畜禽粪污机械化处理技术现状研究

养殖理念和养殖技术的不断发展进步,畜禽养殖业正由传统的小户散养模式向规模化集约化养殖转变。近些年,关于畜禽粪污收集、无害化处理、资源化利用的研究越来越多,针对不同规模、不同养殖方式以及养殖场周边特点等都有不同的处理方法,本文归纳总结了畜禽粪污收集、无害化处理、资源化利用的方法,提出了粪污机械处理技术集成化、应用主体规模化和处理集中化、粪污处理产品市场化和产业化应用的发展趋势,为畜禽养殖业粪污治理提供参考。     

甘肃省小规模养殖场畜禽粪污机械化清理技术及机具

甘肃省是牛羊等牲畜养殖大省,随着全省在乡村振兴战略中鼓励和扶持脱贫地区群众发展畜牧养殖,小规模养殖场的数量和牲畜粪污对环境的污染也不断增加,针对机械化清理技术和机具需求,介绍了小规模养殖场畜禽粪污机械化清理技术和配套机具,分析了在产业发展规模、机具装备与畜牧养殖场地融合性、机具装备性能等方面存在的问题,并针对问题在农机与畜牧融合、适宜机具的创新和推广、小型养殖场规模化及标准化等方面提出了相关发展建议。     

肉牛养殖场粪污资源化处理设备研究现状与分析

针对我国肉牛养殖场粪污污染严重与推动粪污资源化处理的需要,分析我国具有代表性规模化养殖场粪污资源化处理模式、工艺路线以及各环节处理设备的应用现状,重点研究粪污收集转运、固液分离、有机肥制作以及绿色高效还田等环节现有设备存在的不足,进一步优化改进,从而获得适用于我国现有规模肉牛养殖场粪污处理最优方案。     

畜禽粪污固液分离技术与设备研究

规模化养殖场的粪污含水量较高,增加了粪污资源化利用的难度,而固液分离作为处理和利用畜禽粪污的重要环节之一,其分离效果将直接影响分离出的液体与固体的利用率。为了提高畜禽粪污的利用效率,变废为宝,消除环境污染,课题组论述了畜禽粪污固液分离的常用技术及其基本原理,并且综合分析了国内外各种分离设备的特点、结构形式以及优缺点。根据研究结果,提出了畜禽养殖粪污处理技术的未来发展方向与研究重点,以期为养殖场在畜禽粪污的处理中选择合适的固液分离技术和设备提供参考。研究结果表明,固液分离作为畜禽粪污处理的重要工序,能够将粪污中的固体部分分离出来制作有机化肥,分离出来的液体部分可以经过发酵产生沼气,实现了粪污的资源化、无害化处理。     

规模化养猪场粪水处理和资源化利用关键技术

随着我国畜禽养殖业的迅猛发展,养猪场粪污集中排放对环境的影响越来越大,有效处理和合理利用猪场粪污迫在眉睫。通过对目前规模化养猪场污水处理工艺、技术、进行总结分析,为规模化畜禽养殖场粪污处理提供参考。      

养殖场粪污处理关键设备探究

养殖场的粪污处理问题由来已久,对此,研究者们有着多样的解决方案。目前的环境形势恶化,在环境保护要求日益严格的情况下,受经济和能源条件的限制,粪便处理问题至今为止仍是一大难题。因此,熟悉各种畜禽粪便处理设备的应用现状,以及现有设备存在的问题与不足之处,对畜禽粪便处理设备的选择、运用是十分必要的。基于此,文章对于养殖场粪污的处理关键设备进行分析,对其使用进行了改良与探讨。     

畜禽粪污机械化处理技术应用研究

正养殖理念和养殖技术的不断发展进步,畜禽养殖业正由传统的小户散养模式向规模化集约化养殖转变,即过去是分散养殖、饲养规模小、主要分布在农村地区,转变为现在集约化养殖、饲养规模大、分布在城市郊区为主,就导致了粪污排放集中、排放量增加、周边消纳粪污的土地减少,粪污处理问题愈加凸显。近些年,关于畜禽粪污收集、无害化处理、资源化利用的研究越来越多,针对不同规模、不同养殖方式以及养殖场周边特点等都有不同的处理方法,笔者通过阅读文献、实地调研、项目实施等方式,归纳总结了畜禽粪污收集、无害     

畜禽养殖场粪污资源化处理CSTR工艺描述

2017年1月20日,农业部印发《农业部关于认真贯彻落实习近平总书记重要讲话精神加快推进畜禽粪污处理和资源化工作的通知》。《通知》指出:"各级农牧部门要站在落实以人民为中心的发展思想高度,站在推进农业供给侧结构性改革的高度,站在提高农业农村经济增长潜力的高度,深刻认识加快推进畜禽粪污处理和资源化的重要意义,把畜禽粪污处理和资源化摆在现代畜牧业建设更加重要的位置,推动现代农业种养结合、农牧循环发展,着力培育种养业可持续发展的新动能。"本文就大型畜禽养殖场适宜推广应用的粪污资源化处理CSTR工艺进行描述。     

