县域尺度乔木林碳储量及碳汇特征分析——以马关县为例

为明确县域尺度上不同起源、不同类型的森林碳储量和碳源/汇特征,本文应用生物量转换因子连续函数法及2019—2020年森林资源监测数据对云南省文山州马关县乔木林碳储量和固碳特征开展评估。结果显示：2019—2020年马关县乔木林碳储量由3 807.07 Gg C(Gg C=10⁹ g C)增加到3 893.49 Gg C,碳汇量为86.42 Gg C,其中天然林碳汇占38.09%,人工林碳汇占61.88%;马关县8种乔木林类型中其他硬阔林碳汇量最大,占总碳汇量的40.84%;2019—2020年间马关县乔木林碳密度由32.69 Mg C/hm²下降至29.58 Mg C/hm²,是乔木林面积增长的幅度远高于其碳储量增长幅度所致。研究结果表明：马关县乔木林碳汇量最高;未来可通过加强退化林修复、低效林改造和森林抚育等措施,精准提升森林质量,增强马关县森林固碳能力,助力“双碳”目标的实现。     

山西省林业碳汇发展现状及对策研究

林业碳汇是指通过实施造林再造林和森林管理、减少毁林等活动,让森林树木吸收大气中的二氧化碳并与碳汇交易结合的过程、活动或机制,在应对气候变化过程中有着重要的作用。     

基于森林资源二类调查的县域森林碳汇及其价值估算研究——以湖北省当阳市为例

基于当阳市第四次(2009年)和第五次(2019年)森林资源二类调查成果，运用生物量转换因子法，对森林生物量进行了估算；运用生物量-碳储量转换系数法，估算了森林碳储量；按照IPCC(2006年)提供的库-差别方法，对当阳市2009～2019年10 a期间森林碳汇量进行了估算，采用均值法(市场价值法和造林成本法平均值),评价了当阳市森林碳汇价值。结果表明：2009年和2019年当阳市森林碳储量分别为98.20×10⁴tC和147.42×10⁴tC;平均碳密度分别为14.27 tC·hm^-2和22.23 tC·hm^-2(含地上部分和地下部分，不包括枯死木、枯落物和土壤有机碳);2009～2019年10 a期间当阳市森林碳汇量为180.47×10⁴ tCO₂(49.22×10⁴ tC),单位面积年碳汇量为2.93 tCO₂·hm^-2·a^-1(0.8tC·hm^-2     

大兴安岭呼中林业局30年间森林资源动态分析

依据呼中林业局1987～2017年4次森林资源规划设计调查数据，采用统计分析的方法，从森林资源面积、蓄积以及森林资源质量等方面对呼中林业局森林资源动态变化情况进行分析。结果表明：30年间呼中林业局林地面积一直呈增长趋势，共增加了2.16万hm²，增幅2.81%；活立木蓄积呈先减少后增加动态，共增加了71.15万m³，增幅1.08%。森林覆盖率95.41%，增加了6.11%。森林质量较低，森林单位面积蓄积量86.67 m³/hm²，降低了1.56m³/hm²，降幅1.77%；乔木林单位面积蓄积量89.93m³/hm²，减少了5.05m³/hm²，降幅5.32%。     

中国林业碳汇管理现状与展望

气候变化是当前全球面临的共同挑战,《京都议定书》规定了三种灵活机制,以促进发达国家在2008～2012年的第一承诺期内率先采取行动来缓解气候变暖趋势。其中,实施清洁发展机制(CDM)下的造林再造林碳汇项目是发达国家和发展中国家共同应对气候变化的一种选择。文章介绍了造林再造林碳汇项目产生的背景,阐述了我国森林碳汇的重要贡献,分析了在我国实施造林再造林碳汇项目的利弊,提出了我国林业碳汇管理的初步设想。     

全国碳汇造林试点启动会在昆明隆重召开

全国碳汇造林试点启动会议于2010年11月17日在昆明召开,我国目前开展碳汇造林试点,主要日的是探索与国际接轨并具中国特色的森林碳汇计量监测方法,为测算不同区域、不同模式、不同树种的营造林碳汇提供技术支撑和科学依据,为全周森林碳汇可测量、可报告、可核查奠定基础。同时,引导企业自愿捐资造林增汇．参与应对气候变化行动,体现企业社会责任,并探索社会资金参与公益造林的林业投融资机制改革。     

基于全球气候变化谈判的森林碳汇研究

为进一步了解森林生态系统的碳汇功能和国际气候谈判,通过查阅资料,对全球气候变化以及CO2的温室效应、气候谈判的现状、实质以及主要发达国家温室气体的减排动态进行了简单的总结.就森林生态系统的碳汇潜力,碳汇作用的非持久性问题进行了探讨.综述了不同时期森林生态系统碳汇研究的成果以及国际森林碳汇项目的动态.分析了森林碳汇项目实施过程中存在的主要问题,并提出我国在国际气候谈判、温室气体减排和造林、再造林等林业碳汇项目中应采取积极立场和应对措施.     

