青岛市畜禽粪便排放量与农田负荷量分析

为了估算青岛市畜禽粪便产生量及主要污染物含量,试验在确定畜禽粪便年排放量的估算方法和排泄系数的基础上,对2012年青岛市畜禽养殖数据进行了估算,并对环境效应进行评价。结果表明:2012年青岛市畜禽粪便总排放量约为1 122.42万t,其中猪、牛排放量较高;畜禽粪便中化学需氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD)、总氮含量(TN)、总磷含量(TP)和水中氨氮(NH3-N)含量分别为28.43,26.68,6.90,2.19,2.96万t左右;农田畜禽粪便负荷量(以猪粪当量计)为29.83 t/hm2,氮、磷养分负荷量分别为164.30,52.06 kg/hm2,畜禽粪便已经开始对环境造成污染。     

南阳市畜禽温室气体排放量评估

为了对南阳市畜禽规模化养殖的温室气体年排放量进行定量估算,试验以跨政府气候变化委员会(IPCC)温室气体(GHG)清单指南和最新文献资料公布的各类畜禽温室气体排放量数据为依据计算温室气体排放参数,并计算了畜禽温室气体甲烷(CH4)、氧化亚氮(N2O)排放量。结果表明:甲烷的年排放总量是2.58×108kg,氧化亚氮的年排放总量是2.74×107kg,其中生猪的甲烷、氧化亚氮排放量分别占甲烷、氧化亚氮总排放量的64.03%、70.99%,生猪的粪便源甲烷排放量占总粪便源甲烷的93.10%;年甲烷当量排放量为5.42×106kg,氧化亚氮为8.49×106kg。说明规模养殖生猪是畜牧业温室气体排放的关键排放源,其中生猪养殖的粪污处理环节又是养殖业温室气体减排工作的重心。     

驻马店市畜禽养殖污染现状分析

通过估算2012年驻马店市畜禽养殖粪便和污水排放量,并通过耕地负荷、污染物产生量等参数评价了驻马店市畜禽养殖粪便污染状况。结果显示,2012年驻马店市的畜禽粪便产生量为4 007.72万t,养殖污水排放总量为8 485.29万t,单位面积耕地猪粪当量负荷为43.47 t/hm2,畜禽养殖贡献的化学耗氧量(CODcr)、氨氮含量(NH3-N)分别是同期工业和生活污水排放量的2.3和1.5倍,表明畜禽养殖污染已成为驻马店市流域水体富营养化的主要原因,驻马店市养殖业污染风险正不断加大。     

联合国粮农组织:奶业温室气体占总温室气体排放2.7%

<正>据联合国粮农组织(FAO)获悉,日前奶业温室气体排放量占全球温室气体总排放量2.7%。奶业温室气体排放量包括乳制品生产、加工和运输等环节所产生的温室气体。     

畜牧业环境承载能力估算及预警分析

对乌兰察布市11个旗县(市区)2017年度生猪、肉羊、肉牛、奶牛的养殖统计数据进行了分析,估算了畜禽粪便年排放量和以氮含量为标准的猪粪当量,在此基础上计算了农田畜禽粪便负荷量,并对各旗县(市区)农田畜禽粪便承受程度进行了风险评价.结果表明,乌兰察布市畜禽粪便年排放量已达11353207t;畜禽粪便猪粪当量农田年均负荷量为17.30t/hm2·a;畜禽粪便已对2个旗县构成Ⅱ级威胁1个旗县(市区)构成Ⅲ级威胁,对其余8个旗县(市区)暂未构成威胁.     