畜禽舍粪污自动处理装置的设计研究

笔者通过试验自主设计了一套畜禽舍粪污自动处理装置,该粪污自动处理装置能够实现自动清理畜禽粪便,并使粪便和秸秆及时进行发酵处理,实现农业废弃物资源化利用,有效解决了农业废弃物资源化浪费等问题。     

臭氧净化技术治理猪场粪污应用

以臭氧净化技术为主导，实施猪场粪污电动清扫、粪污固液压滤分离、石英砂罐过滤和臭氧净化处理等技术，实例探讨猪场粪污处理工艺的可行性。结果表明，电动粪污清扫车的干清粪工艺治理粪污的效率是水冲粪方式的8～15倍；粪污经过浓度为7.8 mgL的臭氧水作用10 min后，pH、SS、NH3-N、TP、COD、BOD及Cu、Zn处理效率分别为12.20%、97.54%、89.80%、94.74%、96.55%、91.73%、77.85%和91.28%；粪污中磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲基异恶唑和磺胺吡啶等磺胺类抗生素降解效率分别为97.37%、96.23%和93.64%；粪污中细菌与肠菌群净化处理效率接近于100%。净化处理后的水质达到GBT 18596—2001《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》的排放要求。     

鸡粪厌氧发酵沼液达标处理工艺研究

为解决鸡场沼气工程沼液后续处理问题,以某养鸡场沼气工程全混式发酵池出水沼液处理为例,研究鸡粪厌氧发酵沼液的达标处理工艺。从鸡粪厌氧发酵沼液的特点出发,采用生化法与物化法相结合工艺处理沼液,并考查了3种不同组合的工艺处理效果。先以小试试验确定工艺最佳运行参数,再中试运行考查工艺的处理效果。结果表明：采用鸟粪石—SBR—混凝工艺处理鸡粪厌氧发酵沼液,沼液CODCr由9200mg/L降至280mg/L,NH+4N由3200mg/L降至36mg/L,TP由270mg/L降至3.3mg/L,达到畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准(GB 18596—2001);对于鸡粪厌氧发酵沼液中NH+4N的去除,直接采用SBR处理,微生物会受到游离氨抑制,NH+4N去除率不足30%,生化处理前必须采用预处理降低NH+4N负荷;鸡粪厌氧发酵沼液生化性良好,但仍含有一定量难降解CODCr,采用生化处理结合物化工艺进行深度处理可以以较低成本实现达标排放。     

The Use of Ozone to reduce the Concentration of Malodorous Metabolites in Swine Manure Slurry

A pilot-scale ozonation system was constructed and operated to reduce the malodours emanating from fresh and stored swine manure slurry. The concentrations of the malodorous bacterial metabolites (phenol,p-cresol,p-ethylphenol and skatole) found in the liquid fraction of the manure slurry were found to increase during three weeks of storage. The fresh and stored manure slurry was ozonated at dosages of 0·25, 0·5, 0·75 and 1·0 g/l. Ozonation eliminated these metabolites from the manure slurry. On the contrary, no useful decrease in the concentration of all the above metabolites was observed after treatment with either nitrogen or oxygen. The odour intensity of the manure slurry was also significantly reduced (P<0·05) after ozonation at a dosage of 0·5 g/l. In contrast, neither stripping with nitrogen nor oxidation using oxygen had a significant effect on the odour acceptability of the mature. The use of hydrogen peroxide and ozone did not offer additional benefit over that obtained with ozone alone. Within the range of 14–25°C, temperature had no effect on the efficiency of ozonation. The ozonated manure did not regain its original malodour after one month of storage subsequent to ozonation.     

猪场沼液/稻草腐解液模拟原位柱淋洗修复铬污染土壤效果研究

实验室模拟原位柱淋洗工艺,以猪粪源沼液、腐解稻草中溶解性有机质(DOM)提取液为淋洗剂,探究其对铬污染土壤洗脱效果,优化了淋洗速度、淋洗液用量及淋洗方式等影响洗因子,并研究了土柱中残留铬浓度纵向分布和洗脱机制.结果表明:猪粪源沼液和腐解稻草中DOM提取液均为修复铬污染土壤的高效绿色淋洗剂,其中猪粪源沼液修复效果更佳.最...     

Separation of Liquid Pig Manure by Flocculation and Ion Exchange Part 2: Pilot-Scale System

This paper reports the function and working results from a pilot plant in which liquid pig manure was flocculated with Geko-bentonite. The supernatant was irrigated on agricultural land throughout the year, but in the wintertime, only after ion exchange of ammonium with Agrolith. Earlier laboratory experiments showed that it is possible to purify the liquid to exactly the concentration wanted, although higher purity costs more. Hence, it is possible to use the method according to the legislation of individual countries to spray or irrigate the liquid onto fields.The thicker slurry fraction must be stored and treated as ordinary liquid manure. In order to maintain ability for pumping, the treatment should be stopped at approximately 12% dry-matter content, which represents a concentration of the liquid manure to approximately one-quarter to one-third of the original volume.     

