施氮与不施氮条件下玉米开花期相关性状的 QTL 定位

【目的】 探究施氮与不施氮对玉米开花期相关性状变异的影响,并定位相关 QTLs。 【方法】 以玉米的骨干自交系综 3 为供体亲本,许 178 为受体亲本,通过杂交、回交和分子标记辅助选择的方法,构建了一套以许 178 为遗传背景的综 3 染色体单片段代换系 (SSSLs) 群体,其中包含 160 个单片段代换系。以这套 SSSLs 以及许 178 为材料,采用裂区试验设计,在施氮 (N+) 和不施氮 (N–) 条件下,通过一年三点 (贵州贵阳、德江和云南罗平) 的表型评价,利用复合区间作图法对玉米散粉期、吐丝期和散粉–吐丝间隔期 (ASI) 3 个开花期相关性状进行 QTL 定位。 【结果】 在基因组范围内,2 种氮处理条件下共定位到 54 个开花期相关性状 QTLs,主要定位在第 1、3、6、9 和 10 染色体上。其中 5 个 QTLs 在 3 个环境中均被检测到。施氮条件下,吐丝期 (DTS) 相关位点qDTS9a,位于第 9 染色体,可解释表型变异的 3.05%;吐丝散粉间隔期 (ASI) 相关位点qASI10a,位于第 10 染色体,可解释表型变异的 30.74%。不施氮条件下,散粉期 (DTP) 相关位点qDTP9,可解释表型变异的 3.43%;吐丝期相关位点qDTS9a,位于第 9 染色体,可解释表型变异的 4.08%;ASI 相关位点qASI10,位于第 10 染色体,可解释表型变异的 50.28%。对不同处理条件下的定位结果比较发现,不施氮条件下检测到的 QTLs 数目显著高于施氮条件下的检测数量。 【结论】 不同氮素处理下存在一些共有的控制玉米开花期相关的遗传区段,分别位于 Bin9.02 (umc1170-umc1636-bnlg1401-umc1271) 和 Bin10.04 (umc1077-umc1053-umc2350),这些区段可能在玉米氮素吸收、转运和利用过程中起重要作用,可作为下一步精细定位和图位克隆玉米开花期相关基因的重要候选区域。      

小麦赤霉病抗源望水白的QTL定位

236对SSR引物中共有74对在小麦（Tritium aestivum）抗、感亲本之间有多态性,多态性频率达31.7%.对小麦望水白/安农8455群体的SSR分析表明,在2年资料中都出现的与抗小麦赤霉病（Fusarium head blight）连锁的SSR标记有14个,主要分布在染色体3B和2A上.利用Map Manager QTX软件构建连锁图和QTL定位,有38个标记主要分布于5条染色体上（3B、2A、5A、6B和7B）;根据3年的抗性资料分析,3B上的QTL分别位于XBarc133～Xgwm389、XBarc133～Xgwm389和Xg-wm533.1～Xgwm493之间,LOD为2.58、6.49和2.45,分别能解释10%、23%和9%的表型变异.2001年和2003年的抗性资料分析表明,2A上存在2个抗性QTL,都位于Xgwm95～Xgwm372之间,LOD分别为2.82和2.93,均能解释11%的表型变异.     

不同环境条件甘蓝型油菜含油量钝感系数的QTL分析

本研究以甘蓝型油菜GH06和中油821为亲本杂交,后代通过＂一粒传法＂连续自交8代构建重组自交系群体SWU-2为材料,利用本实验室已构建的遗传连锁图谱和复合区间作图法（CIM）对三个不同环境下含油量及含油量环境钝感系数进行QTL分析。结果表明：（1）不同环境中共检测到49个含油量相关QTL分别位于10个不同连锁群上,单个QTL可解释3.31%~12.47%的表型变异,42个含油量环境钝感系数QTL分别位于12个不同连锁群上,单个QTL可解释表型变异的4.05%~14.68%;（2）7个含油量相关的QTL与含油量钝感系数QTL相互重叠,分别位于第1、5、8、10、15和20连锁群上。研究结果表明明甘蓝型油菜含油量相关性状表现为多基因控制的数量性状,基因表达受环境影响较大,本研究为甘蓝型油菜含油量钝感基因的筛选提供了依据,有助于促进甘蓝型油菜高油稳油分子标记辅助育种的发展。     

