“获得易”——高效犊牛代乳粉试验结果分析报告

在两个奶牛农场共进行两次试验，试验组和对照组母犊各30头，试验组母犊饲喂5天初乳期后改用代乳粉，其精料、粗料两组均相同，试验期分33天和77天。试验组喂代乳粉期间生长发育正常，饲料转化效率有所提高，断奶后试验组的日增重反而比对照组高。表明犊牛代乳粉的营养价值完善，不但完全可用来代替全乳饲养母犊，而且还可以促进犊牛的早期生长发育，为培育高产奶牛打下了良好的基础；每头犊牛还可节省饲养成本210元左右(饲喂到断奶)。     

高饲料成本下断奶犊牛培育的营养调控措施

目的 为了解决奶牛养殖企业在降低断奶犊牛培育饲料成本上存在的难点。方法 本试验在天津嘉立荷牧业集团有限公司断奶犊牛饲养管理技术水平上,对犊牛前期配合料进行营养水平调整,研发新的犊牛后期配合料,并对比两种犊牛颗粒料在断奶犊牛中的饲喂效果。结果 饲喂两种犊牛颗粒料,断奶犊牛日粮总采食量、日增重、日增体高、日增体斜长和日增腹围无差异（P>0.05）,其中平均日粮总采食量分别为5.70 kg和5.90 kg,平均日增重分别为1.20 kg和1.22 kg,平均日增体高分别为0.23 cm和0.22 cm,平均日增体斜长分别为0.27 cm和0.28 cm,平均日增腹围分别为0.43 cm和0.44 cm;饲喂了犊牛后期配合料,断奶犊牛腹泻率降低了0.20 个百分点,日粮采食成本可节约133.98 元/头·d;日增重成本可节约24.36元/头·d。结论 犊牛后期配合料既能降低断奶犊牛培育的饲养成本,又能满足断奶犊牛生长发育营养需要。     

限量饲喂和自由采食酸化奶对犊牛生长发育和经济效益的影响

为了研究限量饲喂和自由采食酸化奶对犊牛生长发育和经济效益的影响,试验采用完全随机的方法,选择健康状况良好的荷斯坦母犊18头,随机均分为试验组和对照组,试验组限量饲喂酸化奶,对照组自由采食酸化奶。结果表明:60日龄犊牛的生长性能限量饲喂组好于自由采食组;饲养成本和腹泻率限量饲喂组低于自由采食组。说明限量饲喂可以提高犊牛增重,降低养殖成本和腹泻率,并且断奶应激反应较自由采食的犊牛小,更容易适应断奶后的饲养条件,后期生长潜力更大,选择限量饲喂的饲养方法更有利于牧场的犊牛培育。     

断奶犊牛饲喂代乳粉的好处

<正>代乳粉是一种含有一定乳成分、无菌生产的,饲喂成本比全乳低的代乳饲料,其价格低廉、使用方便。1传统的饲喂方式培育犊牛是奶牛养殖业的关键环节,加强犊牛的培育是提高牛群质量和生产水平的重要措施。我国在犊牛的的培育上多采用传统的饲喂模式,即用鲜牛奶饲喂犊牛,犊牛60日龄断奶。培育1头犊牛需消耗牛     

代乳粉早期替代鲜奶饲喂犊牛的可行性研究

为了探究在犊牛饮奶早期采用代乳粉替代鲜奶是否可行,开展了本试验。在60 d的试验期内,对照组的犊牛一直饲喂鲜奶,试验组的犊牛饲喂2 d的初乳后,经过6 d的过渡期,从第9 d起全部饲喂代乳粉,两组犊牛每顿饲喂乳品的量保持相等。试验结果显示:试验组犊牛的腹泻率较对照组降低了25%,平均断奶重及平均日增重与对照组相比分别提高了4.70 kg、81 g,差异均达到显著水平(P0.05);通过成本分析,试验组每头犊牛能节约575元的饲养成本。可见采用代乳粉早期替代鲜奶饲喂犊牛是可行的。     

美国生长和肥育肉牛生产体系的介绍

<正>在美国肉牛生产体系随地理位置的不同有所差异,大多数犊牛断奶后可直接进入肥育场,也可进入架子牛饲养场(生长阶段)。带犊母牛饲养企业开始倾向于自己饲喂犊牛,直至屠宰。本文重点介绍美国生长和肥育肉牛的集约饲养体系和粗放饲养体系。在集约饲养体系中,犊牛断奶后被直接送入围栏肥育场肥育;而在粗放饲养体系中,断奶犊牛将进行不定时间的放牧,然后在肥育场中用肥育饲粮肥育。1集约化饲养体系与自由采食粗饲料类型饲粮的方式相比,饲喂谷物类型     