养殖业温室气体排放的影响因素及减排措施

21世纪以来温室气体大量排放造成的全球气候变暖已经引起了全世界的高度重视,如何减少二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)、一氧化二氮(N2O)等温室气体(GHG)的排放,减缓温室气体带来的全球气候变暖已经成为亟待解决的战略性问题。养殖业温室气体的排放量,约占全球温室气体排放总量的18%,寻找有效途径减少温室气体排放迫在眉睫。本文主要从养殖场管理模式和粪污处理、不同家畜种类及其饲料组成,以及反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控等三方面阐述养殖业温室气体排放的影响因素,并据此提出温室气体减排措施。     

饲料原料来源及其对动物生产和环境可持续发展的影响

畜牧业是发展中国家综合农业体系的重要组成部分,其在生产动物蛋白、农家肥,保证动物源性食品的多样性方面发挥着重要作用。可以说,动物生产对全球人民的福祉和生活作出重要贡献,其生产系统可以根据地区、资源可利用性、基础设施可及性、粮食需求和市场潜力的差异性具体划分为自给自足、规模化、标准化、集约化的农业模式。在保障经济效益和生产性能的同时,畜牧业与其他行业一样,面临着全球变暖的现实问题。甲烷是主要的温室气体之一,至少占温室气体总量的14%,其潜在的全球变暖效应是二氧化碳的25倍,其中农业产生的甲烷排放量占总排放量的50%~60%,反刍动物生产的甲烷排放量占总排放量的15%~33%。由此可见,对动物生产日益增长的需求迫使研究人员探索如何减少饲养环节中的温室气体排放量。除了优化饲料配方和饲喂管理技术外,本文主要以反刍动物为例,积极探索利用当地饲料资源作为替代原料来调控瘤胃生态,以取得较好的替代效果和环保效益。     

黄土高原畜禽养殖结构及土地承载力分析——以甘肃省庆阳市为例

收集2010~2015年庆阳市统计学年鉴公布的数据,根据畜禽粪便年排放量的估算方法和畜禽粪便排泄系数,估算了2015年庆阳市畜禽粪便年产生量和主要污染物产生量。在了解不同农业非点源污染问题的基础上,提出了一些切实可行的对策建议。研究表明,2015年畜禽养殖排放的粪量为477.06×10~4 t,尿液为166.71×10~4 t,粪尿合计为643.77×10~4 t,牛的排放量最大,占总排放量的43.37%;其次是羊粪和猪粪,分别占总排放量的27.31%和2.55%。畜禽粪污污染物COD、TP和TN产生量分别为2.38×10~4 t、0.59×10~4 t和1.51×10~4 t。庆阳市仅有一个县的农田耕地负荷警报值达到Ⅱ级,基本上对环境没有构成威胁,农田耕地的承载力还有一定的空间。     

遵义市畜牧业发展与温室气体排放研究

为了对遵义市畜禽养殖业温室气体排放进行估算,笔者结合气候变化委员会和省级温室气体清单编制指南中的参数和最新的文献统计资料对各类温室气体中的CH_4和N_2O排放量进行了估算。结果表明:遵义市的CH4年排放量为8.81×10~7kg,N_2O为1.07×10~6kg;按照温室气体排放当量进行计算,遵义市畜禽CO_2的排放量为181万t CO_2当量,其中牛产生的CO_2当量占总排放量的69.51%,猪占19.37%,羊占5.28%,家禽占4.92%。说明养牛业是遵义市温室气体排放的关键,其次是养猪业,因此在未来养殖业减排中需要考虑养牛业和养猪业的减排措施,促进低碳高效畜牧业发展。     

驻马店市畜禽养殖污染现状分析

通过估算2012年驻马店市畜禽养殖粪便和污水排放量,并通过耕地负荷、污染物产生量等参数评价了驻马店市畜禽养殖粪便污染状况。结果显示,2012年驻马店市的畜禽粪便产生量为4 007.72万t,养殖污水排放总量为8 485.29万t,单位面积耕地猪粪当量负荷为43.47 t/hm^2,畜禽养殖贡献的化学耗氧量（CODcr）、氨氮含量（NH3-N）分别是同期工业和生活污水排放量的2.3和1.5倍,表明畜禽养殖污染已成为驻马店市流域水体富营养化的主要原因,驻马店市养殖业污染风险正不断加大。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.