赤壁市水稻纹枯病重发原因及防治对策

纹枯病是水稻常发且为害重的水稻三大病害之一,具有发生面积大,大发生概率高,为害重,损失大的特点。2000年以来,水稻纹枯病的发生程度呈逐年加重趋势,特别是近几年发病更重,2009年、2010年在病害发生期调查,平均蔸发病率在50％、株发病率在20％以上,有部分高感品种蔸发病率高达86％、株发病率在43％左右。通过田间调查并进行综合分析认为：水稻纹枯病发生趋重与栽培方式变化、防治时间推迟、氮肥用量过大以及药剂选择使用上有很大关系,并结合当地实际提出相应的防治技术措施和对策。     

水稻白叶枯病发生危害损失动态与模型预测的探讨

水稻白叶枯病是水稻主要病害,历史上几度流行成灾,研究探讨该病发生为害与预测预报,对有效防控该病流行,确保水稻丰收具有重要意义。通过对浙江桐庐1971—2014年和近年温岭、温州多地该病发生流行情况、为害与损失、影响发病流行因素的调查分析,基本探明了水稻白叶枯病的发生历史动态,即20世纪70年代到20世纪末为该病重发流行阶段,进入21世纪以来10多年为偏轻发生为害阶段,近2年病害又趋上升态势;揭示了该病各病情指标与为害损失关系,建立了水稻初发病期、激增期和稳定期为害损失模型,初步提出了该病的防控指标为水稻株发病率5%、叶发病率3%;分析研究了该病发生程度与气候因子关系,组建了中长期预测模型,平均预测准确率达93.18%,为指导病害防治提供了科学依据。     

平乐县南方水稻黑条矮缩病的发生概况及防控对策

南方水稻黑条矮缩病是我国近年来新发生的水稻病毒病,迁飞性害虫白背飞虱是主要传毒媒介。2007年晚稻发现该病在平乐县部分乡镇稻田造成严重为害以来。发生面积逐年扩大,为害损失日趋严重。2010年全县发生面积0．62万公顷,造成损失366．49万公斤,由水稻次要病害上升为发生面积仅次于水稻纹枯病、为害损失最大的主要病害。在防...     

几种杀菌剂对水稻纹枯病的防效试验

水稻纹枯病是我县常发性偏重病害,发生面积大,为害严重,稻株受害轻者谷粒灌浆受影响,重者引起倒伏枯死,给我县的粮食生产造成较大损失。多年来普遍使用井冈霉素防治该病害,由于长期和连续使用,近年防治效果明显降低。目前化学防治仍是主要手段。为寻求防治水稻纹枯病的有效药剂,     

水稻条纹叶枯病防治的几点经验

水稻条纹叶枯病是水稻生产的毁灭性病害,近几年在东台市发生面积逐年扩大,为害逐年加重,已经成为制约水稻高产优质的重要因素之一。根据病害的流行规律,我们紧紧     

2000-2010年我国水稻病虫害发生与为害特征分析

病虫害是威胁我国水稻安全生产的重要因素之一。但从宏观上研究其发生与为害特征的报告不多。基于我国植物保护统计数据、水稻产量数据和农田土地覆盖类型遥感数据,重点分析2000年至2010年11年期间我国水稻病虫害发生与为害特征。结果表明：2000年到2010年期间,我国水稻病害、虫害年均发生面积分别为2.85亿亩次和7.26亿亩次,其年均防治面积分别为7.28亿亩次和14.72亿亩次;11年期间水稻病虫害的发生面积、发生程度、防治面积和防治程度均波动增加。防治水稻病害、虫害后,分别挽回稻谷为1114.49万t、2288.27万t,其挽回损失量在11年期间分别增加了38.34%、37.51%,表明水稻病虫害防治意义重大。但由于气候变化等诸多因子,导致2000年到2010年我国水稻病害、虫害年均造成的实际稻谷损失量仍分别为206.52万t与291.35万t,说明水稻病虫害的防控还有提升的空间。从全国各省分布来看,水稻病虫害发生分布较广的省份有东北区域的黑龙江、吉林、辽宁;华东区域的山东、江苏、安徽、江西;华中区域的河南、湖北、湖南;华南区域的广西、海南;西南区域的四川。为有效地防止或减少病虫害对水稻产量的损失,应加强全球变化下区域性稻田生态系统病虫害生态调控研究,建立相应的防控新对策与技术体系。     

水稻霜霉病和南方黑条矮缩病的诊断及防治

水稻霜霉病和南方黑条矮缩病是荔波县近年来水稻上新发生的两种病害,发生面积不断扩大,为害逐年加重,严重影响水稻生产安全。这两种病害在田间的症状很相似,使许多基层技术干部和群众难以识别,甚至混淆,导致预防不到位,防治不得力。为了正确识别和有效防治这两种病害,笔者现介绍其为害症状和防治方法。     

小麦纹枯病发生及防治对策

小麦纹枯病是近几年来在小麦生产上发生的一种真菌性病害,已逐步上升为小麦上的主要病害,其为害同水稻纹枯病一样,具有发病快,为害重的特点,严重时中心病团出现死穗。从１９９６年开始,小麦纹枯病在我县小麦生产中逐步蔓延,１９９７年调查２５块田,平均病株率为３...     

