我国北方农村马铃薯贮藏存在的问题及改进意见

1前言我国北方纬度偏高，气候冷凉，昼夜温差大，日照充足，为半干旱半湿润地区，适宜马铃薯生长发育。马铃薯的种植面积150万hm2左右，约占全国马铃薯播种面积的50％以上，而且这里都是春播秋收的一季作区，块茎的冬贮时间较长，一般要贮藏6～7个月。近年来由于人们对马铃薯营养价值认识的提高及加工业的兴起，马铃薯市场产生了很大变化，不仅使马铃薯播种面积增加，同时马铃薯的冬贮数量较以前也增加了一倍之多。但由于受贮藏设施、贮藏方法、管理技术的局限，贮藏效果也不一样。不同用途的块茎对贮藏条件有不同的要求，要达到贮藏的目的…     

定西市马铃薯种薯贮藏管理技术与特点

<正>定西市位于甘肃省中部地区,种植马铃薯具有得天独厚的自然条件,经过多年努力马铃薯产业已成为富民强市的支柱产业,建立了以"中国马铃薯良种之乡"渭源县为中心的良种繁育基地,在马铃薯种薯贮藏方面进行了积极有效的探索与实践,总结了适合当地条件的种薯贮藏技术。     

山体库与恒温库马铃薯贮藏比较试验

以当地主栽的马铃薯品种大西洋、克新19号为材料,于2007年9月至2008年5月进行了山体库和恒温库贮藏比较试验,比较山体库与恒温库马铃薯不同贮藏时期温度、湿度变化与干物质、淀粉、还原糖的含量及变化。试验结果表明:山体库贮藏马铃薯期间温度、湿度的变化不大,通风情况良好,贮藏的薯块没有出现发热、失水现象。经多次分品种进行还原糖含量、淀粉含量和干物质含量三项理化指标的测定,测定结果都符合马铃薯种薯和商品薯贮藏标准。在马铃薯加工利用时,对于山体库低温长时间存贮的马铃薯根据加工利用目的,如淀粉加工、食品加工必须进行升温贮藏;山体库与恒温库在3℃条件下贮藏的马铃薯各项指标变化趋势一致,符合马铃薯种子和商品薯贮藏标准,在冷凉地区适合山体库推广应用。     

高寒区马铃薯种薯贮藏的主要技术环节

山西省是我国马铃薯主产区之一 ,年播种面积33万ｈｍ2 ,年需种薯 5亿ｋｇ。随着我省产业结构的调整和马铃薯战略的实施 ,马铃薯播种面积逐年扩大 ,种用马铃薯逐年增加。由于马铃薯块茎具有水分高 ,呼吸作用强烈 ,营养不稳定的特点 ,对贮藏条件要求非常严格 ,如何有效地贮藏马铃     

马铃薯种薯贮藏方法研究及应用

马铃薯种薯贮藏方法研究及应用刘介民，陆儒林，田祚茂（湖北恩施南方马铃薯研究中心）１前言鄂西山区类同我国西南山区生态环境条件，气候比较冷凉，雨量充沛，自然肥源丰富，马铃薯产量占全年粮食产量的２４％。马铃薯种薯生理要求低温（２～４℃）贮藏，可是鄂西马铃薯...     

马铃薯种薯的贮藏温度与产量

马铃薯产最在很大程度上取决于种薯的质量。在安全贮藏的综合条件中,贮藏温度起决定性作用。在贮藏的第一阶段,高温(18～19℃)配合高相对湿度(90～95%),为收获块茎时机械损伤的愈合提供了必要条件。但是,只是在贮藏基本健康的马铃薯时,这种条件才有良好效果。如果贮藏的块茎已经感染了疫病或者细菌病害,高温反而促使病菌加快繁衍,并     

加热熏蒸CIPC对马铃薯萌芽及品质的影响

为研究加热熏蒸抑芽剂氯苯胺灵(CIPC)对马铃薯抑芽效果及品质的影响,试验采用加热熏蒸和喷施2种方法,在室温20℃的条件下,贮藏第30 d时对马铃薯进行处理,空白对照不做任何处理,测定马铃薯萌芽情况及品质关键指标。结果表明,相比空白对照,在马铃薯贮藏过程中,喷雾CIPC和加热熏蒸CIPC均能显著抑制马铃薯发芽,处理后薯块普遍出现芽萎缩变黑的现象;2种处理后干物质含量、淀粉含量均极显著高于对照,可溶性糖含量、α-淀粉酶活性极显著低于空白对照;相比之下,喷雾施用CIPC较加热熏蒸对马铃薯的抑芽效果和薯块品质的保持更佳,但二者都具有明显的抑芽效果。考虑操作性、成本、对马铃薯的机械损伤等因素,认为加热熏蒸比喷雾的优势更加显著,在实际生产中具有更好的推广潜力。     

