长期不同种植模式对东北黑土微生物群落结构与土壤理化性质的影响

利用长期定位试验资料,评价了东北黑土增施有机肥条件下玉米连作(CMC)、玉米-大豆轮作(MSR)和大豆连作(CSC)等种植模式对土壤微生物数量与结构、土壤理化性质的影响及其相互关系。结果表明:0~40 cm土层内,土壤微生物总量呈CMCMSRCSC趋势,且差异显著(P0.05);细菌数量占微生物总量的比重呈CMCMSRCSC的趋势,而真菌和放线菌所占比重均呈CSCMSRCMC的相反趋势;CMS处理下的土壤容重最低,但土壤有机碳、全氮、有效氮、有效磷含量均显著高于其他处理;相关分析发现细菌和放线菌数量与土壤容重显著负相关,但与土壤有机碳、全氮、有效氮显著正相关,而真菌数量占微生物总量的比例则与土壤容重显著正相关,与土壤有机碳、全氮、有效氮显著负相关。综上所述,长期玉米连作结合有机肥施用,有利于改善土壤理化性状,增加土壤微生物数量,但以细菌增加为主,微生物多样性呈下降的趋势。     

稻田绿肥轮作提高土壤养分增加有机碳库

综合评价中国南方不同稻田绿肥轮作模式,筛选与优化绿色高效的稻田多熟种植系统,有利于南方双季稻区农业可持续发展。通过田间试验,研究不同绿肥轮作模式(A冬闲-稻-稻→冬闲-稻-稻(对照)、B紫云英-稻-稻→油菜/花生-稻、C油菜/花生-稻→马铃薯/玉米+大豆-稻、D马铃薯/玉米+大豆-稻→蔬菜/花生+玉米-稻、E蔬菜/花生+玉米-稻→紫云英-稻-稻)对土壤养分中pH值、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾及总有机碳库、活性有机碳、碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明:绿肥轮作各处理的土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾均显著高于对照处理(P0.05),增加幅度分别为8.73%~15.59%、11.79%~19.64%和5.80%~37.19%。绿肥轮作处理B、C的总有机碳质量分数与对照相比有显著(P0.05)增加,分别增加了15.59%、11.19%。与对照相比,绿肥轮作B、C、D、E均可以显著(P0.05)提升土壤活性有机碳质量分数,提高幅度分别为29.03%、19.96%、16.67%和21.75%。与冬闲对照处理相比,绿肥轮作系统中处理B的土壤碳库指数显著(P0.05)增加了15.70%。相比冬闲对照处理,绿肥轮作处理B、C、D、E的土壤碳库管理指数分别显著(P0.05)增加了32.07、21.32、17.91和23.74,其中紫云英-稻-稻→油菜/花生-稻种植模式达到最大。土壤有机质与全氮、有效磷、总有机碳、活性有机碳、碳库管理指数存在极显著(P0.01)的相关性,土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效磷均与碳库管理指数存在显著的相关性(P0.05)。此外,总有机碳与活性有机碳和碳库管理指数存在极显著的相关性(P0.01)。可见在当地土壤肥力条件下,绿肥轮作尤其是紫云英-稻-稻-油菜/花生-稻能提高土壤有机碳质量分数和土壤碳库管理指数,有利于改善土壤质量,提高土壤肥力,为建立农田可持续的土壤管理和土地利用提供科学依据和参考价值。     

免耕对不同麦玉轮作农田土壤碳组分及理化性质的影响

为探讨耕作及轮作方式对农田土壤理化性质和碳组分的影响,设置免耕、传统耕作2种耕作方式,以及小麦-玉米轮作、小麦/玉米间作、小麦-冬油菜-玉米轮作3种种植模式,共形成6个处理,研究结果表明:与传统耕作相比,免耕增加了0~5 cm、5~20 cm土层全氮、全磷、速效磷和含水量,而降低了的土壤pH和土壤容重。免耕小麦/玉米间作(NT.W1/NT.WM.1)处理的土壤容重、含水量、全氮、全磷含量高于NT.WRM3和NT.WM5处理,在不同土层间,土壤全氮、全磷和速效磷含量随着土层深度的增加而降低。土壤碳组分含量总体表现为免耕处理高于传统耕作处理,免耕处理0~5 cm土层土壤有机碳、颗粒有机碳、可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳含量较相应传统耕作分别增加了1.31%~36.57%、2.07%~35.22%、2.38%~4.78%、2.08%~11.68%,在5~20 cm土层,免耕处理土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量高于传统耕作。在不同免耕处理下,土壤有机碳,颗粒有机碳和微生物量碳含量在0~5 cm、5~20 cm土层总体表现为NT.WM5高于其他免耕处理,相关性分析表明,有机碳、微生物量碳和速效磷呈极显著正相关,容重和有机碳呈极显著负相关。综上所述,免耕小麦/玉米间作利于改善土壤理化性质,小麦-玉米轮作有利于提高土壤有机碳,颗粒有机碳和微生物量碳含量。     