甘蓝型油菜5个重要性状QTL分析*

利用种皮色泽差异显著的甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)黄籽GH06和黑籽P174为亲本以及由它们构建的132个F2：3家系群体，对饼粕蛋白质含量、皮壳率、皮壳含油量、千粒重及种子含油量5个性状进行考察及QTL分析，5个性状均表现为连续分布，有的甚至表现出单向或双向超亲优势，表明5个性状均为多基因控制的数量性状。5个性状共检测到13个QTL，其中千粒重1个QTL，对表型变异贡献率为18.7%；饼粕蛋白质含量5个QTL，解释表型变异在7.8% ~14.4%之间；皮壳率3个QTL，解释表型变异在26.5%~32.8% 之间；皮壳含油量3个QTL及种子含油量1个QTL，解释表型变异在8.3% ~12.1%之间。在第20连锁群上，发现有饼粕蛋白质含量QTL与皮壳含油量和千粒重QTL重叠的区段。     

控制水稻抽穗期和株高的QTL的定位及遗传分析

抽穗期（headingdata,HD）和株高（plantheight,PH）是水稻（Oryza sativaL.）非常重要的农艺性状。本研究利用金23B（Jin23B）和青谷矮1号（QGA-1）构建的BC3F1群体及其衍生的BC3F2群体通过分子标记定位水稻抽穗期和株高的QTL（quantitativetraitlocus）。构建的遗传连锁图包含105对SSR标记和8对InDel标记,图谱较好地覆盖了水稻12条染色体。两年来共定位到了9个抽穗期相关QTLs,6个株高相关的QTLs,其中抽穗期和株高最大效应都来源于第7染色体。抽穗期QTLqHD7-3在2011年LOD为37.07,可以解释的表型贡献率为41.05%,加性效应为11.68;株高QTLqPH7-2在2011年LOD为43.73,可以解释的表型贡献率为54.17%,加性效应为21.60;2012年LOD为42.66,可以解释的表型贡献率为54.39%,加性效应为19.95。qHD7-3和qPH7-2位于同一区域RM214-RM5543之间,Ghd7也位于这一区间,该QTL可能是Ghd7的等位基因。抽穗期QTLqHD2定位于第2染色体上标记ZH282和RM71之间,在两年内都能检测到,其LOD值分别为4.56和4.99,可解释的表型贡献率分别为4.31%和7.99%。株高QTLqPH4定位于第4染色体上标记RM241和RM317之间,其两年内的LOD分别为2.89和2.67,解释的表型贡献率为9.42%和8.78%。抽穗期QTL qHD2和株高QTL qPH4所定位的区间没有相关的基因或QTL报道,这两个QTL可能含有控制抽穗期和株高的新基因。本研究通过遗传定位证明了株高和抽穗期是由主效QTL和微效QTL共同控制的,并发掘了新的抽穗期和株高的QTL,为育种家利用分子标记辅助选择培育新品种提供更多的选择。     

水稻花时性状的QTL定位

选用早花时粳稻品种WAB368-B-2-H2-HB和晚花时粳稻品种六千辛杂交获得的F2群体284个单株作为作图群体,采用复合区间作图方法,利用117个具有多态性的SSR标记对水稻花时性状进行数量性状基因座(QTL)检测.研究结果表明,F2花时性状呈连续的正态分布,表现为由多基因控制的数量性状.共检测到4个影响花时的QTL,分别位于第1、1、10和12染色体上,增效等位基因均来自早花时亲本WAB368-B-2-H2-HB.其中位于第12染色体RM511-RM519区间的qFT-12可解释11.3％的表型变异,该位点值得进一步研究和利用.     

水稻苗期不同阶段与低氮耐性相关的QTL分析

以超级杂交稻协优9308(协青早B/中恢9308)的重组自交系(R IL)为材料,通过溶液培养试验检测苗期不同阶段与低氮耐性相关的数量性状基因座(QTL)。结果共检测到14个QTLs,单个QTL可解释的表型变异为7.13%1~3.03%。其中,处理后15 d检测到6个QTLs,分别位于第1、7、1、7、10和11染色体上;处理后30 d检测到8个QTLs,分别位于第3、8、3、10、3、8、10和4染色体上。处理后15 d,在第1染色体RM297-RM212区间检测到同时控制相对冠干重和相对总干重的QTL,与氮循环有关,此染色体区域可能富含关键的氮代谢基因。定位结果表明,两个时间检测出的低氮耐性QTL的差异表达与水稻不同发育阶段基因的时空表达密切相关,从而反映在低氮耐性位点的差异上。     

