回-直肠吻合猪的排泄频率及其对水的代谢变化

本文采用了4头回－直肠吻合猪和3头正常猪研究了回－直肠吻合手术后第4－28周荷术猪的排泄频率及水的代谢变化，并与同期的正常猪比较。结果为：（1）荷术猪手术后第4－28周，食糜的排泄频率逐渐降低，食糜排泄次数从术后第4周的9.21次／d逐渐降低到术后第28周的6.58次/d。荷术猪肛门中食糜的排泄频率为正常猪的2.85倍。同时随着猪只日龄的增长，正常猪粪便的排泄频率也有下降的趋势；（2）荷术猪排泄物的含水量为正常猪的2.90倍；荷术猪术后4－28周间，排泄物中的含水量基本稳定，正常猪粪便中含水量也并未随猪只日龄增长而发生明显变化。     

Comparison of methods for determining the prececal nutrient digestibility and amino acid absorption of swine with ileorectal anastomoses and ileocecal bridge cannulas]

The apparent precaecal nutrient digestibility and amino acid (a.a.) absorption of 10 diets were estimated in pigs with end-to-side ileorectal anastomoses (IRA) as well as with ileocaecal re-entrant cannulae (IZB). The digestibilities of organic matter and crude carbohydrates were significantly higher in IRA pigs than in IZB pigs in two resp. three diets only. There were no practical important differences for the digestibilities of crude protein and crude fat in all diets. Out of the 180 a.a. absorption comparisons only 20 (i.e. 11%) showed differences larger than 5%-units. The absorption rates of several a.a. were lower in IRA than in IZB pigs and of some other a.a. on the contrary. The methionine absorption of five legume diets and one barley + lysine diet were up to 15% resp. 4%-units lower in IRA pigs. Possibly this was due to the activity of microbes in the rectum in connection with a small intake level of protein bound methionine. In order to minimize such a falsification it is proposed to use the end-to-end anastomosis. The deviations in the apparent a.a. absorption between IRA and IZB pigs can be explained partly by differences in the quantity of precaecally excreted endogenous a.a. per 100 g DM intake.     

Determination of 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in swine feces and chymus

A method is described for estimation of 2.6-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) using an automated amino acid analyzer and MOORE and STEIN ninhydrin reagent. Investigations were made concerning the influence of sample treatment on DAP content of faeces and ileal digesta of pigs and isolated bacteria. Oxidation before hydrolysis did not change DAP content of faeces and bacterial samples, but increased DAP of digesta. Since analytical reasons were excluded, different accessibility of DAP in faeces and digesta for hydrolysis is suggested. Lyophilization or preservation of fresh samples with formaldehyde and phenolic solution, resp., resulted in no significant influence on DAP content.     

Comparison of various amino acids for estimation of microbial nitrogen in digesta

Methods of estimating microbial N in digesta were compared, and two simplified methods were described for separation of diaminopimelic acid (DAP) from methionine in acid hydrolysates of biological samples using an automated amino acid analyzer. Recoveries of DAP when added to bacterial, abomasal and feed samples were 92 to 98%. All samples analyzed (bacteria, protozoa and several feedstuffs) contained detectable DAP (or another amino acid with similar elution time). Apparent DAP-N (percentage of total sample N) in feeds ranged from 12 to 78% of bacterial DAP-N concentration. These values are greater than can be accounted for by bacterial contamination. Correction for apparent dietary DAP was appropriate when using this microbial marker. Reasonable estimation of bacterial N was made in abomasal digesta of steers fed high-grain diets using DAP, lysine or combinations of DAP and leucine or lysine and leucine. There was excellent agreement among these marker methods in ranking dietary treatment regimens with respect to bacterial N present in the abomasum. The use of leucine alone, or the combination of DAP and lysine, gave nonrealistic values. Two-amino-ethylphosphonic acid (AEP) was not detected in acid hydrolysates of mixed ruminal protozoa or abomasal digesta. Two other ninhydrin-reactive compounds with elution times close to AEP were detected in all samples analyzed, which may have been identified as AEP in other studies. It was concluded that corrected DAP and lysine were the best estimates of bacterial N and AEP was precluded as a marker of protozoal N.     

