花龄对枇杷柱头可授性及花粉活力的影响

以‘大五星’枇杷为试材，研究了花龄对柱头可授性和花粉活力的影响。结果表明：‘大五星’枇杷雌雄性器官的育性具有同步性，有利于自然授粉结实。从大蕾期至花后第5d花粉活力都较高，是人工辅助授粉花粉的良好收集期；从花后第2d-4d柱头分泌黏液较多，此期柱头具有强可授性，是开展人工辅助授粉的最佳时期。     

乌丹蒿开花动态、花粉活力及柱头可授性研究

在科尔沁沙地西部地区选取长势一致乌丹蒿植株,定株观察其开花动态和花后柱头的形态变化,并用TTC法检测花粉活力,用联苯胺—过氧化氢法检测其柱头可授性。结果表明:乌丹蒿整体开花格局是从上至下,头状花序内的小花是由外向内逐次开放,头状花序开花持续时间为3~7d,单株花期最长时间为19d;花粉寿命长达4d,在开花后第3d花粉活力最高,为47.12%;最佳授粉期为开花后3~4d;柱头可授性时间为6d,边缘花开花后第3d柱头的可授性最强;乌丹蒿花粉活力最高期与柱头可授性最佳期同时进行。     

美洲狼尾草柱头可授性和象草花粉活力的研究

以杂交狼尾草母本美洲狼尾草不育系Tift 23A和父本象草N51为材料,采用花粉离体萌发法测定花粉活力,用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定柱头可授性,结合柱头形态特征观测与田间人工杂交授粉试验进行研究。结果表明:象草抽穗1d后开始散粉,散粉期持续7d;散粉第1d花粉活力较高,为71.6%,第2～4d花粉量最多,花粉活力显著高于其它各天,平均值达77.2%,之后迅速下降,第7d时散粉量极少,花粉活力降到50.3%。美洲狼尾草柱头可授期为7d,可授性为2～3d柱头1d、4d柱头5～7d柱头;柱头抽出第1～4d人工授粉杂交结实率极显著高于5～7d,其中2～3d的田间人工授粉平均结实率显著高于其它各天,为84.1%;柱头呈白色,开裂角度为60°～90°时具有最强可授性。     

冷蒿的开花动态与花粉活力及柱头可授性研究

在试验地观察了冷蒿的开花动态,用TTC法测定了冷蒿花序花粉的活力,采用联苯胺—过氧化氢法测定了其柱头的可授性.结果表明,冷蒿花序的开花顺序是自上而下的,小花的开放是自外轮至中央小花.冷蒿的花粉活力在盛花期开花之初很低,第2～3d花粉活力较高,随后活力明显下降,但直至其花序枯萎,少量的花粉仍具有部分活力.花粉寿命较长,约为20d.冷蒿边缘雌花柱头的可授性在开花当天就具有,并且持续时间较长,在第2～3d可授性最强.中央两性小花柱头可授性要稍晚于边缘小花,但是在开花后第2～3d可授性也达到最高,其可授性时间也较长.柱头可授性的最佳时期为开花后第2～3d.冷蒿的最佳授粉期在开花后2～3d左右.     

大花萱草‘金娃娃’的花器结构和繁育系统观察

通过观察,运用杂交指数、花粉/胚珠、花粉及柱头活力、坐果率等指标对大花萱草‘金娃娃’(Hemerocallis hybridus cv.‘Stella de oro’)的花部特征、开花动态及授粉特性等进行研究。在人工栽培条件下,金娃娃萱草5-9月开花,花苔分3～4次抽生,首次开花群体花期32 d,单苔花期9～16 d,单花花期1 d。雄蕊短于花柱,花药与柱头相差2.71 cm,在花朵开放的整个过程中雌、雄蕊的相对位置始终不变。开花前1 d的花粉活力最强,开花前1 d和开花当天的柱头具有较强的可授性。杂交指数为4,花粉/胚珠值为1 164,结合坐果率,可以判断其繁育系统属于兼性异交,部分自交亲和,需要传粉者。特殊的花部结构、缺少传粉者和花期短可能是金娃娃萱草结实率较低的原因。     

3种野生葱属植物花粉活力和柱头可授性研究

采用TTC法、孢粉染色法及联苯胺—过氧化氢法,从花粉活力、花粉可育性及柱头可授性方面研究了蒙古韭Alliummongolicum、碱韭A.polyrhizum和细叶韭A.tenuissi mum3种野生葱属植物的传粉生物学特征。结果表明:3种野生葱属植物的花粉活力和可育率均较高,分别为蒙古韭73.40%±2.94%,79.44%±2.83%;碱韭71.23%±4.39%,84.32%±1.63%;细叶韭80.62%±4.11%,70.93%±4.86%。三者花粉活力下降快,花粉寿命约为8 h,最佳传粉期为开花后3~4 h。三者的柱头均具较高的可授性,可授性持续5 d左右,最佳授粉期为2 d左右。     