犊牛早期断奶营养调控技术的研究进展

犊牛早期断奶已成为规模养殖场提高奶牛、肉牛养殖水平和效益的重要技术之一,随着犊牛早期断奶补饲技术的不断深入,对犊牛的断奶时间、补饲水平以及饲养管理技术的积累都取得了长足的进步,成为犊牛早期断奶成功与否的关键。为此,本文从干物质采食量、犊牛断奶日龄、营养水平、蛋白来源、能氮水平、营养调控、断奶时间、断奶方式和环境等方面介绍了犊牛早期断奶营养调控技术管理要点,以供参考。     

固液饲料饲喂水平对犊牛生长及胃肠道发育影响的研究进展

近年来,奶牛养殖业迅猛发展,而犊牛培育是其健康稳定发展的关键因素之一。寻求最佳的饲料饲喂水平促进犊牛健康快速的生长是极为重要的。犊牛饲料包括固体饲料和液体饲料,是犊牛饲喂的根本,其中液体饲料包括初乳、牛奶、代乳粉等;固体饲料则包括开食料和不同饲草等。固液饲料平稳过渡是犊牛饲喂成功的关键,也是多年来专家学者研究的重点。另外,断奶日龄与固液饲料饲喂水平紧密相关,也是犊牛饲喂模式中的重要指标。本文阐述了犊牛固液饲料饲喂水平与其采食量间的相互关系,总结了固液饲料饲喂水平及断奶日龄对犊牛瘤胃发育、生长性能的影响,提出了在犊牛饲喂模式中仍然需要探索的问题。希望能够找到犊牛饲喂领域所急需的固液饲料饲喂水平与断奶日龄相结合的最适宜的饲喂模式,促进犊牛生长发育,为后期充分发挥生产性能打下良好的基础,进而提高养牛行业的经济效益。     

犊牛代乳粉的研究进展

犊牛出生后,其生存环境由恒温过度到变温、由无菌过渡到有菌,营养物质由血液供给变为胃肠道消化供给。犊牛瘤胃功能尚未健全,鲜牛奶可以说是理想的饲料,我国大多数犊牛饲喂牛奶,犊牛自出生到断奶约需要消耗牛奶350～450kg/头。随着动物生理营养和消化生理的研究不断深入,对犊牛的消化代谢生理和营养需要有了更深的了解,犊牛的饲养方式发生了根本改变。世界各国对奶牛代乳粉开展了广泛的研究,用代乳粉饲喂犊牛已经成为现实,现代奶牛业的工厂化和集约化发展要求犊牛早期断奶并快速生长。Heinrichs(1995)报道,采用营养全面、易于消化吸收的代…     

饲喂代乳料对奶公犊的培育效果研究

目前在大多数奶牛生产体系中，广大奶农为了避免奶公犊消耗牛奶而直接将其以低价出售甚至宰杀，造成犊牛资源浪费。应充分开发利用这一资源，对奶公犊进行良好的饲养管理，饲喂为肉牛出售，提高经济效益，促进畜牧业发展。改变传统的培育犊牛方式，实行早期断奶，饲喂犊牛专用代乳粉，以节约鲜奶，降低饲养成本，提高经济效益。     

The effect of cellulase on calves fed an acidified milk diet]

The purpose of this research was to establish the influence of 3 j Cx cellulase applied per gram of COT concentrate mixture, fed in combination with a milk diet acidified by formic acid to the value of pH 4.6, on calf growth performance in one metabolism and two field experiments. In the metabolism experiment two groups of calves, with six animals in each, were fed acidified whole milk, which was diluted stage by stage till weaning at 60 days of age. The average live weight gain in the control at the end of the milk feeding period, i.e. from 14 to 60 days of age, was 29.90 kg. This corresponds to a daily live weight gain of 0.650 g. The total live weight gain of male calves in the experimental group was 29.30 kg, corresponding to a daily live weight gain of 0.638 g (Tab. I). Tab. II shows the average feed and nutrient intakes per kg live weight gain. The calves which received the enzyme supplement tend to have the higher feed conversion rate. During the forage feeding period, i.e. from 61 to 90 days of age, the average daily live weight gains were 1.10 kg and 0.980 kg in the control and experimental groups, respectively (Tab. III). The average live weight of 90 days old male calves was 107.70 kg and 103.90 kg in the control and experimental groups, respectively. The amount of consumed nutrients (digestible protein and starch units); in relation to the total feed intakes, is lower in the experimental groups, which proves the higher feed conversion rate (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