中国小麦地方品种籽粒强休眠特性的主效基因鉴定

前人研究表明,我国一些小麦地方品种籽粒休眠性强,穗发芽抗性好,可能受1～2对主效基因控制.本文利用小麦(Triticum aestivum)2个重组自交系群体(RILs,万县白麦子/京411,万县白麦子/中优9507)进行2点4年的田间试验,以期发掘控制我国小麦地方品种(万县白麦子)籽粒休眠的主效QTL位点.通过复合区间作图进行分析,分别在3AS和3BL染色体上鉴定出2个主效QTL,前者分布在Xbarc57和Xbarc294标记区间(在2个RILs群体中遗传距离分别为5.8和8.5 cM),在多年多点的实验中可解释25.6%～48.3%的表型变异;后者分布在Vp1和Xwmc446标记区间,在万县白麦子/中优9507群体中的遗传距离为8.1 cM,可解释23.5%～37.8%的表型变异.上述研究表明,我国小麦地方品种万县白麦子籽粒强休眠特性主要受Osd.ahau-3A、Qsd.ahau-3B这两个主效基因控制,在不同环境中表现出较好的遗传稳定性.可通过聚合育种的方法获得籽粒休眠性强、穗发芽抗性好的小麦新品种.     

水稻窄叶突变体zy103突变基因鉴定

为通过叶形相关基因定位与克隆解析水稻叶形变异的分子机制,本研究以籼稻品种9311与粳稻品种豫粳6号的杂交F₇株系中发现的窄叶突变体zy103为试验材料,应用(zy103/9311)F₂、F₃分离群体对窄叶基因进行精细定位及候选基因预测。表型分析表明,突变体zy103出现全生育期叶片变窄微卷、株高及结实率降低、成熟种子弯曲变形等变异表型。遗传分析和基因定位结果表明,突变体zy103受1对隐性核基因控制,该基因被定位于第12号染色体195.4 kb的区间内,此区间内共预测了28个编码基因。对区间内与水稻叶形态建成相关的OsCSLD4(LOC_Os12g36890.1)基因进行测序,结果表明,突变体中OsCSLD4基因的编码区第2外显子第3 472~第3 479处有8个核苷酸(TGTGCCAC)缺失,造成移码突变,导致原编码蛋白第Ⅶ和第Ⅷ跨膜区保守功能结构域丢失,推测OsCSLD4是引起突变体zy103窄叶突变的目的基因。本研究结果为解析水稻窄叶形成的分子机理和水稻理想株型育种奠定了一定的理论基础。     

水稻产量性状一般配合力QTL定位

为了定位与发掘水稻产量性状高配合力数量性状座位(QTL),本研究按照不完全双列杂交(NCⅡ)设计,以泸恢8285与扬恢34杂交构建的重组自交系群体(RIL),分别与泸98A、Ⅱ-32A、冈46A杂交构建的双列杂交群体作为试验材料,在德阳、遂宁和泸州3种环境下对单株生物量、收获指数、单株产量、有效穗数、每穗颖花数、每穗实粒数、结实率和千粒重等性状的一般配合力进行QTL定位。结果表明,3种环境下共检测到50个QTL,单个QTL对表型的贡献率变幅在3.26%~34.26%之间,其中qEP2-2、qSP2-2、qFGP2-2、qTGW1和qTGW2 5个QTL在3种环境下均有检出,qHI3、qEP7、qSP7、qSSR12-1和qTGW3-2 5个QTL在2种环境下检出,其他的QTL仅在其中1种环境下检出。此外,有27个QTL增效等位基因来自泸恢8258。本研究结果为进一步开展相关基因的精细定位、克隆和分子辅助选择育种奠定了基础。     

建国以来黑龙江省春小麦抗白粉病基因检测及其组成分析

为了解黑龙江省春小麦抗白粉病基因的组成及分布规律,本研究利用已开发的Pm2、Pm3b、Pm4、Pm8、Pm13和Pm21抗白粉病基因分子标记对黑龙江省推广的123份小麦品种进行了检测和分析。结果表明,在123份小麦品种中分布4种抗白粉病基因,其中Pm2、Pm3和Pm13分布频率较高,分别为95.1%、95.1%和94.3%,Pm8分布频率较低,仅为0.01%,且不存在抗白粉病基因Pm4和Pm21;黑龙江省春小麦抗白粉病基因组合共有7种类型,其中Pm2/Pm3b/Pm13类型所占比例最高,为88.6%,其次为Pm2/Pm3b、Pm2/Pm13和Pm3b/Pm13,所占比例分别为3.3%、2.4%和2.4%,Pm2和Pm2/Pm3b/Pm8/Pm13所占比例最低,为0.8%。本试验结果明确了建国后黑龙江省春小麦品种抗白粉病基因的组成和分布频率,为高效开展小麦抗白粉病育种提供了一定的理论依据。     