Comparison of D-alanine and diaminopimelic acid as bacterial markers in young calves

D-alanine (DAL) and diaminopimelic acid (DAP) were compared as markers to estimate proportion of bacterial N in total N reaching the abomasum of young calves. Sixteen Holstein bull calves fed complete pelleted starter or unpelleted starter plus hay and weaned at 4 or 8 wk of age were fitted with ruminal and abomasal cannulas and sampled twice weekly from 2 to 11 wk of age. Isolated ruminal bacterial cells contained more DAL than DAP at all weeks and averaged 7.0 and 5.4 mg N/g N, respectively. Weekly mean marker concentrations were highly correlated (.89) in ruminal bacteria, except at 3 wk of age. Concentration of DAL in abomasal digesta was greater than that of DAP at all weeks and averaged 5.2 and 2.4 mg N/g N, respectively. Weekly mean DAL correlated with DAP .61 in abomasal digesta and correlated .57 and .89 with starter intake, respectively. The proportion of bacterial N in total abomasal N was greater at all weeks when estimated by DAL than by DAP and averaged 77% and 46%, respectively. Estimates by DAL exceeded 100% in several cases and reflected large variation in analytical estimates. Estimates by DAL and DAP correlated .33 and .92 with starter intake. D-alanine was not an acceptable bacterial marker in this study.     

Physiologic and nutritional studies in pigs with ileorectal anastomoses. 3. Nitrogen retention and utilization following energy an electrolyte supplementation

In order to guarantee an equally good development of ileorectostomized pigs (IRA) used for the determination of precaecal protein digestibility and the absorption of amino acids as for intact animals (INT), the supplementation of their rations with easily soluble carbohydrates and minerals is necessary. The effects of these supplements on live weight development, nitrogen balance and N utilization level were the subject of the assessment of 21 rations with 129 and 117 balance measuring resp. with growing IRA and INT pigs. Without any supplementation of the rations the N balances of the IRA pigs showed significantly lower and partly negative N balances and N utilization levels in comparison to the INT pigs. The combined supplement of easily soluble carbohydrates (100 g/kg DM intake) and 300 ... 400 ml electrolyte solution per day (approximately 1 ... 1.3 g additional Na) resulted in N balances almost equal to those of INT pigs. The supplement of both electrolyte solution and NaHCO3 (approximately 2 g Na per animal and day additionally) to a barley + lysine ration resulted in a significant increase of the N balance and N utilization in IRA pigs of a live weight between 120 and 140 kg in contrast to the control period. A supplement of carbohydrates to a ration consisting of barley + fish meal + grass meal and electrolyte supplements of 400 ml per animal and day only resulted in significantly higher N balances and N utilization levels in the live weight range up to 70 kg in comparison to the control periods, which then corresponded to those of INT pigs. There was no essential influence of carbohydrate supplementations on pigs of more than 70 kg live weight. The postileal digestibility of the crude carbohydrates (CC) of 14 rations calculated from the difference between total digestibility (faecal analysis) and precaecal digestibility (analysis of the ileal chyme of IRA pigs) showed that between 40 and 100 g (70 g on average) out of the 780 g CC per kg DM consumed disappear in the large intestine. These studies show that in the testing of concentrates and mixed feed rations the supplementation of 100 g easily soluble carbohydrates/kg DM intake should be sufficient to guarantee a normal development of IRA pigs. In addition, an oral supply of 1 to 2 g sodium in the form of electrolyte solution exceeding the requirement of INT pigs is necessary as this supplementation significantly improves the N retention of IRA pigs even heavier than 100 kg.     

The bacterial fraction in swine feces

By a treatment with a solution of detergent, subsequent sedimentation and centrifugation faeces samples taken from 12 growing female pigs were divided into: fraction A (coarse particles), fraction B (finer particles), fraction C (bacteria fraction). N-, AA- and diamino pimelic acid (DAP) analyses as well as microscopic analyses were carried out with the complete samples and the fractions. By means of fractioning, 55% of the faecal N and 80% of the DAP could be concentrated in fraction C, fraction A contained approximately 23% of the N and 20% of the DAP. From the DAP: N quotient of fraction C, which was 65 mg DAP/g N, a quota of nearly 70% bacteria-N in the total faecal N of the pigs was calculated.     