谷饲、乳饲奶公牛犊直线育肥报告

[目的]为了研究奶公牛犊不同营养水平饲料下增重变化及具体饲料报酬。[方法]本实验将39头奶公牛犊分成四组（A组为精粮型,B组为粗粮型,C组为代乳粉组,D组为全脂奶粉组）进行饲养对比实验。每月进行体重测量和数据统计。[结果]A组体重302．4±38．79kg,日增重1．67±0．27kg,每千克增重饲料成本11．3元,B组体重284．27±26．54kg,日增重1．56±0．24kg。每千克增重饲料成本9．3元,;C组体重261．4±19．96kg,日增重1．556±0．089kg,每千克增重饲料成本27．1元,D组体重278．25±14．53kg,日增重1．585±0．231kg,每千克增重饲料成本27．8元。[结论]各组之间增重差异不显著,但谷饲可以有效降低饲养成本,代乳粉与全脂奶粉对增重影响差异不显著。     

代乳粉在犊牛早期断奶技术中应用的试验研究

22头体重相近的荷斯坦犊牛随机分为2组,试验组饲喂代乳料,对照组饲喂新鲜牛奶。经60d的饲喂试验发现,试验组增重比对照组多5.3kg/头,且差异极显著(P<0.01),日增重比对照组提高了88.3g/d,差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

Growth of rearing calves in relation to lysine contents of milk replacer and calf starter and feeding frequency of milk replacer

In two factorial feeding experiments with 90 and 102 rearing calves the effect of addition of extra lysine to the milk replacer in combination with a low and high lysine content of the calf starter on dry matter intake and weight gain was studied. Once or twice daily milk feeding was also compared. The calves received milk replacer up to the age of 8 weeks and calf starter and hay ad libitum from the 3rd week on. The experiments lasted to the age of 12 respectively 10 weeks. In the first experiment increasing the lysine content of the milk replacer from 14.5 g/kg to 18.5 g/kg had no effect on dry matter intake and weight gain. In the second experiment increasing the content of lysine to 17 g/kg resulted in higher intake of dry matter and higher weight gain, but only in combination with a calf starter with a low lysine content (6 g/kg). In the first experiment twice daily milk feeding resulted in higher intake of concentrate and higher weight gain as compared to once daily. In the second experiment this was only so if the starter had the lower lysine content. Increasing the lysine content of calf starter from 7 to 8.5 g/kg had no effect on dry matter intake and weight gain in the preweaning period in the first experiment. In the second experiment increasing the lysine content from 6 to 8.5 g/kg led to higher intake of concentrate and higher weight gain. This effect was only seen if the milk replacer had no extra lysine added. In the postweaning period there was no effect of increasing the lysine content from 7 to 8.5 g/kg (Exp. I). Increasing the lysine content from 6 to 8.5 g/kg led to higher dry matter intake and higher weight gain (Exp. II). These results are discussed in the light of the partial degradability of the concentrate protein in the rumen and the effect of duodenally available lysine on feed intake and weight gain.     

自动化饲喂饲养模式下哺乳犊牛的饲养管理

犊牛是牧场发展的后备军,优质的犊牛培育是牧场可持续发展的有利保障之一。因此,科学的犊牛饲养管理措施和合理的犊牛饲养模式对于犊牛培育极其重要。通过对自动化饲喂饲养模式下哺乳犊牛的饲喂技术、管理措施以及疾病预防等方面进行综述,重点介绍初乳、饲喂计划、补饲、奶粉及开食料、饲喂标准、饲养环境、管理细节差异、疾病治疗方案等内容,以期对自动化饲喂饲养模式下的牧场提供参考。     

The effect of monensin on performance and selected biochemical and hematological parameters in the blood of calves]