荔波县水稻霜霉病的发生与防治对策

<正>水稻霜霉病Sclerophthora macrospora(Sacc.)Thirum et al.,又叫黄化萎缩病,为指疫霉属病菌。该病是荔波县新发生的一种病害,发生面积之大,为害之重确实罕见。据统计,该病在荔波县2009年发生面积1600hm2,成灾面积573hm2,绝收面积20hm2,造成产量损失0.19万t。为了防止该病的继续扩大为害和为2010年进一步搞好水稻霜霉病的防治工作,确保水稻在大旱之年不减产,笔者现介绍该病的发生与防治对策。     

普定稻叶鞘腐败病的发生与防治对策

稻叶鞘腐败病是水稻孕穗期至抽穗期由半知菌类丛梗孢目真菌侵染剑叶叶鞘引起的病害。剑叶叶鞘受害后,秕谷增加,千粒重降低。若形成包穗或半包穗。损失更重。20世纪90年代以前仅限于部分乡镇的局部田块发生,为害不严重。随着水稻生产的发展及杂交稻的大面积推广．现已成为普定县发生面积逐渐增大、为害逐渐加重的新病害。1998年发生面积2500hm^2．占全县栽插面积的37．8％,     

Changes in agronomic practices and incidence and severity of diseases in winter wheat in England and Wales between 1999 and 2019

In continuation of the annual national surveys of winter wheat, which began in 1970, samples from between 250 and 350 randomly selected wheat crops in England and Wales between 1999 to 2019 were visually assessed for disease symptoms during the milky ripe development stages (GS 73–75). Septoria tritici blotch was the most prevalent and severe foliar disease each year, although annual levels fluctuated considerably and there was no overall significant change over the two decades. Incidence of brown rust, yellow rust, take-all, and barley yellow dwarf virus also showed no significant overall change during the survey period, whereas glume blotch, powdery mildew, eyespot, and sharp eyespot all showed significant decline. Fusarium ear blight has significantly increased in both incidence and severity, causing a serious epidemic in 2012, when 96% of crops were affected. Tan spot has been the third most prevalent foliar disease since 2009 although severity is still very low. Regional disease levels were consistent over the two decades, providing reliable baselines to measure changes in seasonal disease severity. There were significant changes in agronomic practice with a rise to predominance of minimum tillage over the use of ploughing, decreases in overall disease susceptibility of cultivars grown, a major increase in the use of oilseed rape in the rotation and a long-term trend towards earlier sowing. Fungicide use increased considerably, with over 98% crops sprayed and an average of 3.5 applications made per crop each year since 2014. Implications of changes over the last 21 years are discussed.     

Incidence of benomyl and iprodione resistance in isolates of Botrytis cinerea in tomato crops in England and Wales in 1986

In 1986, mass-mycelial isolates of Botrytis cinerea from 67 tomato crops in England and Wales were examined for benomyl and iprodione resistance. Of the 706 isolates obtained, 62.7% were resistant to benomyl at 2μg/ml and 43.2% were resistant to iprodione at 2 μg/ml. Iprodione resistance persisted in the absence of a dicarboximide spray programme. The incidence of benomyl resistance has not decreased since the last survey in 1984 in spite of a considerable reduction in the use of benzimidazole fungicides. There were no clear indications that the use of dichlofluanid influenced the incidence of benomyl or iprodione resistance. Disease control was poorer in crops with a higher incidence of iprodione resistance.     

Plant-pathogen interactions of sunflower and Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro and in vivo

The relative pathogenicity of isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina was comparable both on sunflower tissue cultures and on mature plants and seedlings. The relative susceptibility of the different sunflower lines in vitro showed a similar pattern for cotyledon callus cultures, but not for immature embryo cultures. Although these protocols appear to be unsuitable for the selection of novel disease resistance, they do offer the potential for a rapid, non-destructive screen for resistant material.     