湖南林业碳汇项目明年正式铺开

正今年底至明年初,湖南林业将推动50个以上县的国有林场,开发林业碳汇项目26.67公顷,力争明年向碳汇市场提供370万吨二氧化碳当量的林业碳汇减排量。今年8月,湘西土家族苗族自治州林业碳汇试点项目启动,湖南林业碳汇工程正式进入实施阶段,试点项目包括碳汇造林、森林经营、竹子造林和竹子经营4个类型。从2017年起,全省林业碳汇项目将正式铺开。"十三五"期间,湖南规划开发林业碳汇项目200万公顷,按每公顷吸收     

云南省自然保护地现状与空间分析

基于现有自然保护地数据,采用数据统计与GIS空间分析方法,分析云南省自然保护地现状和空间分布。结果表明,云南省已建立国家公园、自然保护区等10种类型自然保护地370处共556.58万hm²,分布于全省16个州市、129个县区;自然保护地原主管部门包括林业、环保、住建、国土、农业、水利、旅游等7个部门,存在多头管理问题;各类自然保护地之间交叉重叠情况突出,有矢量边界的自然保护地面积共547.46万hm²,去除重叠后面积共476.02万hm²,占国土面积的12.42%。     

第六次全国荒漠化和沙化调查主要结果及分析

第六次全国荒漠化和沙化调查以第三次全国国土调查成果为底板，以2019年为基准年，全面查清了我国荒漠化和沙化的状况。通过简要介绍第六次全国荒漠化和沙化调查的基本情况，全国荒漠化和沙化土地状况和动态变化，结合相关资料分析了目前的防治形势并提出了对策建议。调查结果显示，截至2019年，我国荒漠化土地面积为25 737.13万hm²,沙化土地面积为16 878.23万hm²。与2014年相比，5年间全国荒漠化土地面积净减少378.80万hm²,年均减少75.76万hm²。沙化土地面积净减少333.52万hm²,年均减少66.70万hm²。     

Future development of the Leningrad region forests under nature-oriented forest management

Russian forests are of high importance for the Russian economy, the European wood market, for nature conservation, and for carbon sequestration. However, the ongoing changes in forest management and administration in Russia led to uncertainty about forest ownership, wood harvesting levels, and long-term impacts of alternative management plans. Therefore, better insight in their current and future state is highly desirable. We present a study for the Leningrad region forests in which alternative management regimes for wood production and nature conservation values are balanced in varying ways. The total forest land area in the Leningrad region forest fund is 4.8 million ha. Coniferous species dominate and due to the natural succession occurring, the forests are divers in vertical structurally.

A timber assessment model was used to project the forest until 2040. Five forest management scenarios were run. Special attention was paid to a scenario that simulates recovery of the Russian forest sector in combination with the incorporation of a ‘set-aside for nature conservation’ policy. All scenarios showed that recovery of the forest sector in the Leningrad region is biologically feasible. A sustainable continuous annual production of 10.6 million m³ per year (2.8 m³ ha⁻¹ per year) by 2040 was found. The ‘Recovery with Nature Conservation’ scenario showed that recovery of the forest sector in combination with the establishment of set-aside areas is very well feasible. It was possible to set aside 28% of the forest area for nature conservation while still developing a forest sector to a production level higher than that achieved in the late eighties.

The timber assessment model applied was not specifically designed to incorporate nature-oriented forest management. We, therefore, discuss ways of improving the required methodology to analyse long-term effects of nature-oriented forest management in Europe.     

试论广东碳汇林业建设

低碳发展是新时代的趋势,而林业作为生态建设的主体和生态文明建设的主要承担者,是推动经济社会可持续发展、促进低碳时代进步的关键。碳汇林业在积极应对气候变化、助推结构减排和广东开展国家低碳省建设中发挥着重要的作用。广东省碳汇林业具有区别于一般林业的内涵和特征,其主要内容是通过多种营造林工程措施,增加森林面积、改善森林结构,提高森林的碳密度、碳储量,减少森林碳排放、碳损失,增加碳汇、提升森林服务功能。把森林碳汇纳入国家低碳减排政策、把碳汇交易纳入区域发展、完善碳汇林业建设体系等是碳汇林业未来发展的方向。     