Identification of new sources for resistance to powdery mildew in H. spontaneum-derived winter barley lines

Twenty four barley lines derived from the F ₇generation of crosses between two winter barley cultivars and different accessions of Hordeum spontaneum Koch collected in Israel were tested against a set of ten European and five Israeli powdery mildew cultures, possessing virulence genes which completely match the spectrum of known mildew resistance genes. The comparison of reaction patterns justified the conclusion that new genes for resistance have been conferred from H. spontaneum which also differ from genes previously identified in other wild barley accessions from Israel. Participation in the expression of the resistance reaction of one of the two barley cultivars used in the development of the lines is well documented in some cases. The majority of the lines was found to be highly resistant against all or almost all European isolates, while various kinds of reactions were observed against the Israeli cultures. The effective transfer of novel mildew resistance from H. spontaneum into winter barley confirms similar results with spring barley, indicating natural wild barley populations in Israel as a significant gene pool for yet unexploited mildew resistance in barley.     

Soil properties,but not plant nutrients (N,P, K) interact with chemically induced resistance against powdery mildew in barley

Chemically induced resistance is a promising method of plant protection against diseases, which can be triggered by systemically acting chemical inducers such as BTH (benzo(1, 2, 3)thiadiazole‐carbothioic‐acid‐S‐methylester). BTH is commercially distributed as a 50 % formulation, called Bion®. The uncertain success of Bion® application in controlling infection by powdery mildew is a major obstacle in using induced resistance for plant protection in agriculture. This study aimed to investigate the effect of soil properties, selected macronutrients (N, P, and K), and addition of organic matter on induced resistance and to identify possible factors responsible for the high variability of BTH effect under field conditions. A pot experiment under open‐air conditions was set up using the pathosystem Hordeum vulgare cv. Ingrid / Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei race A6. The different soils strongly affected the resistance of barley plants against powdery mildew after BTH treatment. The infection of barley by powdery mildew was lower than on all other soils when grown on an acid forest soil which was limed up to pH 4.9, even after BTH treatment. A reproducible induction of pathogen resistance by BTH was shown only on a mineral soil (Kleinlinden) with a negligible C content. Application of N, P, and K did not consistently affect the induction of resistance by BTH. The addition of green manure and compost led to an enhanced variability of resistance induction on the soil “Kleinlinden”. Possible effects of soil microflora on resistance induction are discussed.     

Phenotypic diversity of barley powdery mildew resistance sources

One hundred and twenty-one of 123 previously detected new sources of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) resistant to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei), and originating from Mediterranean area, and 20 standards were tested at the seedling stage for reaction to 38 selected Israeli powdery mildew isolates. The obtained resistance spectrum (a set of resistant and susceptible reactions) of each accession was divided into triplets and converted to octal numbers. This concentrates information on the resistance phenotype of each accession and makes their comparison much easier. One hundred and thirty-four different resistance spectra were determined. No compatible reaction was found in standards possessing genes mlo and Mlhb2 and in the accession PI 466634. The results demonstrate large diversity in new resistance sources, their distinction from the sources described till now as well as diversity in powdery mildew resistance of wild barley in the Mediterranean area. The results facilitate more effective further studies of such a large set of new resistance sources, and contribute to speeding up their use in barley breeding.     

冬大麦花后穗部氮素积累及转移的研究

在大田条件下,以扬饲麦3、扬饲麦1、苏啤2号和扬农啤2号等4个品种为供试材料,在07、5、1502、25.kg/hm24个氮肥处理水平下,研究了大麦花后穗部氮积累及转移的规律。结果表明,在扬饲麦3、扬饲麦1、苏啤2号和扬农啤2号4个品种各氮肥处理的平均值中,开花期绿叶的含氮量依次为2.64%、2.76%、2.63%和2.45%,穗部含氮量依次为1.43%、1.83%、1.69%和1.51%。成熟期子粒含氮量分别为2.65%、2.63%、2.48%和2.14%。氮的花前积累量(NABF)依次为17.68、15.27、19.80和14.85.mg/plant,总积累量(NTA)分别为33.75、25.51、54.24和28.83mg/plant,花后积累量(NAAF)依次为16.061、0.25、34.45和13.98.mg/plant,转移量(NT)依次为12.60、10.551、3.48和9.54.mg/plant,转移效率(NTE)分别为71.49%、69.84%、68.42%和64.97%。收获指数(NHI)分别为84.91%、81.95%、88.47%和81.90%;随着施氮水平的提高,各品种的花前氮积累量、总积累量、花后积累量和氮转移量均呈上升趋势,而氮转移效率、氮转移对子粒的贡献(NCR)率则成下降趋势;大麦花后穗部氮积累过程可以用Richards方程W=A/(1+be-kt)m来描述,通径分析方程各特征参数与氮积累和转移的关系表明,影响大麦穗部氮积累和转移的主要因素是最大积累速率,其次是起始积累势,最大积累速率越高,起始积累势越小,越有利于氮的积累和转移。同时,积累中期和前期的积累速率和积累量对大麦穗部氮积累和转移的影响也较大。     

