几种降温措施在温室夏季降温中的应用研究

在夏季种植黄瓜的塑料温室内，利用冬季供热的水源热泵设备，配合外遮阳、内喷雾遮阳膜和温室上部的强制通风措施，研究了几种降温措施对温室夏季降温的效果，结果表明：试验用水源热泵的实际制冷系数为3.38，遮阳网的降温贡献率为59.35%，强制通风的降温贡献率为9.2%。当单位温室面积实际制冷功率为157.5 W/m²时，温室内平均温度较室外降低1.0℃，水源热泵在综合降温措施中的降温贡献率为31.5%。在中午前后开启水源热泵降温期间，在距地面1.5 m高度，温室东西水平方向温度分布均匀，南北方向15.0 m的距离内存在1.7℃的温差，温室中部距地面2.0 m高度的作物生长空间内存在1.6℃的温差，种植的黄瓜生长良好。采用水源热泵对温室冬季加温夏季降温时，应以满足夏季降温要求进行水源热泵的选型设计。     

太阳能蓄热联合空气源热泵的温室加热试验

针对日光温室被动采光蓄热的特点,该文在2014年1-2月期间,针对西安地区-6~10℃冬季气温条件下,开展了太阳能蓄热联合空气源热泵温室加热试验研究,通过对比太阳能蓄热联合空气源热泵系统改善温室内的空气温度、湿度及土壤温度等环境因素,分析评价太阳能联合空气源热泵系统在日光温室冬季应用的性能,结果表明:太阳能蓄热联合空气源热泵加热系统不仅明显提高了温室内的空气温度和土壤温度,也有效降低了温室内的湿度;在试验天气条件下,热泵单独供热时,系统的性能系数COP(coefficient of performance)在2.09~2.45之间;太阳能联合空气源热泵供热时,系统的COP在3.45~5.56之间;相比于其他天气工况,晴天条件下,太阳能蓄热供热时间较长,热泵补充供热时间缩短,系统的COP较高;采用地暖联合风机盘管作为末端供热方式,能够维持较高的室内气温和土壤温度,降低室内相对湿度。该文为今后进一步简化温室结构和降低建设成本,实现日光温室主动采光蓄热,奠定前期研究基础。     

基于热平衡模型的温室地表水源热泵系统供暖设计与试验

为降低长江三角洲温室冬季供暖能耗,提出一种采用温室运行热负荷预测技术进行开放式温室地表水源热泵供暖系统（surface water-source heat hump system,SWSHPS）的供暖设计方法。结合温室的工程运行实际和各种环境因素,建立了温室热平衡预测模型。并采用MATLAB/SIMULINK模块进行了8种温室环境条件下的能量数值模拟,计算了温室不同覆盖材料和保温幕状态的能耗,当室外空气温度为0℃时,纳米掺锑二氧化锡涂膜玻璃温室比普通浮法玻璃温室可减少能耗23%,夜间开启保温幕比收拢可减少能耗22%。最后进行了温室冬季供暖试验,试验结果表明：室内空气温度垂直分布较均匀,能够满足设计要求,1月份系统平均制热性能系数（coefficient of performance,COP）值为2.3。基于热平衡预测模型设计的温室地表水水源热泵供暖系统是可行的。     

组装式太阳能双效温室应用效果试验

为解决目前日光温室普遍存在的设备简陋、环境调控与抗寒防病能力差、土地利用率与劳动生产效率低的问题,建造了组装式太阳能双效温室并进行试验。该文分别选择内保温和外保温太阳能双效温室(温室内配置太阳能集热器、蓄热水池和热泵机组在内的太阳能热泵系统)测试其保温降湿性能和增产效果,主要测试指标为空气最低温度、日平均温度、光照度、空气相对湿度,种植作物的单株产量、单位面积产量。测试结果表明:内保温组装式太阳能双效温室室内最低气温都在9℃以上,与对照温室相比,1月份试验温室室内平均气温提高3.4℃,1月份室内平均最低气温提高4.0℃;外保温太阳能双效温室1月份室内平均最低气温为12.5℃,空气相对湿度控制在80%以下,比对照温室室内温度提高3.8℃,蔬菜增产19%~55%。组装式太阳能双效温室改善了温室的环境条件,提升了日光温室抗寒防病和增产增收的能力,该温室的研究与应用为中国北方同类地区提供借鉴与参考。     

干燥温室与热泵联合系统对胡萝卜的干燥效果

为了解决传统蔬菜干燥技术成本高、能耗大的问题,该研究提出了一种干燥温室与热泵联合系统,基于试验地环境设计了干燥温室,采用三级串联的方式构建了组合式热泵机;测定了干燥温室内外太阳辐射和温度变化情况,以胡萝卜为试验材料,测定了联合系统性能指标,对比了独立热泵机组与联合系统的制热系数（Coefficient Of Performance,COP）变化情况,研究了系统参数设定对胡萝卜丁干燥品质指标的影响。研究结果表明：干燥温室白天室内温度比室外温度平均高6.4 ℃,夜间室内温度比室外温度平均高4 ℃;在较优干燥工艺温度为60 ℃、风速为2 m/s、装载量为2 000 kg的条件下,系统由静止状态进入运行状态后,总温升43.14 ℃,总温降17.5 ℃,对比独立热泵机组,联合系统总COP提高26%～29%,鲜胡萝卜丁处理量80 kg/h,产出干胡萝卜丁18.8 kg/h,消耗电量53.5 kW,生产干胡萝卜丁成本2.25元/kg;对干胡萝卜丁品质指标的检测表明,其色泽（a*值）均值为31.27、复水比均值为5.42、维生素C均值为1.51 mg/g、总糖均值为12.36%、胡萝卜素均值为0.68 mg/g。研究结果可为大宗蔬菜干燥加工后供应于食品领域的技术研究提供理论基础和科学依据。     