Apparent precaecal digestibility of nutrients and level of endogenous nitrogen in digesta of the small intestine of growing pigs as affected by various digesta viscosities.

Sixteen male growing pigs of about 24 kg BW were fitted with both a duodenal re-entrant and a post-valve T-shaped cannula inserted in the caecum. The animals were divided into four groups. Each group received one of the following diets: corn starch-soybean protein isolate-based diet without (diet C) and with carboxymethylcellulose (diet CMC) or a rye-wheat-based diet without (diet RW) and with xylanase addition (diet RWX). The diets provided similar levels of apparent precaecal digestible crude protein (CP), lysine, methionine + cystine, threonine and tryptophan. Additionally, [15N]-yeast was given with the diets during the first 10 days of the experiment. For estimation of digesta viscosity, N-flow of dietary and endogenous origin, apparent precaecal digestibilities of dry matter (DM), CP, amino acids and non starch polysaccharides (NSP) (only in pigs fed diets RW and RWX), ileal and duodenal digesta were quantitatively collected on day 16 and 17, respectively. The endogenous N-proportion was measured by the ratio of 15N enrichment in the digesta and urine. The duodenal and ileal digesta supernatant viscosity increased as carboxymethylcellulose was included into the diet. Xylanase addition to the rye-wheat based diet reduced the viscosity in the ileal digesta. There were no differences in precaecal digestibilities of DM, CP and amino acids between diet C and CMC. The precaecal digestibilities of DM and soluble and insoluble NSP increased from 69.5% to 73.9%, from 1.3% to 47.9% and from 17.0% to 35.4%, respectively, as xylanase was added to the rye-wheat-based diet. The apparent precaecal digestibility of most essential amino acids increased by 2 to 5 percent units. The amounts of endogenous N at the duodenal level were estimated to be 158, 233, 313 and 276 mg per 12 h per kg0.75 BW of pigs fed diets C, CMC, RW and RWX, respectively. The corresponding values at the ileal level were 95, 107, 164 and 150 mg per 12 h per kg0.75 BW. For endogenous N amounts, significant differences were observed between diets C and CMC (duodenum) and also between semi-purified and cereal-based diets (duodenum and ileum). Methodological aspects for the estimation of endogenous N using the isotope dilution technique are discussed. Obviously, the digesta viscosity per se does not affect the nutrient absorption and endogenous N flow within the small intestine of pigs. Other properties of complex dietary fibre, digesta passage rate or bacterial activity probably contribute to the observed changes.     

Nitrogen metabolism in the large intestine of ruminants. 7. Metabolism of intracecally-infused 15N urea with supplement of starch in bulls

Three bulls with an average live weight of 228 kg were fitted with ileo-caecal reentrant cannulas for the experiment. The rations were composed of 3 kg maize silage and 3 kg wheat straw pellets per animal and day. In a previous period 50% of the digesta was collected over 12 hours and stored deep-frozen. In the main period the digesta flow was interrupted for 30 hours. The digesta flow was collected quantitatively. In the caecal part of the re-entrant cannula previously collected digesta and starch (over 30 hours) as well as 15N urea (over 24 hours) were supplemented. The amount of starch corresponded to about 10% of the DM of the digesta. Analyses of the urine, faeces, ileum digesta and blood plasma were carried out. The quota of starch clearly stimulates bacterial processing in the large intestine so that 20.5% of the supplemented 15N was excreted in faeces within 24 hours. 91.2% of the 15N in the faeces was localised in the bacteria fraction. Individual differences of the animals distinctly show the connection between the excretion of the 15N in faeces and urine. A decreased isotope excretion in faeces of 17.2% for animal 3 in contrast to the 23% for animals 1 and 2 showed an increased elimination of the 15N through the kidney with 32.7% instead of 25.2%. The largest proportion of the ileum digesta, i.e. 46%, can be localised in the 15N urea fraction; the NH3-fraction is also distinctly labelled. With time progressing, the 15N quota flowing from the rumen to the small intestine increases.     

