体的初步研究

对新发现的玉米黄化突变体的形态特征进行观察,发现突变体茎秆纤细,叶片细长。光合色素含量测定结果表明,突变体叶绿素a(cla),叶绿素b(clb),类胡萝卜素(caro)和总叶绿素(chl)含量均极显著低于正常自交系,caro/chl显著高于正常自交系,推测突变体为总叶绿素缺乏型突变。用透射电镜对叶绿体超微结构进行观察,发现突变体叶绿体内部有较多嗜锇颗粒,叶绿体结构松散紊乱,基质片层间隙大,有扩张趋势,但基粒数目及垛叠层数在突变体与正常自交系间无明显差异,叶绿体数目在突变体与正常自交系间无显著差异。说明该突变体叶色改变可能与光合色素含量的减少及叶绿体基质片层的结构有关或与叶绿体内大量嗜锇颗粒的存在有关。     

高温对菜豆叶绿体超微结构及其贮存物质的影响

以菜豆叶片为材料研究了热锻炼和热胁迫过程中叶绿体超微结构和贮存物质的变化。观察结果表明：热锻炼显著提高了叶绿体的耐热性，叶绿体结构对高温的敏感性顺序为：基质片层〉基粒片基〉双层膜；叶绿体在热锻炼和热胁迫过程中淀粉粒显著减少甚至消失，而质体球在此过程中变化不大。     

小麦黄绿近等基因系主要生理特性及叶绿体形态结构的比较

探索小麦(Triticum aestivum)叶绿素合成及叶绿体形成发育的遗传和生理机制对小麦高光效育种具有重要意义.为研究叶色变异形成的生理机制及其对叶绿体形成发育的影响,本研究以新创制的3个黄绿小麦近等基因系(near-isogenic lines,NILs)(黄化系1-20YY、黄绿系1-20YG和绿色系1-20GG)为材料,研究不同发育时期的叶片可溶性物质含量和抗氧化酶系统活力等性状,并对其叶绿体形态结构进行了比较分析.结果表明,叶色黄化对叶片可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白质含量的影响远大于其对游离脯氨酸含量的影响,除苗期黄化系1-20YY的可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白质含量显著低于黄绿系1-20YG和绿色系1-20GG(P＜0.05),各发育期黄绿系1-20YG的可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白质含量与绿色系1-20GG的差异不显著.同时,叶色黄化对叶片抗氧化酶系统的活性有一定的影响,其中对过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性的影响大于其对超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(hydrogen peroxidase,CAT)活性的影响.从3个NILs的叶绿体形态结构比较分析结果可以看出,黄化系1-20YY叶绿体多呈不规则状且分布趋向叶肉细胞中央,其基质类囊体和基粒类囊体不发达且联结不紧密,与绿色系1-20GG叶绿体形态结构差异明显;而黄绿系1-20YG叶绿体形态与绿色系1-20GG有差异,多呈近球形,但其超微结构与1-20GG系基本一致,基质类囊体和基粒类囊体较发达且联结较为紧密.研究结果为进一步探讨叶色黄化的生物学机制提供了基础资料.     

镁对槟榔幼苗光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响

【目的】研究不同供镁水平对槟榔幼苗叶片叶绿体超微结构及光合特性的影响,为槟榔的平衡施肥矫治技术和高产优质栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以三叶龄‘热研1号’槟榔幼苗为试材进行了沙培试验。采用1/2 MS完全营养液,即对照处理Mg浓度为0.75 mmol/L,缺Mg (–Mg) 和高Mg (+Mg) 处理分别为不添加Mg和添加Mg 2.25 mmol/L。幼苗生长5个月后,取样测定槟榔幼苗非结构性碳水化合物含量、蔗糖合成酶 (SS) 和蔗糖磷酸合成酶 (SPS) 活性、叶绿素荧光动力学参数,观测叶绿体超微结构。【结果】1) 缺镁处理导致槟榔叶绿素相对含量 (SPAD)、光系统Ⅱ (PSⅡ) 的最大光化学效率F_v/F_m、实际光化学效率Y(Ⅱ)和光化学淬灭系数qP显著降低,而高镁处理组与对照差异不显著;2) 缺镁处理槟榔叶片的可溶性糖、蔗糖含量较对照均显著升高,而淀粉含量显著降低;高镁处理组淀粉含量显著高于对照组,但可溶性糖和蔗糖含量差异不显著;3) 缺镁胁迫致使叶绿体膜解体,基粒片层大部分消失,类囊体片层结构断裂,噬锇颗粒数目增多;高镁处理时叶绿体发生变形,叶绿体膜模糊,基粒片层部分消失,噬锇颗粒和淀粉粒增多。【结论】缺镁胁迫下,槟榔幼苗叶绿体超微结构发生变异,叶绿素合成及碳代谢受阻,光合效率降低,而高镁处理对槟榔叶片的影响显著小于缺镁处理。     