马铃薯贮藏技术

1马铃薯对贮藏条件的要求 马铃薯的贮藏温度对其内部淀粉与糖的相互转化有很大影响:在0℃条件下,薯块内部由于淀粉水解酶活性增高,使淀粉水解为糖的速度加快,呼吸作用加强,品质和耐藏性都降低;     

马铃薯种薯的贮藏

在世界上大多数国家,种用、大部分食用或加工用马铃薯均需贮存一段时间。从马铃薯收获开始,就应采取一定措施,把块茎贮藏在最适条件下,以便把其重量的减少和品质的劣变降到最低限度。首要的任务是控制贮藏大气的温、湿度。现将贮藏生理及有关贮藏方法简述如下。     

油炸加工用马铃薯原料贮藏技术的探讨

1　前　言随着西方快餐和休闲食品的悄然兴起 ,油炸薯条、油炸薯片正被中国人所接受 ,市场越来越好 ,马铃薯油炸食品加工业也应运迅速发展。这不仅促进了油炸马铃薯专用品种的种植 ,原料薯的贮藏数量也在骤增。但由于油炸马铃薯食品与中国传统食品有不同的要求 ,所以在贮藏期间保持原料薯内在质量不发生变化 ,特别是还原糖不能增加。因此 ,贮藏的环境条件和方法 ,与菜薯、种薯贮藏则有不同的特殊要求。2　油炸加工原料薯对贮藏条件的要求2 1　油炸加工原料薯贮藏期间应保持的理想状态首先是经贮藏的原料薯到加工利用之前 ,必须不失水、不腐…     

The effect of potato store operation on energy usage and weight loss

Summary The effect of various storage parameters on the power usage and tuber weight loss for a fully refrigerated potato store were investigated. A computer model validated by detailed monitoring of potato stores was used for the calculations. The store parameters considered were: storage temperature, store relative humidity, local ambient conditions, store capacity or loading factor, half cooling time and the infiltration rate or air tightness of the store. The investigation showed that the power consumption was most affected by the storage temperature and the infiltration rate of the store, and that weight loss was most affected by the half cooling time.     

Assessment of Dormancy and Sprouting Behavior of CIP Elite and Advanced Clones Under Different Storage Conditions in Uzbekistan

In potato breeding and selection, storability should be regarded as equally important as yield, disease resistance, and quality. A study documenting the dormancy period, sprouting behavior, and weight loss of 17 International Potato Center potato elite and advanced clones was carried out in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, under cellar and cold store conditions, during 2008 and 2009. Ninety tubers of each of 17 clones were allocated to experimental units of 30 tubers each placed in trays and randomized in three replications following a random complete block design. Therefore, there were three replications of 30 seed tubers each per entry. The dormancy period ranged from 77 to 115 days and from 100 to 186 days under cellar and cold storage, respectively. There was a relatively high positive correlation (0.69) for dormancy period between storage systems, indicating that clones demonstrating longer and shorter dormancy periods under one system will also behave similarly under the other system. A negative correlation (−0.53 and −0.88) was found between dormancy period and length of the longest sprout in cellar and cold store, respectively, meaning that clones with shorter dormancy often showed a greater length of their longest sprout. The weight loss percentage per tuber was similar in both storage systems, from 5.0% to 8.0% in the cellar and from 5.0% to 9.8% in the cold store, although for different storage periods (an average of 110 and 166 days under cellar and cold storage conditions, respectively). The study indicated that under cellar conditions, clones with a longer dormancy period and slower rate of sprout growth have less weight loss during storage and therefore better keeping quality.     

Integrated pest management of potato tuber moth in field and storage

Summary The potato tuber moth (PTM),Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), is one of the most damaging pests of potatoes in field and storage. Tuber moth is active throughout the year in North Africa but is most active from late April to early August. Many cultural practices that are used by farmers to improve the yield and quality of potato can also limit the development of the potato tuber moth and minimise damage to tubers. As the farmers gain more experience with both agronomic practices and chemical insecticides, they are likely to rely more heavily on cultural practices and less on insecticides to manage PTM. Measures which could keep PTM damages in rustic and diffuse light stores to a minimum are discussed. Ideally, there is need to integrate pest management in potato fields and stores. PTM control in stores was found to be more effective if infestation in fields was kept to a minimum. Low infestation at harvest and rapid handling of the potatoes going into store established good initial storage conditions and decreased the likelihood of post-harvest losses. Biological insecticides in particular were more effective in preventing losses by insects in stores in cases where the initial level of infestation was relatively low.     

Acceptance of diffused light storage technology by potato farmers in the Benguet and Mountain Provinces of the Philippines

Improper seed potato storage was considered to be a major constraint in the Philippine highlands. For this reason a program of introducing diffused light storage technology was launched in early 1978 to resolve the problem. Scattered reports indicated a rapid adoption of the technology by the farmers; however no follow-up had been done to determine the extent of adoption. Hence, a survey was conducted from July to December 1983 to assess the impact of the diffuse light storage (DLS) technology among potato farmers. Of the 1412 farmers interviewed 42% have adopted the DLS technology. Nearly all adopters have simply modified existing structures to permit diffuse light to enter and store tubers in thin layers. Only 1.5% have constructed simple storages. Generally the farmers who accepted the technology are close to the main access road and are the more progressive farmers. Most reported better quality seed and subsequent higher yields as a result of the technology. Conversely, 35% of the respondents, primarily in remote areas, were not even aware of the DLS technology. Another 27% of the respondents planned to accept the technology by improving their traditional storages. To increase the utilization of the technology, more extension effort needs to be put forth demonstrating the benefits of the DLS by improving existing storage structures found in remote areas where potato production is not well developed.     

Differences among potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars in northern India in performance of diffuse light stored seed potatoes

Summary Diffuse light storage (DLS) of potato seed tubers was evaluated in the Punjab, India. Seed tubers of seven cultivars were stored in a nylon mesh covered thatch-roofed DLS and their behaviour in store and subsequent performance in the field was compared with that of tubers stored traditionally in a refrigerated cold store (RCS). DLS of seed from March to October resulted in 34–82% loss by weight due to high temperature and low humidity compared to 6–8% in RCS. When the DLS seeds were planted in replicated field trials, they showed reduced germination, germination rate index, plant height and final yield (up to 37%) compared to seeds from RCS. However, in cvs. Kufri Lalima and Phulwa yields were not significantly reduced following DLS.     

High temperature storage of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) for processing — a feasibility study

Tubers of three potato cultivars were stored at room temperature (20–39°C, 30–75% RH), under an insulated storage run on passive evaporative cooling (16–30°C, 70–90% RH) and a refrigerated storage (2–4°C, 90–95% RH) for 14 weeks and studied periodically for storage losses, reducing sugar content and dry matter percent of tubers, in order to explore the possibility of storing potatoes for processing at higher temperatures. Physiological losses in tubers remained less than 10% until 12 weeks of storage under evaporatively cooled storage. Reducing sugar contents increased by only 52.4–242.1% in tubers stored in evaporatively cooled storage as compared to 90.5–484.2% increase in tubers stored in refrigerated storage until 14 weeks. Potatoes stored in evaporatively cooled store were more suitable for processing into chips and french fries due to lower physiological losses and lower reducing sugar content of tubers.     

Isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) Carbamate (CIPC) Residues in Potatoes Stored in Commercial Cold Stores in India

Since no attempt has been made so far in India to determine isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC) residues in potatoes, it became necessary to determine its residues in potatoes which are being used for table and processing purposes. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, CIPC residues were determined in peels, peeled tubers and unpeeled tubers periodically during storage at 10–12 °C in commercial cold stores. The highest concentration of CIPC found in potato peels was 20.17 mg/kg fresh wt, whereas in unpeeled and peeled tubers the residue levels were very low ranging from 0.29 to 1.13 and 0.05 to 0.24 mg/kg, respectively. However, all residue levels observed were within the maximum residue level prescribed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The experiments done to determine the dispersal and concentration of CIPC applied as an aerosol fog with respect to location and time showed that the distribution of CIPC within the cold store was uneven leading to large variations in residue levels in samples drawn from different parts of the store.     