Effects of different types of dietary non-digestible carbohydrates on the physico-chemical properties and microbiota of proximal colon digesta of growing pigs

The effect of different types of fibre on the intestinal digesta and microbial diversity was evaluated in growing pigs. The animals were fed during forty-two days with one of four experimental diets including a control group, a diet enriched with resistant starch type I, by coarse ground corn, and other two diets containing sugar beet pulp (8%) and wheat bran (10%) (as sources of soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides respectively). Body weight (BW) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were assessed at day 7, 21 and 42. Luminal samples of digesta from proximal colon were collected to analyse water retention capacity (WRC), concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and the microbial diversity. Overall, animals fed with higher amounts of non-digestible carbohydrates had lower ADFI and BW. Sugar beet pulp provoked an increase of WRC, a higher concentration of SCFA, and a more stable microbial diversity throughout the experimental period. On the other hand, animals fed with wheat bran presented a lower bacterial diversity.     

Influence of dietary fiber on luminal environment and morphology in the small and large intestine of sows

In this study, the effect of feeding different types and amounts of dietary fiber (DF) on luminal environment and morphology in the small and large intestine of sows was studied. Three diets, a low-fiber diet (LF) and 2 high-fiber diets (high fiber 1, HF1, and high fiber 2, HF2) were used. Diet LF (DF, 17%; soluble DF 4.6%) was based on wheat and barley, whereas the 2 high-fiber diets (HF1: DF, 43%; soluble DF, 11.0%; and HF2: DF, 45%; soluble DF, 7.6%) were based on wheat and barley supplemented with different coproducts from the vegetable food and agroindustry (HF1 and HF2: sugar beet pulp, potato pulp, and pectin residue; HF2: brewers spent grain, seed residue, and pea hull). The diets were fed for a 4-wk period to 12 sows (4 receiving each diet). Thereafter, the sows were killed 4 h postfeeding, and digesta and tissue samples were collected from various parts of the small and large intestine. The carbohydrates in the LF diet were well digested in the small intestine, resulting in less digesta in all segments of the intestinal tract. The fermentation of nonstarch polysaccharides in the large intestine was affected by the chemical composition and physicochemical properties. The digesta from pigs fed the LF diet provided low levels of fermentable carbohydrates that were depleted in proximal colon, whereas for pigs fed the 2 high-DF diets, the digesta was depleted of fermentable carbohydrates at more distal locations of the colon. The consequence was an increased retention time, greater DM percentage, decreased amount of material, and a decreased tissue weight after feeding the LF diet compared with the HF diets. The concentration of short-chain fatty acids was consistent with the fermentability of carbohydrates in the large intestine, but there was no effect of the dietary composition on the molar short-chain fatty acid proportions. It was further shown that feeding the diet providing the greatest amount of fermentable carbohydrates (diet HF1, which was high in soluble DF) resulted in significant morphological changes in the colon compared with the LF diet.     

Raw potato starch in weaned pig diets and its influence on postweaning scours and the molecular microbial ecology of the digestive tract

