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矮败小麦是继杂交水稻之后,我国农业领域又一重大发明。近日,由山西省农科院小麦研究所副研究员曹亚萍完成的“小麦特异矮败群体构建及新品种选育”农业攻关项目,利用矮败小麦高效育种工具,克服常规育种技术涉猎亲本少、手段局限性大、种质资源利用率低等关键问题,构建具有山西特色的矮败小麦育种群体,并建立起小麦优良性状动态基因库,为进一步高效培育高水平小麦新品种奠定了坚实基础。 相似文献
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小麦野生近缘植物具有优良的抗病特性,是改良普通小麦的宝贵遗传资源,是基因改良和培育高产、优质和高抗病性小麦的基础。为此,主要对小麦赤霉病、白粉病、叶锈病、条锈病、秆锈病等小麦主要病害的发生及危害情况进行简述,阐述了利用小麦野生近缘植物进行小麦主要病害的抗病性鉴定研究进展,包括苗期及成株期鉴定、温室及田间试验、分子标记辅助鉴定等,指出了小麦近缘野生植物与普通小麦直接或间接杂交转移优异基因情况,并对其发展前景进行了展望。 相似文献
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由真菌引起的病害可以在玉米叶片、茎秆和雌穗等部位及生长发育的各阶段发生,严重影响玉米产量及品质。培育和种植抗病品种是控制病害的重要途径,随着现代分子生物学的发展,全基因组及多组学技术的利用为玉米抗病基因的挖掘及抗性机制的解析提供了更可靠和更便捷的方式,通过分子育种与常规育种技术相结合改良现有种质也逐渐成为培育抗性种质的有效方式。本文综述了玉米常见真菌病害的抗病遗传、基因克隆及其育种利用的最新进展,展望了新抗病基因的挖掘和机理解析、广谱抗病基因及基因编辑等技术在玉米育种中的利用,以期促进玉米优良抗病新品种的培育。 相似文献
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小麦野生近缘植物物种丰富、类型多样,具有耐寒、抗旱、耐盐碱、抗病和高蛋白等优良特性,是小麦遗传资源的重要组成部分,是小麦育种优异外源基因的主要供体。新疆是小麦近缘植物的遗传多样性中心之一。此文简述了小麦野生近缘种的分布及意义,并着重综述新疆小麦野生近缘种的分布及研究利用情况,分析存在的问题,提出保护新疆小麦野生近缘种资源的必要性和应采取的有效措施。 相似文献
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小麦近缘野生植物的赤霉病抗源筛选及其利用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
赤霉病是禾谷镰刀菌等真菌侵染所造成的生育后期的气候型病害。世界各产麦区均有此病害发生,在气候潮湿、温暖多雨的地区尤为严重。培育抗病品种是解决赤霉病危害的根本途径。在披碱草、偃麦草、山羊草和鹅冠草等小麦近缘种属植物中已经鉴定出赤霉病抗性基因。携带赤霉病抗性基因的外源染色体可以通过附加、代换和易位导入小麦。本文综述了小麦近缘野生植物的赤霉病抗源,以及利用这些抗源进行小麦赤霉病抗性育种的研究进展。 相似文献
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J.W. Snape 《Euphytica》1998,100(1-3):207-217
The 1990s have seen an acceleration in the development of new biotechnologies which can increase the efficiency of wheat breeding
by providing new and novel sources of variation, speeding up the breeding cycle, and increasing the efficiency of selection.
This paper reviews the most significant technologies and their probable impact on wheat breeding into the next millennium.
Amongst techniques developed from the application of tissue culture methods, doubled haploid systems are at last making a
contribution through the development of the maize pollination system. By the introduction of various improvements, this is
now efficient enough to produce material from a range of adapted genotypes in large numbers, and varieties are entering national
list trials from this system. Developments in tissue culture have also led to the realistic possibility of genetically engineering
wheat, based on biolistic methods of gene delivery into immature embryos. Some problems relating to gene stability and expression
remain to be resolved, but targets, particularly with respect to disease and pest resistance and end-use quality, are now
being actively pursued. The development of the genetic wheat map using molecular marker systems has revolutionalised the power
of genetical analysis in wheat, enabling agronomic trait loci, whether major genes or QTL, to be identified, located and 'tagged'.