吡虫啉和百菌清在设施内外葫芦和黄瓜中的残留特性比较

采用高效液相色谱和气相色谱法,分别研究了吡虫啉和百菌清在薄膜大棚设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中消解动态及其在葫芦和黄瓜中的残留量,并结合气象因子对产生残留差异的原因进行了分析。样品中的吡虫啉经乙腈和盐酸溶液提取,中性氧化铝和弗罗里硅土层析柱净化后,用高效液相色谱检测;百菌清经乙腈提取,中性氧化铝层析柱净化后,用气相色谱检测。结果表明:吡虫啉在设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中均消解迅速,施药7 d后,其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为90.4%和98.7%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为67.8%和85.9%;而百菌清在葫芦叶上的消解速率均比在黄瓜中的稍慢,施药7 d后其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为15.4%和38.1%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为87.8%和91.5%。表明2种农药在设施外2种蔬菜上的消解速率均快于设施内的。两种农药均是在设施外葫芦及黄瓜中的残留量低于设施内的,而降雨和光照强度可能是引起农药在设施内外蔬菜上残留差异的主要因子。     

西部降水氢氧稳定同位素温度及地理效应

本文基于IAEA和WMO建立的GNIP网降水资料,得出中国西部地区大气降水线方程(LMWL)为δ2H=7.56δ18O+5.05‰(VSMOW)。分析了降水中氢氧稳定同位素温度效应、地理效应,确定了降水中δ18O和δ2H与月平均气温、降水量、海拔高度、纬度的相关关系。根据张掖站降水δ18O与温度之间的相关关系和民勤地下水14C年龄和δ18O特征,初步重建了晚更新世以来民勤盆地地下水补给温度,并与惰性气体补给温度(NGT)进行了比较,其相关系数为0.65,晚更新世地下水的补给温度(据δ-T关系)较大,可能是没有考虑降水量效应的缘故。     

Build-up and subsequent decline of residues of quintozene and hexachlorobenzene in lettuce in sequential crops

The build-up and decline of quintozene and hexachlorobenzene residues in protected lettuce, resulting from one to five treatments of the soil (each of 35 g m-2) with a quintozene formulation, have been studied. Residue levels were monitored in each experimental crop during growth until harvest. Residues in the soil at harvest were also determined. Quintozene residues in the harvested lettuce were in the range < 0.02–0.80 mg kg^?1 and those of hexachlorobenzene were in the range < 0.02–0.05 mg kg^?1 (expressed on a fresh weight basis). Residue levels in the soil were 5.4–231 mg kg^?1 for quintozene, and 0.20–5.4 mg kg^?1 for hexachlorobenzene (expressed on a dry weight basis). Under the experimental conditions of the trial there was no significant build-up of quintozene or hexachlorobenzene in harvested lettuce, even after five treatments to the same site.     

西安夏、秋季降水与太阳黑子的关系

基于西安市1960-2007年的降水数据和太阳黑子相对数,采用一元线性回归、Mann Kendall检验等方法,对西安降雨量进行分析,然后采用小波分析方法研究了西安夏、秋两季降水量与太阳黑子之间的关系。结果表明：夏、秋两季降水量约占西安全年降水量的80%;西安夏季降水量呈上升趋势,秋季降水量则呈下降趋势;降水量的变化与太阳黑子数多少密切相关,在太阳黑子出现极值年及2 a左右,降水量也出现极值;西安夏季降水量有10 a左右的周期,秋季降水量有9 a左右周期;太阳黑子在9 a时间尺度上与降水量有很强的相关性,且夏季降水量与太阳黑子相差1～2 a的正相关,秋季降水量则与太阳黑子提前2 a左右的负相关关系。     

Comparative ecophysiology of grain sorghum and Abutilon theophrasti in monoculture and in mixture

Selection of crop genotypes that are more competitive with weeds for light interception may improve crop yield stability in the presence of weeds. The effects of interference on ecophysiological characteristics of Abutilon theophrasti Medic. and three morphologically diverse grain sorghum hybrids was evaluated to determine the relative tolerance and suppressive ability of the three hybrids and specific traits that may contribute to those differences. A tall hybrid was more tolerant to A. theophrasti interference than two medium stature hybrids. Early leaf area growth of two medium-stature sorghum hybrids was reduced by A. theophrasti interference, whereas early growth of a tall hybrid was unaffected. The height of A. theophrasti was greater than two moderate-stature hybrids but lower than the tall hybrid. Greatest leaf area density (L_D) of the tall sorghum hybrid was above that of A. theophrasti , whereas greatest L_D of medium-stature hybrids was below that of the weed. In monoculture, the partitioning of new biomass to various plant organs was similar among sorghum hybrids, whereas the tall sorghum hybrid partitioned less biomass to leaves and more to stems than medium hybrids in mixture. The results indicate that the three hybrids differ in their susceptibility to A. theophrasti competition. Crop traits that may contribute to greater crop competitiveness include greater maximum height and its growth rate and greater height of maximum leaf area distribution.     

Uptake and translocation of dimefox and schradan in hops

During the 1971 growing season an experiment was carried out to study the uptake, translocation and residue levels of dimefox and schradan in hope after applying a soil drench of Terra-Sytarn (222 g/litre dimefox-20 g/litre schradan) at various times in varying concentrations. Residue analysis shows that the dimefox concentration in the hop plants reaches a peak about one week after application, which increases with the amount applied. Then a gradual breakdown sets in so that at the time of harvesting the differences between the dosages have virtually disappeared. Translocation of dimefox in the hop plant is very rapid, but the breakdown is faster at the top of the plant. Schradan concentrations were usually very low and residues at harvest time negligible.