The aim of this study was to find out the influence of monensin, a ionophore antibiotic, on calf performance and selected physiological parameters. Monensin is a product of Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It has effects on all Gram-negative microbes, such as Escherichia coli, salmonellas, pseudomonads and vibria. It has a small effect on Gram-positive microbes. At the beginning of the experiment eight young crossbred bulls (C x N) at the age of three weeks were weighted and divided into two groups, experimental and control ones. Calves were kept in individual boxes and fed acidified whole milk (2 ml of 85% formic acid per 1 litre of milk). They had a free access to concentrates (COT), hay and drinking water. The calves received 3 lt. of whole milk twice a day until the age of eight weeks. 0.5 mg of monensin per 1 kg live weight were served orally to calves of the experimental group every day. Monensin was made by the Spofa Corporation, Prague. Daily intake of feed was recorded and the calves were weighted once a week. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein before the beginning of the experiment, and in the period from the fifth to the tenth week of age, always before morning feeding. The average daily live weight gain was 0.452 kg and 0.471 kg for the control and experimental group, respectively, during the milk feeding period, the index being 104.2 (Tab. I). Tab. II shows the average feed intake per 1 kg live weight gain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

犊牛群组饲养常见的误区及解决方案

断奶前犊牛群组饲养模式因其能实现犊牛机械化饲养和提高犊牛福利等优势,正逐步被国内牧场所接受并应用。但任何工艺模式在推广实施过程中,都会存在其相应的使用条件和限制因素。本文针对目前国内牧场犊牛群组饲养过程中出现的问题进行了归纳总结,列举了10 个主要认识误区,以期为犊牛群组饲养模式在牧场推广应用提供参考。     

Optimizing the growth and immune system of dairy calves by subdividing the pre-weaning period and providing different milk volumes for each stage

In systematically considering the advantages and disadvantages of complementarity in high or low milk feeding, novel milk feeding schemes involving altering the volume of supplied milk in different stages of the pre-weaning period but maintaining the total milk feeding volume were tested. Twenty-seven newborn male Holstein calves were selected and randomly assigned to 3 treatments. Calves in the control (CON) group were fed 7 L of milk daily from 4 to 66 d of age. Calves in the low-high (LH) group were fed 6 L of milk daily at the beginning, and then the daily feeding volume was later increased to 7 to 8 L of milk, which served as the early-period low-volume feeding group. The calves in the high-low (HL) group were fed 7 to 8 L daily at the beginning, and then the daily feeding volume was decreased to 6 L of milk, which served as the early-period high-volume feeding group. Then all calves were fed 3 L of milk daily from 67 to 70 d of age, weaned at 70 d of age, and then fed starter feed to 100 d of age. All calves had access to the starter feed from 15 to 100 d of age. The diarrheal condition of calves was recorded daily and the growth performance including the starter feed intake and body weight of calves was recorded at 70 and 100 d of age. Then, five 100-d-old calves from each treatment were sampled for measurement of plasma indices, ruminal morphology, and volatile fatty acids. When compared with the CON and LH groups, calves in the HL group exhibited a significantly increased body weight and lower diarrhoeal rate. When compared with the CON group, calves in the HL group exhibited a significantly increased average daily feed intake, ruminal epithelium papillae length, total volatile fatty acids, and percentages of propionate and butyrate. Moreover, the significantly increased plasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) content and a trend of decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) content (P = 0.083) were also identified in the HL group when compared with the CON group. Overall, the early-period high-volume feeding for calves produced greater body weight gain and a lower incidence of diarrhea.     

Effect of Different Culture Ways on Health and Development of Japanese Black Calves

The test was conducted to study the effect of different culture ways on health and development of Japanese Black calves in cold area,20 healthy and newborn calves were divided into 2 groups using single factor randomized block design.Calves of control group were fed using traditional feeding method while calves of experimental group were fed using artificial feeding method.The test period was 180 d,body weight and body steep size indexes of calves were measured,and the health condition of calves were observed.The results showed that when weaned at 3 months old,body weight and average daily gain of calves in experimental group were significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05);Body weight and average daily gain of calves with 6 months old in experimental group were significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05);The fecal index,diarrhea rate,diarrhea frequency and death rate of experimental group were lower than that of control group,and the difference of diarrhea rate and diarrhea frequency were significant (P<0.05).And the respiratory disease incidence,incidence frequency and death rate of experimental group were lower than that of control group,the difference of the three indexes were significant (P<0.05).The results suggested that artificial feeding method could improve the Japanese Black calves survival rate,strengthen the prevention of diarrhea and respiratory disease and sufficiently play the potential to improve calf weaning weight.It not only could reduce the economic costs of farms,and also significantly improve the economic efficiency of domestic high-quality beef cattle.