Additionally, strategies for the molecular cloning of loci are being developed, particularly by exploiting a comparative mapping
approach which combines the genetical information from all cereals in a common framework. This will lead to tools for modifying
crop phenotype in a directed fashion to produce improved and novel phenotypes.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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近年来,小麦叶锈病发生有加重趋势,培育抗病品种是减轻小麦叶锈病危害的环保有效途径。用12个小麦品种及35个含已知抗叶锈病基因的载体品系在苗期接种19个不同毒性的叶锈菌生理小种,通过基因推导和系谱分析发掘待测品种中的抗叶锈病基因,并通过分子标记检测进一步验证;在田间接种强毒性混合生理小种,进行成株期病情严重度与普遍率调查,筛选慢锈性品种。结果表明,在石新828、百农3217、济南2号、泰山1号、石特14、晋麦2148、烟农15、小偃6号、温麦6号共9个品种中检测到Lr1、Lr26、Lr34、Lr37和Lr46共5个抗叶锈病基因,其中部分品种中发现多个抗性基因。成株期筛选出百农3217、平阳27、济南2号、泰山1号、石特14、晋麦2148、碧蚂4号、烟农15、小偃6号、温麦6号共10个慢叶锈性品种,其中碧蚂4号和小偃6号等品种是我国小麦育种的骨干亲本,探究这些品种中的抗病基因对培育小麦抗叶锈病品种具有重要意义。 相似文献
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规模化定位小麦品种携带的抗白粉病基因对于抗病性种质创新和新品种选育具有重要的意义。本研究采用Illumina Infinium iSelect 90k SNP芯片结合集群分离分析法(bulked segregate analysis,BSA)对36个河南省小麦新品系携带的抗白粉病基因进行了定位。SNP芯片检测表明,在24个小麦品系构建的抗、感池DNA间可检测到一个明显富集的SNP峰,表明其可能携带单一主效抗白粉病基因;在其他12个小麦品系构建的抗、感池DNA间可检测到多个SNP峰,推测其可能含多个抗白粉病基因。有26个小麦品系在2AL染色体上检测到的SNP数目最多,推测其携带位于2AL染色体上的Pm4b抗白粉病基因。开发出与2AL染色体上抗白粉病基因紧密连锁的分子标记Xwggc116,可用于这些小麦品系中抗白粉病基因的分子检测。研究结果表明高通量SNP分析技术平台可以用来规模化定位小麦品种中的抗白粉病基因,明确了河南省抗白粉病小麦品系中携带Pm2、Pm4b、Pm21和新1BL/1RS易位等有限的抗白粉病基因,抗病基因资源非常狭窄,亟需引进新的多样化抗病基因资源,拓宽遗传基础,培育抗病小麦新品种。 相似文献
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SSR分子标记对24个春小麦育成品种的聚类分析 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
为了进一步了解新疆春小麦品种的遗传基础,给春小麦育种工作提供有益参考,利用SSR分子标记技术对24个新疆春小麦育成品种进行了遗传背景分析。结果表明:41对SSR引物共检测到432个等位位点,其中多态性位点占93.1%,引物多态性信息量(PIC)平均0.86;聚类分析在遗传距离0.8处,供试春小麦品种可分为4个大类,具有亲缘关系的品种并不一定能聚成一类,说明新疆春小麦育成品种间具有很丰富的遗传差异。 相似文献
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干旱缺水等自然灾害会导致小麦产量年度间变幅较大,尤其在小麦主产区黄淮地区更为严重。小麦抗旱节水育种是应对干旱的重大措施。本综述对小麦抗旱节水常规育种、抗旱节水分子遗传育种相关性状QTL定位、抗旱相关功能基因克隆鉴定、转基因等方面的研究进展进行了综述。水旱亲本杂交与异地交叉选择是卓有成效的常规育种方法,通过分子标记鉴定了关于根重、根长、胚芽鞘、高水分利用效率等相关性状的大量QTL;42个抗旱相关基因被克隆并进行基因功能分析和验证,均从不同代谢通路上影响着小麦抗旱性;14个来自不同供体的抗旱相关基因被研究者导入小麦品种后,转基因小麦植株的抗旱能力均得到不同程度的提高,部分植株在产量和其它抗逆性方面也得到提高。以上研究进展为抗旱节水小麦分子设计育种提供了理论依据和发展方向。 相似文献
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针对20世纪80年代中期川、渝麦区育种方向及审定品种与生产实践需要之间的矛盾,从生产发展、市场经济和人民需要出发,分析了当时审定小麦品种较多而推广应用较少的现象,总结了小穗小粒红皮种推广速度慢,农民不愿种植,大穗大粒白皮种推广速度快的原因。提出了“选育商品型高产优质抗病大穗大粒耐穗发芽白皮小麦新品种”的育种新方向。经过二十几年的努力,培育出了‘绵阳25’、‘绵阳26’、‘绵阳27’、‘绵阳28’、‘绵阳31号’、‘西科麦1号’、‘西科麦6号’等白皮小麦新品种,这些品种成为了四川省小麦第6次大更换的当家品种。为四川省和中国的小麦育种、小麦生产及国家的粮食安全作出了巨大贡献。通过以上品种的推广种植,表明白皮小麦品种在产量、品质、抗病性等方面不亚于红皮小麦品种,而在商品价值、推广速度方面明显优于红皮种。由此认为,突破传统红皮小麦品种容易选育审定的束缚,将市场经济、人们需求、社会发展紧密结合,选育商品型高产、优质、抗病、大穗大粒耐穗发芽小麦新品种将是西南麦区小麦育种的新方向。 相似文献
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小麦冬春轮回选择育种方法研究进展 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
江苏淮安地处中国南北气候分界线上(33°33′ N),冬季低于5℃的天数达112天,所有冬小麦都能通过春化,1月(最冷)平均气温在0.2℃以上,春小麦也可以安全越冬。经过多年研究与实践,利用中国独有的太谷核不育小麦、矮败小麦以及冬春性小麦品种在淮安地区开展冬春轮回选择育种,把轮回选择交配圃中生产的具有很高潜在育种价值的材料向全国更多地方的小麦育种单位提供,建立供种与优良材料部分返还制度,把冬春杂交、轮回选择和穿梭育种的优越性相结合,形成了一个投入小,效益高的小麦育种体系,并成功培育出了一系列小麦新品种,为提高小麦育种成效、丰富小麦育种手段开辟了新途径。总结了国内外轮回选择育种方法研究所取得的进展,并将以解决淮北地区小麦迟播、早熟、高产间矛盾;构建抗赤霉病轮回群体,创造出优异的赤霉病抗源;以轮回群体为材料诱导小麦单倍体育种;加强同国外科研单位的合作,引入国外优良种质资源,丰富群体的遗传变异;加强与矮败小麦育种体系单位的协作等方面的研究作为今后工作的重点,以期培育出适应性广、综合性状优良的小麦新品种。 相似文献
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Cisgenesis and genome editing: combining concepts and efforts for a smarter use of genetic resources in crop breeding 下载免费PDF全文
Teodoro Cardi 《Plant Breeding》2016,135(2):139-147
