城市绿地中臭椿更新苗空间点格局及种间关联分析

[目的]探究城市绿地中臭椿更新苗的数量特征、存活情况及空间分布格局,为城市绿地生境下乔木的天然更新和人工干扰或促进更新提供理论依据。[方法]运用种群静态生命表,点格局分析法中的双关联函数G(r)、H(r)函数分析臭椿更新苗的生存状况,空间分布格局及各龄级间的空间关联性。[结果]更新苗种群结构存在波动性,存活曲线趋于DeeveyⅡ型,低龄级和中龄级个体数量丰富,个体死亡率和消失率在前期和后期较稳定,中期先减后增,超过第5龄级(8~10cm)后,个体死亡率和消失率出现高峰。[结论]一侧和两侧铺装样地在空间上都呈现出不同程度的聚集分布,聚集强度随尺度距离的增大呈减小趋势,一侧铺装样地在尺度接近3.7m处有转为随机分布的趋势。龄级间,小尺度内多表现为无关联,随着尺度增加呈正显著相关;两侧铺装有正关联的龄级组合比一侧铺装样地多;较大尺度上,用径级代表龄级的更新苗间相关关系越接近,正关联越强。     

城市森林中火炬树的更新特性

[目的]对天津市城市森林中火炬树的更新苗特性进行调查,为生物入侵后的生态恢复提供依据。[方法]对天津市城市森林中火炬树的更新特性进行年际调查,并与已有的火炬树天然更新研究数据进行对比,经5种聚集强度指数的表征,探究城市森林中火炬树更新苗的数量特征、径级结构和空间格局的年际变化等。[结果](1)火炬树更新苗全年密度在3~8株/m2之间波动,1年生幼苗个体数占绝大多数,龄级结构呈现典型金字塔型,种群属于增长型,更新能力旺盛;(2)处于低地径级和低高度级的火炬树更新苗占总体的绝大多数;(3)火炬树更新苗呈现典型的聚集分布。[结论]城市森林内火炬树更新能力旺盛,入侵性仍然显著,需采取有效措施进行监测与防治。     

呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松更新苗分布特征研究

沙地樟子松在沙地上持续进行的天然更新对退化生态系统的植被恢复与重建,沙地生态系统各种效益的持续发挥,以及我国北方绿色生态屏障的建立都具有重要意义.本文通过调查发现,在呼伦贝尔沙地,天然分布的沙地樟子松更新状况良好,经常可以见到10～20龄的更新苗群丛.在不受干扰的情况下,樟子松单株下常见不同龄级的幼苗和幼树,其中6～10龄所占的比例最大,1～5龄次之,这与近年来干旱加剧和过度放牧的关系密切.随着林木单株的生长发育,从幼年期经青年期、壮年期到老年期,单株下方更新苗的密度逐渐增加,成熟单株下方更新苗的密度达到最大,以后渐趋平缓.过熟单株的结实率依然较高,但林下更新苗的数量略有减少.通过对沙地樟子松单株下的更新苗进行分布型计算,认为樟子松更新苗呈集群分布的格局.在不考虑樟子松单株的龄级和其生境特殊性的情况下,沙地樟子松单株下的更新苗集中分布在林冠下北偏东方向的一个扇形区域内,产生这种现象的主要原因是光照和风向的共同作用产生的.     

福建三明不同更新方式的米槠林群落结构特征

 为了解采伐迹地米槠林群落的演替恢复过程,通过野外标准地群落调查和重要值计算,分析了福建三明不同更新方式的米槠林群落结构特征。主要结果如下:1)3个标准地共调查到乔木有天然更新13科16属20种;人促更新5科6属6种;人工造林1科1属1种。2)不同更新方式的米槠林落群中米槠种群径级分布呈天然更新:低径级的个体占的比重较大,随径级增大,立木株减少;人促更新:低径级个体占的比重极小,而中、高径级个体占的比重极大;人工造林:呈正态分布。3)不同更新方式的米槠林群落中米槠种群的垂直结构呈天然更新:自上而下的递增趋势;人促更新趋于正态分布;人工造林服从正态分布。3种更新方式的米槠林群落中的物种丰富度为天然更新>人促更新>人工造林。     

两种水土生态恢复模式下刺槐种群数量特征与空间格局研究

为了研究刺槐在不同恢复模式中的数量特征和格局分布,选择复垦17a的SⅢ样地(刺槐×榆树×臭椿)和SⅤ(刺槐纯林)两块固定监测样地,对比两样地中刺槐的径级结构、枯梢个体的格局和入侵物种的特征等。结果表明:(1)SⅢ样地中刺槐存活率和存活个体的平均胸径比刺槐纯林要高;(2)由于竞争关系的存在及水分等环境因子的影响,SⅢ样地和SⅤ样地刺槐不同径级个体的空间分布表现出一定的空间异质性。(3)枯梢与刺槐栽种的密度和所处的位置有关,受风较多的SⅤ样地枯梢严重,背风的SⅢ样地枯梢树木明显少于SⅤ样地。     