We evaluated the effect of raw potato starch (RPS) on growth performance, postweaning diarrhea, and gastrointestinal microbial populations in weaned piglets. Eighty-four piglets were weaned at 17 +/- 2 d of age with an average BW of 6.0 +/- 0.9 kg. Pigs were blocked by BW and assigned to 1 of 4 diets in a randomized complete block design with 7 replicate pens per diet and 3 pigs per pen. Treatments were 1) a positive control (PC) containing an antibiotic, 2) a negative control (NC) with no RPS and no antibiotic, 3) NC + 7% RPS (7% RPS), and 4) NC + 14% RPS (14% RPS). Diets were corn-wheat-soybean meal-based and formulated to meet NRC (1998) recommendations. The ADG, ADFI, and G:F ratio were determined weekly. Fecal consistency (FC) scoring was determined daily. After wk 3, 1 pig with a BW closest to the pen mean was killed to evaluate ileal and colonic mucosal-attached Escherichia coli and lactic acid bacteria, as well as digesta pH, VFA, and ammonia N concentrations. The DNA was extracted from ileum and colon digesta and used for molecular microbial evaluations using terminal-RFLP analysis of 16S rDNA genes. The ADG for wk 1 was greater (P < 0.01) for the PC diet, but diet had no effect on ADG during wk 3. The ADFI did not differ among treatments during the first 2 wk, and ADFI was least for 7% RPS diet during wk 3. The NC diet had a greater (P < 0.05) FC score during wk 1 than other treatments, but diet had no effect on FC score during wk 2 and 3. Diets had no effect on the colon lactic acid bacterial counts; however, the PC diet had decreased (P < 0.05) colon E. coli counts than other treatments. Ileum and colon digesta pH and total VFA concentrations did not differ among treatments. Pigs fed with 7 and 14% RPS diets had greater (P < 0.05) ileum ammonia N concentration compared with pigs fed with other diets. There was more diarrhea (P < 0.05) in the 14% than the 7% RPS and control treatments at d 21. This difference correlated with a decline (P < 0.05) in microbial diversity in the colon. We concluded that 7% RPS can be used to prevent postweaning diarrhea in weaned piglets, but there are no effects on growth performance.     

Methodological studies on the formation of CO2 and volatile fatty acids in porcine ileo-chyme and faeces

As part of digestibility and energy metabolism studies in intact and ileorectostomized growing pigs model experiments were carried out on sampling techniques and the influence of storage conditions on CO2 and volatile fatty acid production in chyme. Results on the formation of CO2 and VFA in chyme and faeces are given. They indicate that chyme from the small intestine can be subjected to bacterial and enzymatic changes outside the animals and therefore must be stored in a cool place. In the chyme of IRA animals with closed colon descendens (end-to-end anastomosis) significantly reduced VFA contents were found in comparison to animals with open colon descendens (end-to-side anastomosis).     

Effect of cereal straw and alfalfa hay diet on amino acid profile of gastrointestinal digesta in lactating dairy cows

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing alfalfa hay with rice straw (RS) or corn stover (CS) on amino acid (AA) profiles of gastrointestinal digesta in lactating cows. Eighteen lactating dairy cows were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 6) and fed identical concentrate and corn silage with different forages on dry matter basis: (i) 23% alfalfa hay and 7% Chinese wild rye hay (AH); (ii) 30% CS; and (iii) 30% RS. After the 14‐week feeding, a total of 18 cows were slaughtered to collect digesta from four representative organs, including rumen, omasum, duodenum and jejunum. The AA profiles of ruminal microbial fraction were similar among the treatments, except for greater Arg in cows fed RS than in cows fed AH or CS. Most of the analysed AA changed under different diets. Significant differences were found among the microbial fraction, rumen fluid and rumen digesta, with greater essential AA in digesta than in microbial fraction or rumen fluid and greater essential AA in microbial fraction than rumen fluid. Significant differences in individual AA profiles of digesta and relevant fluid were found across the four representative digestive tract parts, including rumen, omasum, duodenum and jejunum, showing much lower Leu proportion in CS and RS than in AH in duodenal fluid. In summary, ruminal microbes may prefer using essential AA, rather than non‐essential AA. The AA profile of ruminal microbes was constant except for Arg. The AA composition of digesta across the four digestive tracts changed dramatically, which indicated differences in the ability and efficiency of AA absorption. The lower duodenum absorbable Leu proportion in cows fed CS or RS indicated the shortage of Leu in CS or RS diets, which might also restrict the balanced AA absorption.     