水仙生长过程中叶片光合性能与叶绿体超微结构的变化

试验测定了水仙抽莘、开花、凋花、花后4个时期叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶绿素和蛋白质含量等,并观察了叶片叶绿体超微结构的变化。结果表明,随水仙的生长发育,其叶片含水量、气孔导度明显降低,净光合速率、暗呼吸速率及光合／呼吸比值迅速下降,蒸腾速率和水分利用率也随之降低,叶绿素含量显著上升,叶绿素a/(?)b比值缓慢降低,可溶性蛋白质含量也呈下降趋势。电镜观察显示叶片叶绿体超微结构在抽莘期基粒、基质片层结构发达而清晰,开花期则膨胀松散,凋花期表现萎缩,而在花后生长期片层结构解体。     

施钾对甜叶菊糖苷跃变期生理指标和产量品质的影响

为提高河西绿洲灌区甜叶菊产量和品质,提升该区甜叶菊市场竞争力。以谱星6号为试验材料,比较了不同施钾水平(K2O 0、60、90、120、150 kg/hm2)对甜叶菊糖苷跃变期生理指标以及产量品质的影响。结果表明,不同施钾处理下,甜叶菊整个糖苷跃变期叶片各生理指标含量达到峰值的时间有所不同,叶片SOD活力、含钾量均在现蕾前5 d达到最高,可溶性蛋白、SPAD值、含氮磷量、总苷含量以及叶片干物质量在现蕾初期达到最高,POD活力、可溶性糖含量在现蕾后5 d达到最高,以上各指标均以施用K2O 120 kg/hm2处理表现最佳。其中总苷含量最高,达128.4 g/kg,较不施钾肥增加14.19%;产量也最高,达7 007.64 kg/hm2,较不施钾肥增加57.24%;净收益达5.26万元/hm2,比不施钾多3.40万元/hm2。通过甜叶菊叶片理化指标与产量品质的相关性分析,以上各生理指标与产量品质均呈现显著或者极显著的正相关关系。在当地甜叶菊生产中施用K2O 120 kg/hm2,且在现蕾初期采摘叶片可获得较好收益。     

Morphological Changes in Leaves of Mexican Lime Affected by Iron Chlorosis

Iron (Fe) chlorosis reduces the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, photosynthates, and crop yield. The effect of Fe chlorosis on leaf composition and cell structure was evaluated in Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) with different degrees of Fe chlorosis. Iron chlorosis significantly reduced concentrations of chlorophylls a, b, and a + b, and caused thickening of leaves, due to the increase in palisade and spongy parenchyma cells. The chloroplasts of the chlorotic and albino leaves showed a disorganized ultrastructure; they had an elongated shape with disarrayed thylakoids, underdeveloped grana, scarce starch granules, and hole-like folds in the thylakoid membranes. The accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals in the upper and lower sides of the epidermis, crystal length, and total crystal content increased with Fe chlorosis severity. The green leaves, in contrast, had chloroplasts with typical ultrastructure. The degree of Fe chlorosis in the leaves significantly affected the concentrations of potassium (K); Fe, manganese (Mn), Fe²⁺, and the phosphorus (P)/Fe and K/calcium (Ca) ratios.     