人为干扰对西天山野果林群落结构和物种多样性的影响

[目的]探究人为干扰对西天山野果林群落结构和物种多样性的影响,为后期野果林的恢复、保护提供理论依据。[方法]以西天山野果林为研究对象,采用典型样地法,选择32个20 m×20 m具代表性的样地布置样方。以乔木径级结构、高度级结构及各层次物种组成和物种多样性指数作为评价指标,对比研究轻度(距离核心景区2～3 km)、中度(距离核心景区1～2 km)、重度(距离核心景区0～1 km)3种人为干扰强度下群落结构和物种多样性的变化。[结果]①从群落结构来看,轻度和中度干扰条件下乔木个体多分布在中径级(20 cmDBH≤30 cm)和中高度级(5 m树高≤8 m);而重度干扰下乔木个体多分布在小径级(10 cmDBH≤15 cm)、中径级(20 cmDBH≤25 cm)和高高度级(8 m树高≤10 m),其群落结构与轻度和中度干扰下乔木层的群落结构明显不同。②在总面积为1.28 hm~2的32个样地中,共记录到93个植物物种,隶属于40科84属;物种数随着人为干扰强度增加呈递减趋势,轻度、中度和重度干扰下群落的物种数依次为93种、69种和51种。Shannon-Wiener指数H值、均匀度指数J值随人为干扰强度的增加而降低,优势度指数H’值随人为干扰强度的增加而增加。[结论]重度人为干扰会普遍降低野果林群落的物种多样性水平,造成群落结构不稳定,不利于植被恢复和物种多样性保护。     

基于因子空间分异的巴彦县土地利用格局变化研究

[目的]探究黑龙江省巴彦县土地利用格局变化特征,为优化土地利用格局奠定基础。[方法]运用AutoLogistic回归模型和空间统计分析方法。[结果](1)引入空间自相关因子,构建AutoLogistic回归模型,在分析区域土地利用格局变化特征时比传统Logistic模型更为适用和可靠。(2)研究区黑龙江省巴彦县土地利用格局变化是基于特定的自然因素和人文因素共同作用而发生的,高程、地貌类型、pH值、土壤有机质、距城镇中心距离、距水域距离、距道路距离、区位指数、集中化程度、土地利用多样性和土地利用强度是土地利用格局变化的主要影响因子。(3)不同土地利用类型的分布受影响因子的限制性存在明显的空间分异特征,水田、水域和草地主要分布在高程1级区域;旱地、水田、园地、建设用地主要分布在土壤有机质2,3级区域;旱地、园地、建设用地主要分布在距城镇中心距离1级区域和土地利用强度4,5级区域。[结论]研究区土地利用格局在各影响因子的共同作用下,呈现出明显的空间分异特征。     

漯河市规划区雨洪格局空间分布特征综合量化研究

[目的]探索城市雨洪格局空间分布规律,为海绵城市建设提供参考。[方法]建立GIS数据库,ArcGIS空间模拟与SCS-CN,SWMM模型相结合,定量分析20a重现期和2h,85.43mm降雨,漯河规划区产流和积水分布特征。[结果]研究区径流量和径流系数(相等)、径流体积、峰值流量、积水区域的自相关Moran's I系数分别为0.338(p0.001),0.142(p0.001),0.101(p0.001),0.918(p0.001),表明产流与积水分布均呈现显著集聚性,土地类型和管网分布对产流影响大于积水过程,而地形影响则相反;径流量和径流系数由中心向外递减趋势,径流体积与峰值流量受汇水区面积和城市管网分布影响;高产流风险区不透水面占该区域82.73%,径流系数0.7和不透水面70%的汇水区集中在城市中心;积水区用地类型以农业用地、城市绿地、道路用地为主,分别占总面积的36.56%,21.39%,21.82%,分布特征存在显著差异。[结论]城市地表结构变化与城市产流和积水分布关系密切,综合量化方法可以直观地反映城市雨洪格局特征与趋势。     

