犊牛消化不良病因的研究进展

犊牛消化不良,又称消化不良性腹泻,是哺乳期犊牛胃肠消化机能障碍的总称,主要临床特征为腹泻,15 日龄以内常发。病初表现为单纯性消化不良,如果得不到及时救治则发展为中毒性消化不良,出现严重的水样腹泻甚至死亡。针对病因提前进行预防是有效防控本病的关键。本文从消化不良的机制出发,结合生产实践从母牛饲养管理、犊牛接生和饲养环境、犊牛饲养管理及犊牛应激四个方面阐述生产环节上可能导致消化不良的原因,强调了母牛干奶期管理、犊牛初乳管理、饲养环境管理和防控应激的重要性。     

哺乳期犊牛健康管理

哺乳期犊牛是奶牛生命周期的开始,也是奶牛整个生命周期中最为脆弱的阶段,其健康状况可直接影响牧场的可持续发展和经营效率。在哺乳期,犊牛可面临多种疾病的挑战,但消化道疾病和呼吸道疾病是全球奶牛养殖业面临的共性问题。本文对哺乳期犊牛健康状况、初乳管理、犊牛腹泻和呼吸道疾病的管理进行了梳理,并对其防控提出了建议。初乳管理方面分析了影响初乳质量的因素、初乳储存与处理和饲喂管理;犊牛健康管理部分叙述了产圈管理、饲养环境和饲喂方式、营养及饲喂管理、疫苗免疫、通风、疾病早期诊断、应激管理和患犊管理。     

犊牛病原性腹泻流行情况及综合防控研究概述

犊牛病原性腹泻是新生犊牛的一种常见问题,对养牛业危害很大,且病原较为复杂,不同地区该病的流行情况、临床症状和死亡率都不尽相同。大批文献从不同角度对该病进行了报道,本文对引起犊牛腹泻的主要病原、病原性犊牛腹泻在我国的流行情况以及主要的防控手段进行了总结,以期为临床有效防控犊牛病原性腹泻提供参考。     

犊牛腹泻防治

正犊牛腹泻可分为感染性腹泻和消化不良性腹泻两种,以10日龄左右犊牛多发,初冬到早春多见。1病因1.1饲喂不当犊牛没有及时吃上初乳、初乳喂量不足,母牛患乳腺炎导致初乳不洁等均可导致犊牛抗病力低下而发病。1.2母牛营养不全母牛妊娠期日粮粗劣,缺乏蛋白质、维生素、矿物质,可导致产下的犊牛发育不良,体弱,抗病力低下而腹泻。     

犊牛腹泻的治疗措施

<正>犊牛腹泻是兽医临床上常见的病。其临床症状随腹泻诱因不同而异。我站近几年来门诊共治疗犊牛腹泻病例210头,占犊牛病例总数的80%以上,其中消化不良性腹泻102头,占犊牛腹泻的48.7%;寄生虫性腹泻70头,占33.3%;细菌性腹泻38头,占18%。现就本人临床经验对犊牛腹泻的治疗措施介绍如下。1病因1.1消化不良:多见于哺乳期的犊牛。母牛特     

犊牛病毒性腹泻的防治

犊牛病毒性腹泻是由多种肠道病毒感染而引起的急性腹泻综合症,临床以精神不振、呕吐和腹泻为主要表现,本病常成群暴发,具有发病率高、死亡率低的特点,1~3周龄的犊牛发病最为严重;犊牛出生后务必第一时间吃够足量的初乳,加强母牛管理有助于防控本病,尽早口服微生态制剂也能减少发病率;治疗本病以防止脱水、酸中毒和继发感染为原则进行对症治疗。     

不同药物治疗犊牛腹泻的效果分析

<正>犊牛腹泻属于新生犊牛比较常发的急性腹泻疾病,该腹泻的原因是犊牛肠道内的细菌、病毒等病原微生物,以及营养性因素、环境性因素导致犊牛自身免疫力下降,综合影响产生的一种临床病症。犊牛腹泻在任何季节均可发生,但犊牛出生一个月内腹泻的发病率和死亡率最高。根据犊牛腹泻情况看有3个发病高发期,分别是犊牛初乳阶段(1～3天);犊牛初乳换常乳阶段(7～10天);     

用乌梅汤治疗犊牛腹泻

<正>犊牛腹泻症多发生在出生后一月龄犊牛,其中以腹泻、腹痛、脱水症状最为明显。如果治疗不及时则出现体温下降、眼窝下陷、神经症状痉挛及瘫痪等,严重者因脱水、酸中毒3-7天内死亡。笔者根据犊牛的发病原因及特征,用乌梅汤治疗犊牛腹泻28例,治愈26例,无效2例,效果良好,现介绍如下。1病因1.1初乳饲喂不足犊牛不能获得母源抗体而     