Physiologic nutrition studies in swine with ileorectal anastomoses. 2. The effect of nourseothricin on nutrient digestibility, amino acid absorption, protein utilization and mineral balance of a rye diet

The supplement of nourseothricin (NT) to a rye diet did not have an influence on the precaecal and total apparent digestibility of the crude nutrients or the total digestibility of the amino acids (AA). NT produced significantly higher absorption of some AA in pigs with ileo-rectal anastomoses (IRA) which were orally supplied with electrolyte solution (ES). In general, IRA pigs showed the same results with regard to precaecal apparent AA absorption influenced by the AA pattern of endogenous protein as pigs with ileal cannulae. Functions in the large intestine seem to be important for the effect of NT supplements, as NT supplements to the diet of intact animals tendentially had a positive effect on N, Ca and P balances, IRA animals, however, showed a contrary effect. In comparison with the intracaecal infusion of ES, the oral supply of the IRA pigs resulted in higher N, Ca and P balances. The level of N utilization (N balance in % of the digested N) of the IRA pigs supplied orally was equally high as that of the intact animals (both groups without NT). As derives from literature and the available N, Ca and P balances--significantly influenced by ES supplements--an additional supplement of rations poor in crude fibres of 1 g Na/animal and day seems sufficient for covering the requirement of IRA pigs of a weight of 30...40 kg. After 18 days a P supply below the requirement resulted in a significantly reduced P level (inorganic) in the serum in both animal groups, with the level of the IRA pigs being significantly below that of the INT animals. For this reason, the P requirement of fattening pigs should be fully covered in experiments with IRA pigs. Although the IRA pigs supplied caecally with ES showed typical appearances of Na deficiency, their Na level in the serum did not differ from that of the other animals.     

Organ weight, intestinal morphology, and fasting whole-body oxygen consumption in growing pigs fed diets containing distillers dried grains with solubles alone or in combination with a multienzyme supplement

The effects of adding a multienzyme complex to a diet containing distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced from a 1:1 mixture of corn and wheat on visceral organ weight, intestinal morphology, and fasting whole-body oxygen consumption (FWBOC) were investigated in growing pigs in a 28-d trial. Twenty-four pigs (BW = 19.9 ± 0.5 kg) were individually housed in floor pens and randomly assigned to 3 experimental diets (8 pigs per diet). The diets contained corn and soybean meal with 0% (control) or 30% DDGS (DDGS diet); the third diet was supplemented with a multienzyme complex in addition to the 30% DDGS (DDGS + enzyme diet). All diets had similar nutrient concentrations and met the 1998 NRC nutrient requirements for growing pigs. Pigs were fed at 4% of their BW once daily. On d 15, 4 pigs from each dietary treatment were randomly selected for measurement of FWBOC during the 24- to 30-h postprandial period using an open-circuit indirect calorimeter. At the end of the study, pigs were killed to determine visceral organ weights, ileal and cecal digesta viscosity, and intestinal morphology. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of dietary treatment on final BW, WBFOC, or digesta viscosity. Empty BW of pigs fed the control diet was heavier (P = 0.02) than that of pigs fed the DDGS diet, but the empty BW of pigs fed the DDGS + enzyme diet was not different (P > 0.05) from that of pigs fed the control or DDGS diet. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in empty BW of liver, spleen, pancreas, heart, stomach, small intestine, and cecum among dietary treatments on a per kilogram basis. However, pigs fed the DDGS diet had heavier (P < 0.05) colon plus rectum and portal-drained viscera (PDV) than pigs fed the control diet, but weights of colon plus rectum and PDV in pigs fed the DDGS + enzyme diet were not different (P > 0.05) from those of pigs fed the control diet. Although morphological data showed no differences (P > 0.05) in the duodenum, jejunum, and colon segments among dietary treatments, the DDGS diet tended to decrease (P < 0.10) villous height and villous height to crypt depth in the ileum. The results of this experiment indicated that pigs fed a diet containing 30% DDGS have reduced dressing percentage and increased visceral organ mass compared with pigs fed a corn-soybean meal diet. However, the addition of a multienzyme complex to the DDGS diet resulted in pigs having a dressing percentage and visceral organ mass that are not different from those of pigs fed a corn-soybean meal diet.     