层次分析法在太行山中南部造林树种选择中的应用

[目的]对太行山中南部不同林种树种适宜性进行了研究,为太行山生态脆弱区造林树种的选择和提高植被恢复效果提供理论与技术支撑。[方法]应用层次分析法(AHP)对常见的17种造林树种进行适宜性评价。依托9个评价指标,用9点数值量表法设计专家调查表,经指标筛选,建立判断矩阵计算权重值。根据权重值,将树种划分为:I级(最适宜)、Ⅱ级(较适宜)、Ⅲ级(不太适宜)、Ⅳ级(不适宜)。[结果](1)9个指标入选水土保持林评价指标体系,4个指标入选用材林评价指标体系;(2)水土保持林权重值0.022 7~0.088 9;(3)用材林权重值0.024 1~0.144 1。[结论]水土保持林I级树种为侧柏、桧柏、山杏、山桃;Ⅱ级树种为:白皮松、辽东栎、山杨、樟子松、油松、杜松、华北落叶松;Ⅲ级树种为:白桦、刺槐、翅果油树、火炬树;Ⅳ级树种为:臭椿、青杨。用材林I级树种为:华北落叶松、油松、辽东栎;Ⅱ级树种为:樟子松、侧柏、青杨、山杨、白桦、臭椿、白皮松;Ⅲ级树种为:刺槐、火炬树;Ⅳ级树种为:桧柏、杜松、山杏、山桃、翅果油树。     

基于空间分布的草原化荒漠地区红砂种群水分利用策略研究

[目的]研究区域尺度上荒漠灌木水分适应与分布格局相呼应关系,揭示干旱半干旱地区植物种群对环境响应的过程与机理,为深入理解植物与环境协同进化规律提供依据。[方法]采用点格局分析方法和氢氧稳定同位素示踪技术,分析了红砂(Reaumuria songarica)种群的空间分布格局、水分利用策略。[结果](1)在完全空间随机零模型下,红砂种群在<3 m尺度内均匀分布,在>32 m尺度内聚集分布,种群内部生态关系由竞争向促进转变;消除生境异质性后,种群在>30 m尺度下呈现随机分布,种内生态关系呈现减弱的趋势。红砂种群空间分布格局的形成过程中生境异质性在大尺度上起到了重要作用。(2)随着多年平均降水量的减少,红砂种群的水分利用深度由0—20 cm加深到60—100 cm;红砂种群的密度与多年降水呈现极显著负相关(p<0.01),样地的植被盖度变化主要受草本盖度影响,红砂植被盖度变化不显著。[结论]随着多年平均降水量的减少,红砂种群的分布格局受环境异质性影响。通过增加植株密度,红砂可以利用更深层的土壤水分适应环境胁迫。     

Agricultural potential of Mediterranean grain and forage legumes: Key differences between and within Vicia species in terms of phenology, yield, and agronomy give insight into plant adaptation to semi-arid environments

In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimal^o), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimal^o), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy.     

On the Taxonomy of the Members of ‘Saccharum Complex’

The difficulty and problems encountered in the study of cultivated plants, in general and sugarcane, in particular has been indicated. In order to understand these problems, a brief review on the taxonomy of Saccharum and closely related taxa, namely, Erianthus, Sclerostachya, Narenga and Miscanthus (generally known as ‘Saccharum complex’) has been given. A short account on the important morphological features that are specific to sugarcane has also been stated as classification is commonly based on such morphological characters. A note has been added on the chromosome number, origin, and distribution of the species of ‘Saccharum complex’ members. Taxonomic keys have been devised for identification of the genera of Saccharinae and for the species of Saccharum and Erianthus occurring in India. A new combination, Sclerostachya fallax (Balansa) Amalraj et Balasundaram, has also been proposed.     

Polymorphism of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in three species of Aegilops

A collection of 136 accessions of Aegilops umbellulata (39), Ae. comosa (75) and Ae. markgrafii (22) was analysed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits composition. The homogeneity of the accessions was studied and 55.1% of the collection was homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunits (29 Ae. umbellulata, 33 Ae. comosa and 14 Ae. markgrafii). The HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata are encoded by the Glu-U1 locus; in Ae. comosa results showed that this proteins are encoded at the 1M chromosome, and the locus was named Glu-M1. In Ae. markgrafii it was assumed that HMW glutenin subunits were encoded by an homoeologous locus and it was named Glu-C1. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. markgrafii expressed both, x-type and y-type subunits. Among the Ae. comosa accessions, only one expressed an x-type subunit alone. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and some of Ae. comosa had x-type glutenins of higher molecular weights than those commonly present in bread wheat. A total of 8 alleles were detected at the Glu-U1 locus, 11 at the Glu-M1 and 4 at the Glu-C1. The new HMW glutenin variation found in this work suggests their possible utilisation in breeding for wheat quality.     

Genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in different regions of Flanders (Belgium)

We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies.     