组合式沼液沼渣固液分离装置设计

利用畜禽养殖粪污厌氧发酵生产生物燃气已经成为规模化养殖场解决环境问题和获得生物能源的重要途径。厌氧发酵产生的沼液合理利用是沼气工程面对的难题之一,从沼液和沼渣分离利用实现减量化、资源化的目的出发,设计了一种适合沼液和沼渣固液分离的组合式固液分离装置,为采用工程手段处理沼液沼渣提供了参考。      

生物质浆体的流变特性研究进展

生物质浆体是指有机质经过初步加工并加入少量的水配置成的浆体。通过管道运输对生物质浆体进行回收并进行集中处理是一种高效、节能且环保的运输方式，拥有广阔的应用空间和发展前景。浆体在管道内流动，浆体的性质和内部结构、浆体内部质点之间相对运动状态及外部与管道内壁的摩擦都会产生压力的损失，导致输送能量的减少。生物质浆体分污泥、禽畜粪便和废弃物浆体、生物质复合材料浆体和餐厨垃圾浆体4类。对生物质浆体的流变学属性、流变特性的研究方法、流变特性的影响因素和流变机理等方面进行概述，重点分析生物质浆体流变学特性的影响因素及流变学模型等方面的研究成果和现状，并归纳总结现有生物质浆体研究存在的问题，探讨性地提出今后的研究方向。      

Separation of Liquid Pig Manure by Flocculation and Ion Exchange Part 1: Laboratory Experiments

A method of treating pig manure is described, such that the necessary storage volume is reduced to 25–30% of the original volume. The manure is separated into a water fraction with a low content of dry matter and nutrients, and into a slurry fraction which contains most of the dry matter and nutrients. The water fraction can be purified to appear like pure water with a desired nitrogen concentration.The separation is made by flocculation, a process whereby a flocculation agent collects the organic matter in the liquid manure into bigger particles, which causes them to sink. The experiments showed that it is pos- sible to flocculate the volatile solids in 14 d old pig manure. For this purpose, a dosing of 0·2% of the clay mineral bentonite was sufficient to obtain adequate sedimentation.The liquid fraction can be purified by ion exchange with clinoptillolite or glauconite. It is possible to reach as low a content of ammonia as is wanted with an appropriate processing time.     

基于蝇蛆养殖技术的畜禽粪便处理模式

现阶段我国的畜禽养殖固体废弃物利用程度仍不高，堆肥是畜禽粪便无害化资源化的重要技术手段之一。但主要以低效益的常规单一有机肥生产为主，大量的畜禽养殖固体废弃物资源得不到有效利用，造成环境污染。蝇蛆是畜禽养殖固体废弃物的高效生物转化器，畜禽废弃物可经蝇蛆生物转化后生产蝇蛆蛋白和优质有机肥。该文针对传统堆肥经济效益低、辅料依赖性强、处理周期长和成本高等特点，结合主要畜禽粪的组分特征及理化特性，在现有的蝇蛆生物转化畜禽粪工艺基础上，通过对蝇蛆生物转化畜禽养殖固体废弃物的产业化共性关键技术和设备进行研究，实现畜禽养殖固体废弃物的生态治理和高值化利用。      

沼肥用于辣椒种植对产量和品质的作用研究

本文采用单因素随机区组试验法,选择湘研二号辣椒进行露地栽培对比试验。试验中设6个处理,各处理在等氮水平下施肥,采用对辣椒施基肥和多次追肥相结合的施肥方案,主要进行了沼肥用于辣椒种植对株高、产量和品质的作用研究。结果表明,在考虑株高、产量和品质综合因素的影响下,辣椒在生产中施沼肥比施化肥效果好,这为沼肥的推广应用提供了理论依据。     

Energy requirements for transport and surface application of liquid pig manure in Manitoba,Canada

The objective of this study was to conduct a thorough accounting of energy used to transport liquid pig manure from farm storage to the field and to surface-apply the manure. Energy consumption was determined using both energy data from the literature plus data from field-scale research. Energy consumption was compared between two manure application systems (the drag hose and the slurry wagon systems) and two application timing treatments (single vs. twice-annual manure application). The single annual application of liquid pig manure applied at 81.5 m³ ha⁻¹ and transported 1.8 km from storage to field consumed 2180 MJ ha⁻¹ with the drag hose system and 2185 MJ ha⁻¹ with the slurry wagon system. The twice-annual manure application regime used 2726 and 2209 MJ ha⁻¹ for the drag hose and slurry wagon systems, respectively. When energy use was calculated on the basis of MJ per kg of available N, liquid pig manure applied once annually with the slurry wagon system provided N at 17.76 MJ kg⁻¹ of available N, which was 33% of the energy cost of N from anhydrous ammonia and 23% of the energy cost of N from urea. Manure transport distance could be increased to 8.4 km before the energy cost per kg of available N from pig manure was equivalent to anhydrous ammonia, and up to 12.3 km before the energy cost of manure N was equivalent to urea N. Despite the high energy cost to deliver liquid pig manure from storage to field, the much lower cost per kg of available N compared to inorganic fertilizer N highlights the opportunities that exist for improving the energy efficiency of industrial agriculture by replacing inorganic fertilizers with manure.