犊牛腹泻的主要原因及综合防控措施

<正>腹泻是犊牛期饲养管理过程中最主要的健康问题,也是规模养牛场中导致犊牛死亡的最常见原因之一。犊牛腹泻的原因很多,表现出的严重程度各异,可从最轻微的消化不良到致死性的病原微生物感染,不仅严重危害犊牛健康,还会严重影响牛场的经济效益和可持续发展。所以,犊牛腹泻的防控是犊牛饲养管理的重中之重。1腹泻症状犊牛腹泻病因复杂,临床表现根据病程可从稀软粪便至半昏迷状态等多种表现。发病初期患病犊牛排出稀软、水样粪便,随着病     

我国奶牛场犊牛饲养管理现状调查与犊牛腹泻风险因素分析

为了对我国犊牛饲养管理现状进行阐述，同时鉴定我国规模化奶牛场中致犊牛腹泻的风险因素，本调查采用网络调查问卷和多元线性回归法，收集国内奶牛场产犊管理、初乳管理、犊牛日常饲养管理和腹泻犊牛治疗的相关信息并从中分析致犊牛腹泻的风险因素。结果显示，受访的57个奶牛场中，犊牛腹泻年平均发病率为22.53%(2.50%～97.50%,分位数：1.0%～80.0%);问卷所得信息经整理分析后展示了受访奶牛场在产犊管理、初乳管理、犊牛日常饲养管理和腹泻犊牛治疗方面的现状；风险因素分析结果显示，寒冷季节、初乳采用60℃1 h的巴氏杀菌程序、产圈垫料更换频率低于1次/2周、奶桶消毒频率低于1次/7 d、仅采用口服补液治疗腹泻犊牛均与犊牛腹泻发病率呈正相关；出生2 h和出生12 h进行脐带消毒、产圈垫料更换频率为1周1次、使用独立的产圈、使用初乳折射仪检测初乳质量、由兽医或犊牛饲养员饲喂初乳、以抗生素为主配合口服或静脉补液和以口服补液为主配合抗生素治疗犊牛腹泻与犊牛腹泻发病率呈负相关。本调查归纳总结了当前国内奶牛场犊牛饲养管理现状，分析了导致犊牛腹泻的相应风险因素，为进一步提高国内犊牛饲养管理水平提供参考。     

京津冀地区牧场犊牛饲养管理现状分析及建议

犊牛的健康不仅关系生产者的经济效益、动物福利,而且关系奶牛养殖业的良性发展以及公共卫生防疫安全和人类健康.研究表明早期营养调控和饲养管理可改善犊牛生长发育.因此,针对不同规模牧场犊牛饲养现状进行调研分析,有利于提高牧场的综合防治水平,减少犊牛的死亡率.本次调研通过调查问卷和调研走访的形式对京津冀地区的34个牧场展开调研...     

口鼻污染引起犊牛腹泻的防范

新生犊牛腹泻发病率及死亡率较高,给牧场造成了严重的经济损失。新生犊牛口鼻污染是导致1～14日龄犊牛腹泻的主要诱发因素之一。从生产管理角度出发防控口鼻污染引发的犊牛腹泻是防止新生犊牛腹泻的关键措施。接助产的规范管理是防范该病的重要一环,产前准备、分娩过程的干预,新生犊牛的护理等环节的管理不当都可能引起新生犊牛口鼻污染引发的腹泻的发病率的升高。此外,犊牛舍和牧场的环境卫生管理、犊牛饮食管理和牧场工作人员管理等其他方面也可能导致该病的高发。本文将从这几个方面阐述如何防范新生犊牛口鼻污染。     

一例冠状病毒、轮状病毒混合感染引起犊牛腹泻的诊治

2022年3月,河南省某规模化奶牛养殖场发生一起新生犊牛腹泻病例,在流行病学调查、临床症状观察、病理剖检的基础上,采集6头腹泻犊牛的新鲜粪便进行了寄生虫卵检查、小球隐孢子虫、牛轮状病毒、冠状病毒、大肠杆菌K99抗体检测,血液样品进行了牛病毒性腹泻病毒抗原检测,组织样品进行了细菌分离。结果表明牛轮状病毒抗原6头阳性,阳性率100%;冠状病毒抗原4头阳性、2头阴性,阳性率66.7%;其他病原均为阴性。根据临床症状、病理变化和实验室检测结果,确诊该病例为牛冠状病毒和轮状病毒混合感染引起的犊牛腹泻。根据诊断结果,采取了改善饲养管理、补液、收敛、止泻等综合性防治措施,疫情得到了有效的控制,为临床防治犊牛腹泻提供了参考。     