Phylogenetic relationships of Actinidia and related genera based on micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes

The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Actinidia and among 3 allied genera Clematoclethra, Saurauia, and Sladenia have been very controversial. In order to understand the systematic implication of foliar trichomes in those genera, the micromorphological characteristics of foliar trichomes from 34 taxa were examined by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observed micromorphological characteristics were classified into eight main types. A phylogenetic analysis of Actinidia and related genera based on 15 micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes was conducted using Wagner parsimony method and Sladenia celastrifolia, Rhododendron hybridum and R. simsii as a complex outgroup. In the resulting phylogenetic tree, Actinidia is shown to be a monophyletic group, and Clematoclethra and Saurauia form another monophyletic group. This study also presents the phylogenetic relationships among 4 sections within the genus Actinidia: the monophyly of sect. Leiocarpae and of sect. Strigosae, and polyphyly of sect. Maculatae and of sect. Stellatae.     

Effect of agroforestry woody species on earthworm activity and physicochemical properties of worm casts

The effects of five agroforestry woody species (Dactyladenia barteri, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Senna siamea andTreculia africana) on the surface aasting activity ofHyperiodrilus africanus were studied in an Alfisol (Oxic Paleustalf) in southwestern Nigeria. Casting activity under the woody species decreased in the following order:Dactyladenia sp. (26.4 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Gliricidia sp. (24.4 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Treculia sp. (22.9 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Leucaena sp. (18.6 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Senna sp. (18.3 Mg ha^-1 year^-1). These differences in casting activity were partly explained by microclimatic effects. Irrespective of the woody species, the worm casts were higher in clay and silt contents, bulk density, water-stable aggregates, pH, organic C, exchangeable cations, effective cation exchange capacity, and extractable P levels than the corresponding surface soils. The woody species did affect the physicochemical properties and P sorption of the worm casts. The content of water-stable aggregates of worm casts decreased in the following order:Dactyladenia sp.>Treculia sp.>Senna sp.>Leucaena sp.>Gliricidia sp. Large differences in extractable P levels were observed.Senna sp. was associated with the highest extractable P level (11.5 mg kg^-1) andTreculia sp. the lowest (4.9 mg kg^-1). P sorption was highest on worm casts underDactyladenia sp. and lowest on those underTreculia sp. Without fertilizer application, there were no significant differences in the dry weight of maize grown in the different worm casts. With NPK applications, the dry weight of maize grown in worm casts associated withTreculia sp. was significantly lower than that of maize grown in the other worm casts, mainly due to the low extractable P level. Despite a high organic C and exchangeable K status, maize grown in the worm casts still responded significantly to N and K applications. The N uptake by maize grown in worm casts associated withTreculia sp. was lower than that in the other treatments.     

Diversity of native rice (Oryza Poaceae:) species of Costa Rica

We found several populations of wild Oryza species in the lowlands of Costa Rica. The plants showed extensive morphological variation, suggesting the presence of several species. In the morphologic study, 33 traits were scored for plants of all the species. A principal component analysis revealed the significant morphological separation of the different species. The analyses indicated that there are three species, O. grandi­glumis, O. latifolia and O. glumaepatula. Two putative hybrid types were found, both significantly differing in their morphology from the known species and intermediate at several traits. O. grandi­glumis is a new record for Costa Rican flora. Its main population is located in Caño Negro Wildlife Refuge, Los Chiles, Alajuela. O. latifolia is distributed throughout the lowlands of the country and the plants of the Atlantic slope are significantly bigger in general habit than those of the Guanacaste area. During this study a population of O. glumaepatula of hundreds of thousands of plants was discovered in the Medio Queso River wetland, Los Chiles, Alajuela. This population is the most important source of genes for cultivar's improvement from the primary gene pool of rice in Costa Rica. The small ligule and the wide flag leaf characteristic of the two CCDD species separated them from the AA diploid O. glumaepatula. Seed size, ligule size, number of branches in the panicle, plant height and sterile lemma length are all bigger in O. grandi­glumis, and influenced the second factor that separated the CCDD species in two discrete clusters. The species found offer great possibilities for the improvement of rice cultivars and they should be thoroughly studied and appropriately protected.     

The effects of feeding by Oniscus asellus on leaf litter sulfur constituents

Summary Feeding by the isopod, Oniscus asellus, produced changes in the sulfur constituents of leaf litter substrates (Acer negundo, A. saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Picea rubens, and Tsuga canadensis). Isopod consumption of leaf litter generally accelerated the mineralization of carbon-bonded S and increased the formation of ester sulfate in all substrates. After the isopod egestion of A. negundo leaves, fecal decomposition over 6 weeks increased total S concentration from 68 to 120 mol S/g due to the catabolism of organic carbon. During the same period sulfate decreased from 34 to 20 mol S/g and carbon-bonded S increased from 34 to 100 mol S/g. Thus the total S pool in aged feces became enriched with organic S (83% of total S). Macroinvertebrate consumption accelerated the transformation of S constituents and the carbon-bonded S concentration approached that of the Oa organic horizon of a northern hardwood forest.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov