杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨的毒力测定和对加州新小绥螨的安全性评价

为评价杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨的毒力和对加州新小绥螨的安全性，本文采用玻片浸渍法、叶片残毒法和浸叶法测定了乙唑螨腈、丁氟螨酯、乙螨唑、哒螨灵、螺螨酯和联苯肼酯对朱砂叶螨的毒力，并对这6种杀螨剂对加州新小绥螨卵孵化率和雌成螨存活率进行了测定。结果表明，6种杀螨剂用叶片残毒法测定的毒力大于玻片浸渍法测定的毒力。朱砂叶螨雌成螨对螺螨酯和乙螨唑不敏感，其余4种杀螨剂都表现出较高的毒性。哒螨灵田间使用剂量显著降低加州新小绥螨雌成螨存活率，10倍田间使用剂量处理24 h后死亡率达100%。乙螨唑和哒螨灵田间使用剂量处理后加州新小绥螨卵仅有1%和0.33%的孵化率。因此，建议应用加州新小绥螨防治害螨时，应尽量避免哒螨灵和乙螨唑的施用。     

杀螨剂生物测定的三种新方法

在杀螨剂毒力测定和害螨抗药性监测中,国内常用的生物测定方法是FAO推荐的玻片浸渍法,国外70年代也主要采用这种方法。但Dennehy等(1983)发现该法与田间防效相关性差,不能有效地监测叶螨(Tetranychus spp.)对三氯杀螨醇、克螨特和羟基薯瘟锡等杀螨剂的抗性,因此近年国外在害螨抗药性研究中已很少应用玻片浸渍法。现将杀螨剂生物测定的三种新方法简要介绍如下。 1.浸叶法 国际杀虫剂抗性行动委员会(IRAC)(1990)建议的杀虫/杀螨剂生物测定方法之四,适用于常见杀螨剂对叶螨属、苹果全爪螨(Panongchus ulmi)及柑桔全爪螨(P.citri)成螨的测定,具体步骤是:     

两种生测方法对杀螨剂毒力测定结果的影响比较

通过室内生物测定 ,研究了不同测定方法对杀螨剂毒力测定结果的影响 ,明确了应用叶片残毒法测定的药剂对害螨毒力高于玻片浸渍法测定的结果 ,且对不同药剂差异程度不同     

两种生测方法对杀螨剂毒力测定结果的影响比较

通过室内生物测定 ,研究了不同测定方法对杀螨剂毒力测定结果的影响 ,明确了应用叶片残毒法测定的药剂对害螨毒力高于玻片浸渍法测定的结果 ,且对不同药剂差异程度不同     

柑桔红蜘蛛抗药性初步研究

本文应用玻片浸渍法,用克螨特,氧化乐果,螨克、单甲脒、尼索朗等5种杀螨剂,对本地施药桔园柑桔红蜘蛛进行毒力基线测定,结果表明,对上述5种杀螨剂均未形成明显抗药性.     

常用杀螨剂对二斑叶螨敏感种群毒力测定

采用FAO1980年推荐的玻片浸渍法和叶片残毒法,选用12种常用杀螨剂,对二斑叶螨的敏感种群进行了毒力测定。结果表明:杀卵活性依次为尼索朗>除尽>螨死净>螨即死>卡死克>扫螨净>齐螨素>螨克;对雌成螨的毒性依次为齐螨素>霸螨灵>三唑锡>除尽>三氯杀螨醇>螨即死>克螨特>扫螨净>螨克。     

橘园常用杀螨剂对巴氏钝绥螨和柑橘全爪螨的选择毒性

采用FAO(1980)推荐的玻片浸渍法,在室内测定了几种橘园常用杀螨剂对巴氏钝绥螨(Amblyseius barkeri)的毒力,并筛选出其中毒性较弱的5种杀螨剂对柑橘全爪螨(Panonychus citri)进行了毒力测定。结果表明:二甲基二硫醚、阿维菌素、甲氰菊酯等对巴氏钝绥螨有较强的毒力,橘园释放巴氏钝绥螨时,不推荐使用。5种杀螨剂对巴氏钝绥螨和柑橘全爪螨的选择性毒性为:石硫混合剂哒螨灵三唑锡阿维.炔螨特炔螨特,其中石硫合剂和哒螨灵的毒性选择指数为230.522和144.806,均介于100～1000,为高度正向选择性,表明石硫合剂、哒螨灵是用于协调化学防治与生物防治较理想的药剂。     

季酮酸类新化合物HNPC-A9012的杀螨活性及田间防治效果

HNPC-A9012是由湖南化工研究院设计并合成出的具有杀螨活性的季酮酸类化合物。采用叶片浸渍法和玻片浸渍法测定了HNPC-A9012对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnatarinus(Boisduval)成螨的毒力,采用叶片浸渍法测定了其对若螨和卵的毒力,并进行了盆栽药效试验、作物安全性试验及田间药效试验。结果表明:玻片浸渍法测得HNPC-A9012对朱砂叶螨成螨的LC50值为4.73 mg/L,叶片浸渍法测得其对朱砂叶螨卵、若螨和成螨的LC50值分别为10.91、1.95和3.82 mg/L。温室盆栽试验表明,20%HNPC-A9012悬浮剂在有效成分60和80 mg/L下,施药21 d后对朱砂叶螨的防效分别达81.64%和92.12%。陕西省的田间药效试验表明,20%HNPCA9012悬浮剂在有效成分45和60 g/hm2下,施药21 d后对朱砂叶螨的防效分别为92.59%和95.64%;河南省的田间防效总体偏低,但仍与对照药剂240 g/L螺螨酯悬浮剂和15%哒螨灵乳油同剂量处理的防效相当。此外,本研究还表明,20%HNPC-A9012悬浮剂在80、160、320 mg/L剂量下对供试作物安全。     

三种杀螨剂对山楂叶螨的毒力评价

为筛选出高效防治山楂叶螨Amphitetranychus viennensis Zacher的杀螨剂,利用玻片浸渍法和叶片残毒法测定了3种杀螨剂对其3种螨态的室内毒力,并对不同浓度杀螨剂的田间防效进行了测定。结果表明:240 g/L螺螨酯、110 g/L乙螨唑和43%联苯肼酯中仅联苯肼酯对山楂叶螨雌成螨有毒力,其LC50为37.65 mg/L;3种杀螨剂均能毒杀卵及幼螨,毒力大小依次为乙螨唑联苯肼酯螺螨酯;同一杀螨剂对幼螨的毒力均高于对卵的毒力。240 g/L螺螨酯和110 g/L乙螨唑对山楂叶螨的总体防效较好,除螺螨酯4 000倍液处理的防效在药后30 d达到最大97.11%外,其余各处理均在药后15 d达到最大,防效为88.76%~96.14%;但二者速效性较差,药后1~7 d防效均低于对照;而螺螨酯4 000、5 000倍液处理及乙螨唑5 000倍液处理的持效性较好,药后30 d防效仍有97.11%、90.90%和93.06%,均显著高于对照。43%联苯肼酯对山楂叶螨的总体防效在3种杀螨剂中最高,其1 800、2 500倍液处理分别在药后7 d和3 d时防效达到最大99.79%和98.64%;1~7 d防效为97.45%~99.79%,显著高于其余杀螨剂和对照;30 d时防效分别达98.14%和96.19%,速效性和持效性均较好。表明螺螨酯和乙螨唑对山楂叶螨的持效性较好,联苯肼酯则有良好的速效性和持效性,可以按照其不同特点推广应用。     

12种橘园常用农药对3种捕食螨的毒力

采用玻片浸渍法测定了12种药剂对3种捕食螨的毒力.结果表明,在5种杀螨剂中,炔螨特的毒力最低,阿维·哒螨灵的毒力最高;在5种杀虫剂中,噻嗪酮的毒力最低,高效氯氰菊酯的毒力最高;在2种杀菌剂中,代森锰锌的毒力低于咪鲜胺.但同种药剂对不同捕食螨的毒力不同,3种捕食螨对炔螨特的敏感性依次为胡瓜钝绥螨[Amblyseius(Neoseiulus) cucumeris]＜巴氏钝绥螨[Amblyseius(N.) barkeri]＜尼氏真绥螨(Euseius nicholsi),而对阿维·哒螨灵则为尼氏真绥螨＜胡瓜钝绥螨＜巴氏钝绥螨.     

The effectiveness of various acaricides against resistant and susceptible carmine spider mites

Two colonies of the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.), were raised on beans in the laboratory. One originated from roses in a greenhouse which had received acaricidal treatments, and the other fromViola odorata L. in a garden where no pesticides had been used. Laboratory evaluation indicated that the greenhouse strain was highly resistant to dicofol (Kelthane) and bromopro-pylate (Neoron), moderately resistant to propargite (Omite), and slightly resistant to cyhexatin (Plictran); in the garden strain, there was no resistance to any of these acaricides. On a strain of carmine spider mites which was identified and defined as resistant, several acaricides were evaluated in the laboratory for their contact toxicity to the mite by the slide dip method, and for their contact plus stomach toxicity by exposing the mites to sprayed leaves. Some of these acaricides were later tested in the field on two undetermined populations. Cyhexatin, triazophos (Hostathion), fentrifanil (PP-199) and R-28627 killed more than 90% of the mites by both methods and were effective in the field. NC-13292 was an ovicide only. Proclonol (R-8284) had a good effect in the slide dip method but was not so effective in the leaf exposure test. The compounds tested were phytotoxic to rose foliage only, but triazophos burned all the crops tested.     

二斑叶螨对常用杀螨剂的抗药性测定

采用玻片浸渍法 ,测定了二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch山东寿光种群 (R1)和山东烟台种群 (R2 )对常用杀螨杀虫剂的抗性 ,与山东泰安相对敏感种群 (S)相比 ,对哒螨灵、高效氯氟氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯 3种药剂的抗性 ,R1分别达 6.67、6.33和 10.36倍 ,R2分别达 26.56、15.4 5和 31.30倍 ,R1和 R2对上述 3种药剂均产生了较高水平的抗药性。另外,R1、R2种群对其它药剂也均表现出了不同程度的抗性现象。     

4种杀虫剂对胡瓜钝绥螨成螨的急性毒性

测定了4种常用杀虫剂针对目标害虫推荐使用浓度范围对天敌胡瓜钝绥螨Neoseiulus cu-cumeris成螨的毒力测定、综合急性毒性和二次中毒毒性。综合急性毒性和二次中毒毒性测定结果显示,毒死蜱Chlorphifos、灭幼脲Chlorbenzurin、吡虫啉Imidacloprid对胡瓜钝绥螨都具有极强的毒性,可造成毁灭性杀伤,苏云金杆菌Bt对胡瓜钝绥螨影响极小,无明显毒性。玻片浸渍法测定的不同杀虫剂对胡瓜钝绥螨的毒力大小依次为:毒死蜱Chlorphifos(乐斯本)>灭幼脲Chlorbenzurin>吡虫啉Imidacloprid>苏云金杆菌Bt。     

二斑叶螨对螺螨酯抗药性及对18种杀螨剂交互抗性

采自甘肃兰州兴隆山公园的二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae Koch),用雌雄单系培养敏感品系(S),用螺螨酯处理二斑叶螨种群培养抗性品系(SP R),用室内生测法对二斑叶螨S和SP R品系进行室内毒力测定。结果表明,二斑叶螨对螺螨酯抗性发展初期较慢,中期稳定,后期较快,选育至26代抗性指数(RI)达58.83。SP R对甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯有一定的交互抗性,RI分别为11.54和10.03;对苯丁锡、四螨嗪、苦皮藤生物碱、阿维菌素、氯氟氰菊酯、哒螨&#8226;四螨嗪、哒&#8226;水胺硫磷、三唑锡、三氯杀螨醇、哒螨灵、氧化乐果无交互抗性(1＜RI<5.00);对浏阳霉素、毒死蜱、噻螨酮、柴油、哒螨灵、唑螨酯可能存在负交互抗性(RI<1)。     

The current status of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiiidae) in Turkey and baseline toxicity of some insecticides

Tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops in Turkey, with national production of over 10 million tonnes in 2010. Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is an important pest of tomato, and was first recorded in Urla District of Izmir Province in the Aegean region of Turkey in August 2009. It has since spread rapidly to the other regions of Turkey and become the main pest of tomato. Since its dispersal, chemical control has been the main method of control. Intensive use of insecticides has led to the development of resistance in T. absoluta. In this study, the baseline toxicity (LC₅₀ values) of some insecticides was determined using a leaf‐dip bioassay method in Antalya and Ankara populations of T. absoluta.     

Field and laboratory experiments on the response and development of resistance to pesticides and population density ofTetranychus cinnabarinus in ISRAEL

Dosage mortality data for 12 pesticides were determined with females of an insecticide-susceptible strain of the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.), by the slide dip method; for four of the pesticides which are specific acaricides, also the Munger cell method was used. The LC₅₀s ranged from 0.00078% to 0.041%, with the synthetic pyrethroids being more toxic than the specific acaricides. There were no differences in results between the two assay methods. Four synthetic pyrethroids that were very active againstT. cinnabarinus in laboratory tests were examined in an unsprayed apple orchard for their effect on the population density of spider mites. An upsurge of tetranychid mites was noted 4 weeks after a single application     

瑞香狼毒根提取物防治菜粉蝶试验

采用盆载法和田间小区试验法,就瑞香狼毒（Ｓｔｒｌｌｅｒａ ｃｈａｍｅａｊａｓｍｅ Ｌ．）根乙醇提取物（简称ＳＣＥＥ）对菜粉蝶（Ｐｉｅｒｉｓ ｒａｐａｅ Ｌ．）的防效进行了试验,结果表明,ＳＣＥＥ对室外菜粉蝶有很好的防效。盆栽试验中,１．５％ＳＣＥＥ处理后１０ｄ保叶率达８９．８３％;田间小区试验中,１．５％ＳＣＥＥ处理２５ｄ的保叶率达９７．７６％。     

Variation in susceptibility of lettuce cultivars to fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucae

Lettuce cultivars adapted to Californian growing conditions were screened for resistance to fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucae in order to determine if differences in susceptibility among currently grown cultivars might contribute to management of this disease. Based on a preliminary evaluation of 46 cultivars, eight that were among the most resistant of their horticultural type (iceberg, romaine or leaf) were selected for further testing. The relative susceptibility of these cultivars was assessed by: (i) root-dip inoculation, (ii) sowing seeds into infested potting mix and (iii) transplanting seedlings into an infested field. Evaluations of disease severity showed that both methods (i) and (ii) produced cultivar rankings that were significantly correlated with rankings from field trials [method (iii)]. Two romaine and two leaf cultivars were highly resistant to fusarium wilt (mean disease severity rating of ≤1·3 on a 1–4 scale) under all test conditions. Other romaine and leaf cultivars, however, were highly susceptible in root–dip tests, so there was no consistent association between cultivar type and susceptibility to fusarium wilt. Likewise, there was considerable variation in susceptibility to wilt among iceberg cultivars, but all were significantly more susceptible than the most resistant romaine and leaf cultivars.