装配式日光温室砌筑不同蓄热墙体的增温和草莓栽培效果

针对西北沙漠地区日光温室冬季夜间室内低温的问题,以新疆和田使用的装配式日光温室为研究对象,通过在温室内北侧砌筑砖墙体、砌块墙体和砌块填充沙土墙体3种材质的蓄热墙体,采用PT100铂电阻温度传感器对试验温室墙体、室内温度进行测试,并进行草莓栽培试验,用ACS-30型天平、LH-B55型数显折光仪进行草莓质量、可溶性固形物含量测量。由试验数据得,3种蓄热墙体体积、尺寸相同条件下,蓄热性能依次是:砌块填充沙土墙体砌块墙体砖墙体。装配式日光温室内砌筑砖墙体、砌块墙体和砌块填充沙土墙体,使得室温较装配式日光温室早晨07:00分别增加2.2、2.9和3.8℃。采用同样的种植管理技术,栽培的草莓开花期分别比原装配式日光温室早7、11和14 d,成熟期早14、17和20 d,单棚产量依次高24.2%、30.1%和33.4%,比装配式温室的草莓可溶性固形物质量分数平均值高1.4、2.1和2.6个百分点。进一步验证了墙体对日光温室热贡献的重要性,且砂浆砌块墙体比砖墙体增温效果明显,该墙体温室更适宜草莓生长。新砌筑墙体蓄热量与装配式温室热负荷计算数值一致,表明在没有其他加温设施的情况下,温室内新砌的墙体是室内夜间热源,可使温室内温度增加。该文为西北沙漠区日光温室墙体蓄热材料和结构设计提供参考,为日光温室内砂浆砌块的应用研究提供了依据。     

有机废弃物生物发酵法CO2施肥对大棚草莓的效果

试验结果表明,在塑料大棚中有机废弃物生物发酵法产生的CO2气体能在较长的一段时间内稳定在较高的水平,从而促进大棚草莓植株生长和发育,提早上市期,提高草莓的产量、品质。应用该CO2施肥技术后,草莓果实口感好,Vc含量提高11.25 mg.100 g-1,可溶性固形物和可溶性糖分别提高1.0和2.06个百分点,有机酸含量降低了0.10个百分点,硝酸盐含量下降了126.45μg.g-1。平均单果重比对照增加14.32 g,约提高67%,每公顷产量提高29.9%,增产、增效明显。     

保康灵1号对草莓植物学性状及抗病性的影响

为了探索免疫诱抗剂保康灵1号(BKL1)对草莓植株生长、产量及抗病性影响,以浙江省临安区草莓主栽品种"红颊"为试验材料,分别用保康灵1号、常规农药(对照)进行处理,测定草莓植株高度、根系、茎基干重、叶绿素含量、果实可溶性固形物和产量,并统计草莓炭疽病、灰霉病发病率等指标。结果表明:与对照相比,保康灵1号处理后的草莓植株高度、根茎干重、叶绿素含量、可溶性固形物含量、产量等指标增加,而炭疽病、灰霉病发病率下降,说明免疫诱抗剂保康灵1号能够诱导草莓抗病和促进植株生长。     

圆台型太阳能热泵设计及其制热性能

该文对圆台型太阳能热泵的结构做了设计说明,建立了各部件的数学模型,并计算出各部件配置。样机采用圆台型为太阳能热泵的集热/蒸发器,测试条件在昆明太阳辐射较弱的12月,在平均吸收太阳辐射为7.2 MJ时,系统平均制热性能系数COP为3.1,当系统吸收了15.6 MJ的太阳能时,系统的COP可达3.8,说明该样机制热性能较高,能满足用户生活用水的要求。     

温室内气流运动速率对厚皮甜瓜生长发育的影响

该文研究了温室内0(CK)、0.4(A-1)、1.0(A-2)、2.2 m/s(A-3)的气流运动速率对厚皮甜瓜开花坐果期生长发育和生理效应的影响。结果表明：处理(A-2)较对照单叶叶面积增加21.68%、叶面积指数增加63.06%、气孔导度增加120.32%、蒸腾速率和光合速率均大幅增加，成熟时间提早2 d、总糖含量增加11.07%、产量提高24.43%；同时，成熟果实的可溶性固形物含量和蛋白质含量随着风速的增加而增大，处理A-3分别比CK增大13.88%和3.6%；还原糖含量随风速的增加而递减，CK比处理A-3高10.53%；果肉厚度和果实维生素C含量差异不显著。说明温室内的气流运动速率对厚皮甜瓜的生长发育和产量品质有显著影响，并以1.0 m/s的气流运动速率效果最好。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.