镉胁迫下钙对镉在玉米细胞中分布及对叶绿体结构与酶活性的影响

采用溶液培养试验、亚细胞组分分级分离技术、透射电子显微镜观察及生化分析等方法研究钙对镉胁迫下玉米根、叶组织镉的亚细胞分布、叶绿体超微结构及叶片RuBP 羧化酶和PEP 羧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,与缺钙加镉处理比较,镉毒害下添加钙,玉米根、叶细胞器和细胞质Cd 组分均显著下降,相应Ca 组分则显著增加,而细胞壁Cd 、Ca 含量各处理间均十分接近;镉毒害下添加钙,维管束鞘细胞基质片层及叶肉细胞基粒和基粒片层排列较好,维管束鞘细胞嗜锇粒大为减少,叶片RuBP和PEP羧化酶活性显著增加。说明Ca 对于Cd 胁迫下玉米叶片正常结构与功能的保持具有十分重要的意义。     

Analysis of sweet diterpene glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana: improved HPLC method

An improved analytical method was developed which may be applied to quality control of stevioside and rebaudioside A contents in dried leaves of Stevia rebaudiana before processing; in a selective sampling program searching for plants of higher yield in diterpene glycosides content; or when a large number of samples are sent to the laboratory for analysis. The procedure developed involves two steps: solvent extraction followed by an isocratic HPLC analysis. The sample, 1 g of dried leaves of S. rebaudiana, is ground and solvent-extracted with EtOH 70% (w/w) in Erlenmeyer flasks by shaking for 30 min in a 70 degrees C water bath. After the extract was cooled, it was filtered and analyzed by HPLC using an NH(2) column (250 x 4.6 mm) and a mixture of acetonitrile/water (80:20, v/v) as mobile phase, pH 5 adjusted with acetic acid. The detection was in the UV range at 210 nm (0.04 AUFS). Quantitation was performed by means of an external standard calibration curve for each analyte which had been obtained from standard solutions of pure stevioside and rebaudioside A. Working under these conditions there were no observed interference effects. The method saves time in sample preparation, and reduces sample handling and chromatographic analysis time, while having little loss of precision [coefficient of variation (CV%) between 1.8% and 3.0%] and recovery [between 98.5% and 100.5%]. The method was applied to 30 samples of S. rebaudiana from Misiones (Northeastern Argentina), and the stevioside content found ranged between 3.78 and 9.75% (weight) whereas Rebaudioside A content ranged between 1.62 and 7.27% (weight).     

Metabolism of stevioside and rebaudioside A from Stevia rebaudiana extracts by human microflora

Stevia rebaudiana standardized extracts (SSEs) are used as natural sweeteners or dietary supplements in different countries for their content of stevioside or rebaudioside A. These compounds possess up to 250 times the sweetness intensity of sucrose, and they are noncaloric and noncariogenic sweeteners. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro transformation of stevioside and rebaudioside A after incubation with human microflora, the influence of these sweeteners on human microbial fecal community and which specific groups metabolize preferentially stevioside and rebaudioside A. The experiments were carried out under strict anaerobic conditions in batch cultures inoculated with mixed fecal bacteria from volunteers. The hydrolysis was monitored by HPLC coupled to photodiode array and mass spectrometric detectors. Isolated bacterial strains from fecal materials incubated in selective broths were added to stevioside and rebaudioside A. These sweeteners were completely hydrolyzed to their aglycon steviol in 10 and 24 h, respectively. Interestingly, the human intestinal microflora was not able to degrade steviol. Furthermore, stevioside and rebaudioside A did not significantly influence the composition of fecal cultures; among the selected intestinal groups, bacteroides were the most efficient in hydrolyzing Stevia sweeteners to steviol.     

Stevioside enhances satellite cell activation by inhibiting of NF-κB signaling pathway in regenerating muscle after cardiotoxin-induced injury

Stevioside, a noncaloric sweetener isolated from Stevia rebaudiana, exhibits anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects through interference of nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B pathway. We investigated whether this anti-inflammatory property of stevioside could improve muscle regeneration following cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury. Adult male Wistar rats received stevioside orally at an accepted daily dosage of 10 mg kg?1 for 7 days before cardiotoxin injection at the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of the right hindlimb (the left hindlimb served as control), and stevioside administration was continued for 3 and 7 days. TA muscle was examined at days 3 and 7 postinjury. Although stevioside treatment had no significant effect in enhancing muscle regeneration as indicated by the absence of decreased muscle inflammation or improved myofibrillar protein content compared with vehicle treated injured group at day 7 postinjury, the number of MyoD-positive nuclei were increased (P < 0.05), with a corresponding decrease in NF-κB nuclear translocation (P < 0.05). This is the first study to demonstrate that stevioside could enhance satellite cell activation by modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in regenerating muscle following injury. Thus, stevioside may be beneficial as a dietary supplementation for promoting muscle recovery from injury. However, its pharmacological effect on muscle function recovery warrants further investigation.