基于林分生长过程的辽东山区森林植被固碳潜力及其价值研究

利用基于林分生长过程的Richards生长方程以及蓄积量转换生物量模型,评估了辽宁冰砬山长白落叶松人工林和蒙古栎天然次生林两种典型森林类型4个龄级的植被固碳速率、固碳潜力和潜在固碳价值。研究结果表明:两种森林的单位面积植被固碳潜力总体上都是随着龄级的增加单位面积植被固碳潜力在增加。除中龄林外,长白落叶松人工林各个龄级的植被单位面积固碳潜力均比蒙古栎天然次生林大。长白落叶松人工林各龄级森林植被单位面积潜在固碳价值在2 113~9 656元,蒙古栎天然次生林在1 594~4 195元。长白落叶松人工林2000年和2005年的固碳潜力分别为14和11 Gg·a-1,潜在固碳价值分别为1 700和1 300万元·a-1,与2000年相比,2005年固碳潜力和潜在固碳价值都有所降低;蒙古栎天然次生林2000年和2005年的固碳潜力分别为4.8和5.4 Gg·a-1,潜在固碳价值分别为600和700万元·a-1,与2000年相比,2005年固碳潜力和潜在固碳价值都有所增加。     

广东省林业碳汇解析及提升潜力分析

森林经营在增强二氧化碳吸收方面具有重要作用,在全球气候变化背景下,本文阐述了《联 合国气候变化框架公约》中我国的履约目标,并评估了 2005 年和 2010 年广东省土地利用变化和林业领 域的固碳量。结果显示广东省 2005 年森林生物量生长碳吸收合计总量为 47.02×109 kg 二氧化碳当量,乔 木林固碳占总固碳量的 88.87%,采伐消耗温室气体排放 11.47×109 kg 二氧化碳当量,采伐消耗温室气 体排放二氧化碳当量占总排放量的 76.12%。2010 年固碳量增长 11.68%,采伐消耗温室气体排放增加了 19.85%。通过对比分析,探讨了广东省林业碳汇的提升潜力及方向。     

江西省雷竹产业发展现状与对策

雷竹笋期早、笋味鲜甜,是我国重要的笋用竹种。雷竹原产于浙江,近年来,江西省大面积引种成功,得到了林农和相关管理部门的高度重视。2010-2016年的7年间,江西雷竹种植面积从不足1 333 hm²飙升至1万hm²,平均产值超3万元/667 m²,经济效益凸显。文章在阐述江西雷竹产业发展历程的基础上,分析了雷竹产业发展中存在的主要问题,并提出了相应的发展对策。     

Biomass and carbon sequestration of ponderosa pine plantations and native cypress forests in northwest Patagonia

Fast growth tree plantations and secondary forests are considered highly efficient carbon sinks. In northwest Patagonia, more than 2 million ha of rangelands are suitable for forestry, and tree plantation or native forest restoration could largely contribute to climate change mitigation. The commonest baseline is the heavily grazed gramineous steppe of Festuca pallescens (St. Yves) Parodi. To assess the carbon sequestration potential of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa (Dougl.) Laws) plantations and native cypress (Austrocedrus chilensis (Don) Flor. et Boutl.), individual above and below ground biomass models were developed, and scaled to stand level in forests between 600 and 1500 annual rainfall. To calculate the carbon sequestration baseline, the pasture biomass was simulated. Also, soil carbon at two depths was assessed in paired pine-cypress-pasture sample plots, the same as the litter carbon content of both forest types. Individual stem, foliage, branch and root log linear equations adjusted for pine and cypress trees presented similar slopes (P>0.05), although some differed in the elevations. Biomass carbon was 52.3 Mg ha⁻¹ (S.D.=30.6) for pine stands and 73.2 Mg ha⁻¹ (S.D.=95.4) for cypress forests, given stand volumes of 148.1 and 168.4 m³ ha⁻¹, respectively. Soil carbon (litter included) was 86.3 Mg ha⁻¹ (S.D.=46.5) for pine stands and 116.5 Mg ha⁻¹ (S.D.=38.5) for cypress. Root/shoot ratio was 19.5 and 11.4%, respectively. The low r/s value for cypress may account for differences in nutrient cycling and water uptake potential. At stand level, differences in foliage, taproot and soil carbon compartments were highly significative (P<0.01) between both forest types. In pine stands, both biomass and soil carbon were highly explained by the rainfall gradient (r²=0.94). Nevertheless, such a relationship was not found for cypress, possibly due to stand and soil disturbances in sample plots. The carbon baseline estimated in pasture biomass, including litter, was 2.6 Mg ha⁻¹ (S.D.=0.8). Since no differences in soil carbon were found between pasture and both forest types, additionality should be accounted only by biomass. However, the replacement of pasture by pine plantations may decrease the soil carbon storage, at least during the first years. On the other hand, the soil may be a more relevant compartment of sequestered carbon in cypress forests, and if pine plantation replaces cypress forests, soil carbon losses could cause a negative balance.     