Plant genetic resources (PGR) represent valuable sources of genetic variability for crop breeding. The development of novel biotechnologies is necessary for increasing the efficiency of their use in pre‐breeding and breeding work. The genome sequencing of hundreds of genotypes and the mining of allele diversity in major crops and populations of landraces and wild relatives allow the isolation of genes underlying characters of interest and their precise modification or transfer into targeted varieties. The technological developments and applications of new plant breeding techniques (NPBT) that maximize the similarity with gene transfer by crossing (cisgenesis/intragenesis) or the accuracy of biotechnological approaches (genome editing) are reviewed. Their potentialities and current limitations as well as the possible advantages of using them separately or combined for the exploitation of PGR in crop breeding are also discussed. Above‐mentioned NPBT tackle some objections to the application of biotechnologies in agriculture and are under review worldwide to assess the possible exclusion from the current regulation systems for genetically modified plants. 相似文献
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Molecular markers in Brassica oilseed breeding: current status and future possibilities 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
As PCR techniques have developed over the last 15 years, a wealth of new DNA marker technologies have arisen which have enabled the generation of high‐density molecular maps for all the major Brassica crop species. Molecular markers have also been heavily used in analyses of genetic diversity in Brassica crops. The majority of the work utilizing molecular markers in Brassica oilseed breeding has to date been based on genetic mapping using various DNA marker systems in segregating populations generated for specific investigations of particular traits of interest. For numerous qualitative traits, traditional mapping approaches have led to the development of marker‐assisted selection strategies in oilseed Brassica breeding, and in some cases to map‐based cloning of the responsible genes. For quantitative traits, however, it has become apparent that traditional mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) is often not sufficient to develop effective markers for trait introgression or for identification of the genes responsible. In this case, allele‐trait association studies in non‐structured genetic populations represent an interesting new approach, provided the degree of gametic phase disequilibrium between the QTL and the marker loci is sufficient. Because Brassica species represent the closest crop plant relatives to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, significant progress will be achieved in the coming years through integration of candidate gene approaches in crop brassicas, using the detailed information now available for the Arabidopsis genome. Integration of information from the model plant with the increasing supply of data from physical mapping and sequencing of the diploid Brassica genomes will undoubtedly give great insight into the genetics underlying both simple and complex traits in oilseed rape. This review describes the current use of available genetic marker technologies in oilseed rape breeding and provides an outlook for use of new technologies, including single‐nucleotide polymorphism markers, candidate gene approaches and allele‐trait association studies. 相似文献