Resistance to powdery mildew in populations of barley landraces from Morocco

Forty-eight populations of barley landraces collected from Morocco were screened for resistance to powdery mildew and a number of different resistance genes were detected. Landraces originated from the collection of the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas – ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria. Twenty populations of tested landraces (about 42%) showed resistance reactions and 46 single plant lines were selected. Fourteen of these lines were tested in the seedling stage with 17 and another 32 lines with 23 differential isolates of powdery mildew, respectively. The isolates were chosen according to their virulence spectra observed on the Pallas isolines differential set. Five lines originating from five populations of landraces showed resistance to all prevalent in Europe powdery mildew virulence genes. Thirty-five lines (76%) showed resistance reaction type 2. The distribution of reaction type scores indicated that about 81% of all reaction types observed were classified as powdery mildew resistance (scores 0, 1 and 2). In forty-one lines (89%) the presence of unknown genes alone or in combination with a specific one was detected. Four different resistance alleles (Mlat, Mla6, Mla14 and Mla22) were postulated to be present in the tested lines alone or in combination. Among specific resistance alleles the most common was allele Mlat (resistance Atlas). This allele was postulated to be present in twenty-three (50%) tested lines. The use of new identified sources of resistance to powdery mildew in barley breeding is discussed.     

Sources of powdery mildew resistance in a wild barley collection

A total of 1,383 accessions of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) held in the USDA-National Small Grains Collection, Aberdeen were screened for resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) in the Czech Republic. They were subsequently tested at the seedling stage for reaction to selected powdery mildew pathotypes and simultaneously for their adult plant resistance in the field. One hundred and twenty-three accessions exhibited resistance to 22 pathotypes in the greenhouse tests (reaction type 2–3 or lower) as well as resistance to the natural population of this pathogen in the field in the Czech Republic during at least 2-year testing. These accessions represent large amount of promising sources in breeding barley for resistance to powdery mildew.     

辣椒抗疫病性状遗传及其相关AFLP标记分析

以93-100-17-1-0×茄门组合为基础，建立F2代作图群体。从感受性、诱导性和稳定性等3个方面进行遗传分析，发现93-100-17-1-0的抗疫病性状是由多基因或寡基因所控制的。根据AFLP分析，利用Mapmaker/exp (Version 3.0)作图软件构建辣椒的分子连锁图谱，结合winQTLCART(Version 1.15)，对辣椒抗疫病的基因定位，将与感受性有关的QTL位点定位在第5条连锁群上，与诱导性有关的QTL位点分别定位在第1、第2、第5、第8条连锁群，与稳定性有关的QTL位点定位在第1、第2、第5、第7条连锁群，各QTL位点可解释表型变异率在64%以上。     

Quantitative trait loci associated with trichomes in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum galapagense</Emphasis> accession LA1401

Pest resistance in Solanum galapagense has been associated with the presence of type IV glandular trichomes and allelochemicals. Knowledge of the genetic factors involved in determining the presence and type of trichomes may assist in the process of gene introgression for development of pest resistant tomato cultivars. In this study, we sought to identify QTLs associated with the presence of type IV trichomes in an F₂ population derived from the interspecific cross of Solanum lycopersicum TOM-684?×?S. galapagense accession LA1401. Two QTLs contributing to type IV trichome occurrence and density were detected, one major QTL (gal.IV-2), responsible for 35.22% of phenotypic variation, was located on chromosome 2. The other QTL (gal.IV-3) was located on chromosome 3, and explained 23.35% of the phenotypic variation in the F₂ population. These QTLs were responsible for 26.44 and 3.37% of the variation observed in a progeny derived from a backcross to TOM-684. The same QTLs were also associated with type II?+?III non-glandular trichomes, whose densities were negatively correlated to those of type IV trichomes, suggesting that the loci found may have pleiotropic effects for high type IV/low type II?+?III trichome densities. Our results indicate that the inheritance for type IV trichomes can be explained by a few genetic factors affecting the presence of a gland and the density of trichomes. These results further suggest a revision to trichome classification used for tomato may be appropriate.