扁穗牛鞭草花粉活力及柱头可授性研究

采用离体萌发法测定扁穗牛鞭草花粉生活力及不同保存条件下花粉寿命,运用联苯胺-过氧化氢法对大棚和大田开花植株柱头可授性进行研究.结果表明:扁穗牛鞭草花粉离体萌发率为65.67%;室温(27℃)下,干燥保存的花粉寿命为3h,湿润保存的花粉寿命为4h;外界环境因子对扁穗牛鞭草柱头可授性影响较大,大棚(平均温度27℃,平均相对湿度65%)、大田(平均温度25℃,平均相对湿度75.9%)两条件下柱头可授性随时间变化差异性显著(P<0.01);大棚内扁穗牛鞭草植株柱头可授期为花后1～5d,大田条件下柱头可授期为花后1～3d.     

木地肤的开花动态与花粉活力及柱头可授性研究

在自然种群中对木地肤的开花物候、开花动态进行观察,用MTT法测定了木地肤单花花粉的活力及其柱头的可授性。结果表明,木地肤生殖枝穗状花序的开花顺序是:中上部→下部→顶部,叶腋聚头状花序的开放顺序是:中央小花→外轮小花;木地肤单花花期分为雌性亚期和雄性亚期,雌性亚期10~12 d,雄性亚期1 d;木地肤有红黄两种颜色柱头,雄蕊有红黄两种颜色花药,自然种群中花有 4 种不同的柱头花药组合类型;木地肤的花粉活力在盛花期>80%,4~8 h内花粉活力最高,之后活力明显下降,黄色花药的花粉寿命(8 h)长于红色花药内花粉寿命(4 h);木地肤红色和黄色柱头的可授性变化趋势一致,柱头在刚露出花被片时就具有可授性,并随柱头生长持续加强,在第8~12天时可授性最强,柱头可授期长达12 d,占单花花期的92.3%;P/O(花粉/胚珠)比值为61900~64200,属于异交繁育系统。对开花动态与花粉活力及柱头可授性的研究将为探讨其繁育系统进化及生态适应机制提供科学依据,并为新疆荒漠地区饲用半灌木良种的繁育提供基础资料。     

芒花粉活力及柱头可授性研究

采用I2-KI染色法和离体萌发法测定芒(Miscanthus sinensis)花粉活力以及不同保存条件下的花粉寿命,并利用H2O2法检测雌蕊柱头的可授性。结果表明:芒花粉量大,平均花粉量/胚珠比(P/O值)达到5445±2883,属于专性异交性植物,且花粉初始活力较高,平均为78.68%±17.46%,但离体花粉的活力丧失快,室温干燥和湿润条件下保存的花粉寿命分别为70min和100min。不同基因型在花粉量、花粉活力及寿命上存在变异。雌蕊柱头可授性较高,活性可持续8d,最佳授粉期为开花前1d至开花后1d。     

不同产地藿香花粉活力与柱头可授性研究

主要对不同产地的藿香花粉活力、柱头可授性及花粉形态特征进行研究。各产地藿香花粉活力检测经过多种方法筛选后选择红墨水法,柱头可授性测定采用联苯胺-过氧化氢法,并利用扫描电镜对不同产地藿香的花粉形态进行观察。结果表明,在自然条件下,各产地开花习性较为一致,均在7至8月开花,群体花期15~28 d,单花花期约为3~5 d。不同产地藿香花粉活力随着开花时间的延长均表现出先升高后降低的趋势,平均花粉活力在18.46%~26.52%之间。5个产地当中,成都产地藿香平均花粉活力最高,长春产地藿香花粉活力最低。花粉寿命在4~5 d之间,柱头可授性可持续5~6 d。同时,在藿香刚开花第1天各产地柱头具可授性,在2~3 d内,具有较强的可授性。因而,不同产地藿香进行人工授粉最佳时期为开花后2~3 d。此外,不同产地藿香花粉粒形状主要为近球形或椭球形。花粉粒大小在42.93 μm×31.99 μm~46.59 μm×37.67 μm之间,均具6条萌发沟,萌发沟狭长、裂痕近两极。花粉外壁纹饰呈网状,网眼为不规则多角形,近圆形,大小不一。本文较为系统的比较了不同产地藿香花粉活力、柱头可授性及花粉形态,以期为藿香的人工栽培以及良种繁育提供理论依据。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.