Cool Farm Tool – Potato: Model Description and Performance of Four Production Systems

The Cool Farm Tool – Potato (CFT-Potato) is a spreadsheet programme that allows the calculation of the amount of CO₂ equivalents that it costs to produce 1 t of potato. The spreadsheet was adapted from an original generic version of the tool, and completed for potato production in diverse production areas in the world applying different levels of technology. The CO₂ embedded in chemicals during their production and released from the soil after nitrogen fertilization in the CFT-Potato has been updated to consider more recent products and production methods. Energy costs of the operations in the original version taken from generic data provided by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Standard, however, were altered (usually increased) where there was evidence from practical sources that the original figures did not apply. For example, the figure of around 16 l of diesel per ha for potato harvesting in the original version was corrected to 60 l of diesel per ha based on observational data. Figures for typical potato operations such as windrowing were supplied. Irrigation with pumps powered by diesel or electricity from the grid, with a centre pivot, a rain gun, drip irrigation and flooding and energy cost for extracting water from deeper sources were also added. We added data for grading, washing, store loading and unloading, the application of a sprout suppressant and storage with ventilation of ambient air or forced refrigeration. The CFT-Potato can be used by growers to calculate the actual costs of 1 t of potato in terms of kilograms CO₂ and explore the repercussion of altered management options. Here the comparison of four potato production systems in the Netherlands is shown: seed potatoes (115 kg CO₂/t), table potatoes (77 kg CO₂/t), starch potatoes (71 kg CO₂/t) and organic potato (82 kg CO₂/t). Based on potato dry matter, however, starch potato has the lowest footprint mainly due to the extensive use of pig slurry of which the production and transport CO₂ costs are attributed to the pig production chain.     

Potato Shoot Tip Cryopreservation. A Review

Potato is one of the most important crops worldwide. Genetic resources of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ssp. tuberosum) and related cultivated species are conserved through storage of tubers, in vitro plants and in cryopreservation. Cryopreservation, storage in or above liquid nitrogen, is the best option to maintain vegetatively propagated plants in the long term. The present review gives comprehensive information about various cryopreservation techniques for potato published from 1977 until the present. It discusses factors that affect the process and success of cryopreservation, such as donor culture conditions, preculture, cooling, warming and post-culture treatments. Studies are presented that analyse the histological and ultrastructural changes after different cryopreservation steps and the morphological pathways during regeneration of plants after rewarming. The maintenance of genetic stability in potato after cryopreservation has also been demonstrated by various phenotypic and molecular methods. The first thermal analyses on potato shoot tips are presented using differential scanning calorimetry to analyse the state of water during cooling and warming. Biochemical analyses of different compounds, such as soluble sugars and proteins, have been performed to understand and improve existing cryogenic methods. Potato is an example where successful virus elimination has been obtained via cryopreservation of shoot tips (cryotherapy). There are already cryopreserved collections of potato shoot tips in Germany, Peru, Czech Republic, South Korea and USA, but additional experiments on fundamental aspects of potato cryopreservation will help to improve understanding of the different cryopreservation methods, start new collections in other countries and also build up existing cryocollections of potato.     

Threshold sugar concentrations in snowden potatoes during storage

The suitability of potatoes for processing into potato chips is dependent on chip color, and internal and external defects. Concentrations of reducing sugars, and more specifically glucose, have been used as a quantitative indicator of acceptability of potato for chipping. The research reported here investigated the correlation between sugar concentrations and chip color, and the variability of sugar concentrations between samples and sample locations. Three potato storage research bins, each with an independent air handling and control system, were located inside of commercial potato storage bins. Snowden potatoes were harvested in the fall of 1992 and stored at different temperatures in the bins through late March, 1993. The potatoes were sampled bi-weekly during the storage period, and the samples were analyzed for sugar concentrations (sucrose and glucose) using a YSI model 2700 sugar analyzer.¹ The results indicated that a Snowden potato sample with a glucose concentration less than 0.0075%² (fresh weight basis) will have a 90% probability of having an acceptable Snack Food Association color score of 1.5 or lower. Lower numbers indicate whiter chips which are generally preferred by chip producers. Similarly, a sample with a glucose concentration of 0.01% will have a 90% probability of having a color of 2 or lower. Based on tubers sampled from four heights within the storage bins, samples from the top of a potato bin will provide a representative sample as long as recommended storage procedures are followed, and potato pulp temperatures are similar throughout the storage.