CDM-ARP火炬松林碳汇监测方法学研究

利用浙江省设立的火炬松样地资料,建立火炬松人工林立地指数模型、生长收获模型、生物量模型等,区分不同立地条件、采用定量方法,并考虑间伐因素,建立了浙江省CDM-ARP火炬松林碳汇监测方法学,对火炬松林分碳密度、碳储量和CO2净吸存量进行监测。监测方法分为项目规划阶段(造林前)预测和林分生长阶段(造林后)监测。选择易测定的碳库作为监测对象,并用常规测树因子来估测较难测定的各器官生物量,用生物量法估算碳汇量。     

集体林权改革后发展林业碳汇的SWOT分析——以韶关市为例

运用 SWOT 分析方法,对韶关市集体林权改革后发展林业碳汇项目的优势、劣势、外部机遇和威胁进行分析,提出韶关市发展林业碳汇项目的应对策略：加强应对气候变化与林业碳汇宣传力度;建立“中国绿色碳基金韶关专项”平台;建立科学合理的方法学;构建基于林农的林业碳汇市场管理机制;建立林业碳汇的保险保障机制;进行科学合理的成本收益核算。     

浙江省桐乡市森林碳汇探讨

根据桐乡市森林资源清查等资料,结合实地调查,对桐乡森林资源的生态碳汇功能及前景进行了分析及建议.桐乡市森林生物量总碳汇约为24.4万吨,森林碳密度约为20.97吨/公顷;森林净初级生产力以碳量计算约为8万吨/年,森林土壤碳密度约为56.02吨/公顷,结果显示提高森林碳密度和土壤碳密度是增加桐乡市森林碳汇的有效手段.     

Carbon and nitrogen in forest soils: Potential indicators for sustainable management of eucalypt forests in south-eastern Australia

Soil organic matter (SOM) has been adopted as an indicator of soil fertility based on the rationale that SOM contributes significantly to soil physical, chemical, and biological properties that affect vital ecosystem processes of forests in Australia. A study was undertaken to evaluate the utility of SOM as an indicator of SFM at two long-term experimental sites in native eucalypt forests, including Silvertop Ash (E. sieberi L. Johnson) and Mountain Ash (E. regnans F. Muell.) in Victoria. This study examines the relative contributions made by various sources of carbon in soil profiles (0–30 cm) of forest soils, viz. mineral soil (<2 mm), plant residues, charcoal (>2 mm), and rock fragments (>2 mm). The long-term changes in these fractions in response to management-induced soil physical disturbance and fire (unburnt, moderate and high intensity) were evaluated. After 10 years, carbon levels in the fine soil fraction (soil <2 mm including fine charcoal) were similar across the range of fire disturbance classes in Mountain Ash forest (20–25 kg/m²) and Silvertop Ash forest (7–8 kg/m²). Likewise differences in carbon associated with other fractions, viz. microbial biomass, labile carbon, plant residues and rock fragments were comparatively small and could not be attributed to fire disturbance. Burning increased the charcoal carbon fraction from 5 to 23 kg/m² in Mountain Ash forest and from 1 to 3 kg/m² in Silvertop Ash forest. Taking into account, the percentage area affected by fire, increases in total soil carbon in these forests were estimated at 25 and 7 t/ha, respectively.

The effects of physical disturbance of soils were examined at one site in Mountain Ash forest where soil cultivation was used as site preparation rather than the standard practice of burning of logging residues. Total carbon in soil profiles decreased from 29 to 21 kg/m² where soil disturbance was severe, i.e. topsoil removed and subsoil disturbed. This was mainly due to a decrease in charcoal carbon from 6.8 to 1.7 kg/m² but severe soil disturbance also increased the amount of carbon associated with rock fragments from 1.6 to 3.5 kg/m².

Management-induced fire increased the coarse charcoal content of soil profiles substantially, thus increasing total carbon content as well as the proportion of recalcitrant carbon in SOM. In contrast, there was little change in the carbon content of the fine soil fraction including the labile and biologically active fractions indicating that these SOM fractions most relevant to ecosystem processes showed little long-term impact from soil disturbance and fire. Conventional sampling of the fine soil fraction (<2 mm) only represented between 50% and 70% of total carbon in the soil profiles. In contrast, total nitrogen in this fraction represented between 75% and 90% of the nitrogen in soil profiles and was less affected by changes in the contributions of N made by coarse fractions. Monitoring of soil N rather than C as an indicator of soil fertility and SFM may be more appropriate for forest soils with significant charcoal content.