使用酵母培养物AYC-X6防治犊牛腹泻效果

[目的]犊牛腹泻是犊牛最常见的消化道疾病,是由饲养管理和多种感染性病原微生物共同作用引起。为研究在犊牛日粮中添加酵母培养物防治犊牛腹泻效果。[方法]在宁夏固原现代农业园区肉牛繁育基地随机选取120头2.5月以下犊牛作为试验牛群,对照组和试验组各60头,试验组犊牛每头每天添加30 g酵母培养物AYC-X6,对照组不添加。[结果]结果表明,试验组犊牛腹泻发病率减少35%,死亡率减少8%;平均每头治疗成本节省8.4元/头。[结论]犊牛日粮中添加酵母培养物AYC-X6,有利于建立健康稳定的瘤胃微生物菌群,对犊牛腹泻有很好的防治效果。     

Effects of natural zeolite clinoptilolite on passive immunity and diarrhea in newborn Holstein calves

In the present study, the effects of natural zeolite clinoptilolite on absorption of immunoglobulins from colostrum and incidence of enteric diseases were evaluated. In a completely randomised design, thirty Holstein calves were fed pooled colostrum and then milk containing zero (control), 0.5 (T1), 1.0 (T2), 1.5 (T3) and 2.0 (T4) g clinoptilolite per kg body weight per day through day 45. Blood was collected after birth and at 24 h of age and plasma IgG and IgM concentrations were determined. Fecal consistency score and severity of diarrhea were recorded for each calf twice daily. Calves receiving T3 and T4 had lower (P < 0.05) plasma IgG concentration than control and other treatments. Calves on T2 had higher (P < 0.05) plasma IgG concentration than T3 and T4, but not T1 and control. Inclusion of clinoptilolite to colostrum did not affect (P > 0.05) IgM absorption from the intestine of newborn calves. Fecal consistency scores were lower (P < 0.05) for calves on T1 and T2 and higher for calves on T3 and T4 than calves on control. Percent calf days with diarrhea followed the same trend. In overall, seven calves died, those being one each on control and T1, two on T3 and three on T4. Based upon these results, addition of 1.0 g clinoptilolite per kg body weight per day to colostrum and milk could reduce diarrhea, but its effect on passive immunity was negligible. Over 1.0 g/kg body weight per day, clinoptilolite had adverse effect on passive immunity and diarrhea.     

高寒牧区牦牛犊腹泻病防治技术规程

本标准规定了高寒牧区牛犊腹泻病的诊断和防治。本标准适用于牦牛生产专业合作社,放牧牦牛和动物诊疗单位对牛轮状病毒、大肠杆菌、隐孢子虫及消化功能不全引起的腹泻引起犊牛腹泻病的防治。     

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Escherichia Coli in Neonatal Calf Enteritis

This study was initiated to determine the etiologic and pathogenic significance of an American strain of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus (strain NADL-MD) in enteritis of neonatal calves (calf scours).

Three colostrum-fed calves from dams exposed intravenously to BVD virus at 6, 16 and 25 days prepartum, respectively, had moderate diarrhea persisting until the eighth day of life. The BVD virus was isolated from all 3 calves and persisted up to 93 days in 1 calf, indicating either that BVD was transmitted in utero or via the dam's milk.

Three specific pathogen free (SPF) calves permitted dams' colostrum for the first 4 feedings and then given milk replacer were exposed orally on the day of birth to BVD virus. One calf died of neonatal enteritis 28 hours post-exposure and at necropsy the BVD virus was isolated from several of its organs. The remaining 2 calves had a mild diarrhea persisting to the eighth day of age.

Two calves permitted dams' colostrum ad lib. for 72 hours, and then weaned, were exposed orally to BVD virus. Both calves had a mild persistent diarrhea and BVD virus was isolated from their blood for 56 days post-exposure.

Of 13 SPF, colostrum-deprived calves exposed orally or intranasally at birth to the BVD virus, 4 had severe diarrhea and died of neonatal enteritis from 38 hours to 13 days postexposure. Isolations of BVD virus were made from several of the organs of the calves at necropsy. All of the 9 surviving calves had a moderate to severe diarrhea frequently persisting for 7 to 10 days, and BVD virus was isolated from the survivors up to 103 days postexposure.

Several strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from calves after the second day of life, but were neither pathogenic for mice, nor serologically related to strains of E. coli usually associated with outbreaks of calf scours. Four colostrum-deprived SPF calves were exposed orally at birth to a strain of E. coli isolated from the intestine of the calf with the most acute symptoms and fatal neonatal enteritis. None of the four calves receiving the E. coli had diarrhea. One calf, however, had respiratory distress and died on day 5.

Two SPF colostrum-deprived control calves had neither diarrhea nor respiratory distress.

The above findings support the conclusion that BVD virus should not be overlooked as a primary cause of the neonatal calf enteritis complex.