Effect of micronized pea and enzyme supplementation on nutrient utilization and manure output in growing pigs

An experiment was done to determine manure output, N and P excretion, and apparent digestibilities of AA, CP, P, and DM in growing pigs fed barley-based diets containing micronized or raw peas with or without supplementation with enzyme containing primarily beta-glucanase and phytase (Biogal S+). Eight barrows (21.5 +/- 1.2 kg of initial BW) fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were used in a 40-d trial and housed in metabolism cages. Pigs were assigned in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design to 4 experimental diets: 1) barley-raw peas control (BRP), 2) barley-micronized peas (BMP), 3) BRP plus enzyme, and 4) BMP plus enzyme (BMP+E). Pigs received 2.6 times maintenance energy requirements based on BW at the beginning of each experimental period. During each experimental period, pigs were acclimatized to their respective diets for 5 d followed by a 3-d period of total fecal and urine collection and another 2-d period of ileal digesta collection. Samples were analyzed for DM, AA (diets and digesta only), N, and P. Wet fecal output of BRP plus enzyme-fed pigs tended to be lower (P = 0.07) than the amount produced by BMP-fed pigs. The amounts of dry feces and urine produced were not different among treatments (P > 0.10). Supplementing the BRP and BMP diet with enzyme increased (P = 0.002) the daily P retained per pig. Pigs fed the enzyme-supplemented diets tended to have lower (P = 0.06) fecal P excretion and greater urinary P excretion (P = 0.001) compared with pigs fed the nonsupplemented diets, but total P excretion was not influenced by diet (P > 0.10). Pigs fed the BMP+E diet retained more (P = 0.006) N per day than pigs fed the BMP diet. However, N excretion was not influenced by dietary treatment (P > 0.10), although BMP+E-fed pigs excreted 13.2% less N in the feces compared with those fed the nonenzyme supplemented controls. Inclusion of micronized peas with or without enzyme supplementation did not affect urinary or fecal N excretion (P > 0.10) compared with the BRP. Dietary treatment had no effect (P > 0.10) on ileal or fecal DM or CP digestibilities. Apparent ileal digestibilities of AA were usually lower (P < 0.05) in the BRP diet compared with the other diets. Enzyme supplementation improved P digestibility at the ileal and fecal level. The current results indicate that utilizing micronized peas in barley-based pig grower diets enhances P retention.     

Organic acids in diets for entire male pigs

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of organic acids in diets for entire male pigs on growth performance, composition of microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), on concentration of skatole and indole in digesta, plasma and adipose tissue, and concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in digesta. Restrictively-fed pigs (n = 60) (28 and 113 kg initial and final BW, respectively) were used. The dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet and the basal diet added either 1.0% formic acid, 0.85% benzoic acid, 0.85% sorbic acid, 1.2% fat coated Ca-butyrate or 1.5% fat and inulin coated Ca-butyrate. All levels of organic acids corresponded to 0.85% of pure acid. Digesta samples for microbiological examinations were taken from the proximal jejunum, colon descendens, and rectum. Digesta samples for skatole, indole and VFA analyses were taken from colon descendens. The results showed that the addition of organic acids to diets had no effect on daily weight gain or feed intake, but formic, benzoic and sorbic acid tended to improve FCR of pigs compared with the control pigs. Organic acid supplementation did not affect levels of skatole, indole, or VFA in the digesta or levels of skatole or indole in adipose tissue compared with the control. Plasma skatole levels were reduced in pigs fed diets containing formic and benzoic acid compared with the control pigs. Pigs fed organic acids had lower levels of coliforms, enterococci and lactic acid producing bacteria in all three sampling sites of the GIT. Supplementing diets with organic acids did not affect levels of skatole in digesta or adipose tissue of entire male pigs.     

Metabolic response of the gastrointestinal tract and serum parameters of rabbits to diets containing chicory flour rich in inulin

A 36-day experiment carried out on 54-day-old rabbits addressed the analysis of physiological properties of diets supplemented with chicory roots flour. Twenty-four rabbits were allocated in individual cages to three treatments, in which they were fed each diet with the chicory flour at 0, 25 and 50 g/kg (control, ChF(2.5) and ChF(5) groups respectively). The chicory preparation administered at a higher dose, lowered ileal pH and viscosity, and evoked increased hydration of ileal and caecal digesta, compared to the control treatment (p 相似文献