不同农田生态系统土壤微生物生物量碳的变化研究

试验研究不同农田生态系统土壤微生物生物量碳的变化结果表明,长期单施N、P肥处理对土壤有机碳和微生物生物量碳的影响不明显,施有机肥处理土壤微生物生物量碳及微生物生物量碳/有机碳值均高于其他施肥处理,轮作中引入豆科作物或豆科连作均对土壤微生物生物量碳的积累有显著作用。     

开垦草地对土壤有机碳库构成与来源的效应

以广西西北部喀斯特地区的开垦草地生态系为对象,研究了草地开垦变为不同农田后对土壤有机碳库的效应。结果表明,草地开垦为农田后,土壤可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳及总有机碳的含量显著下降。自然草地开垦后,柑桔地土壤有机碳含量高于农作用地土壤。玉米与甘蔗轮作土壤有机碳含量高于甘蔗连作。13C示踪结果表明,柑桔地土壤有机碳中来源于草地的含量高于农田土壤;农田土壤有机碳中来源于草地的随种植年限的增加而降低。在玉米与甘蔗轮作的农田中,土壤有机碳中来源于玉米的高于甘蔗连作土壤有机碳中来源于甘蔗的。     

保护性耕作对黑土微生物群落的影响

耕作方式通过影响土壤微生物群落而影响土壤生态系统过程。本研究以传统耕作玉米连作处理为对照,通过测定土壤微生物量碳及磷脂脂肪酸含量,分析了保护性耕作(包括免耕玉米连作和免耕大豆-玉米轮作)对黑土微生物群落的影响。结果表明,保护性耕作可显著增加土壤表层(0～5cm)全碳、全氮、水溶性有机碳、碱解氮和微生物量碳(P0.05),为微生物代谢提供了丰富的资源。同时,保护性耕作显著提高了土壤表层(0～5cm)总脂肪酸量、真菌和细菌生物量(P0.05),提高了土壤的真菌/细菌值,有利于农田土壤生态系统的稳定性。研究结果对于探讨保护性耕作的内在机制具有重要意义。     

长期种植绿肥稻田土壤颗粒有机碳演变特征

【目的】基于长期定位试验探讨长期冬种绿肥稻田颗粒有机碳演变特征与土壤肥力的关系。【方法】以中国农业科学院祁阳红壤实验站水田轮作制度长期定位试验为基础,测定了1982年至2012年每6年一次的历史土壤-样品的颗粒含量、颗粒有机碳含量和稻田土壤养分含量。试验设4个处理:1)稻-稻-冬闲(R-R-WF):2)稻-稻--油菜(R-R-RP):3)稻-稻-紫云英(R-R-MV);4)稻-稻-黑麦草(R-R-RG)。晚稻收获后,采集0-20 cm耕层土壤。土壤颗粒分级采用改进的Anderson离心法得到砂粒(53~2000μm)、粗粉粒(5~53μm)、细粉粒(2~5μm)、粗粘粒(0.2~2μm)和细粘粒(0.2μm)。采用重铬酸钾法测定土壤颗粒有机碳含量。【结果】1)30年试验后三种绿肥处理稻田土壤有机碳在不同土壤颗粒中的分布表现为细粘粒(28.05~28.27 g/kg)粗粘粒(25.76~26.91 g/kg)细粉粒(12.80~14.52 g/kg)、砂粒(13.83~14.92 g/kg)粗粉粒(1.67~2.62g/kg),与冬闲处理(R-R-WF)相比,土壤总有机碳、细粘粒有机碳和粗粘粒有机碳含量分别显著增加34.6%~42.4%、12.3%~13.2%、6.1%~10.9%砂粒有机碳含量显著降低26.2%~31.6%(P0.05)。2)30年试验后,三种绿肥处理稻田土壤总有机碳在不同颗粒中平均分布比例为粗粘粒有机碳(45.0%)细粉粒有机碳(25.8%)细粘粒有机碳(15.1%)砂粒有机碳(11.5%)粗粉粒有机碳(2.7%),与R-R-WF处理相比,总有机碳在粗粘粒中的比例提高8.0%~12.8%在砂粒中的比例降低36.8%~42.9%在细粘粒、细粉粒、粗粉粒中的比例提高5.3%~6.1%、5.5%~6.4%、6.5%~8.1%。3)长期种植绿肥土壤总有机碳、粗粘粒有机碳、细粘粒有机碳含量与时间(年)呈现极显著线性正相关(P0.01),累积速率分别为0.16 g/(kg·a)、0.31 g/(kg·a)、0.22 g/(kg·a);砂粒有机碳、粗粉粒有机碳、细粉粒有机碳含量与时间(年)呈现显著线性负相关(P0.05),消减速率分别为0.59 g/(kg·a)、0.35 g/(kg·a)、0.19 g/(kg·a)。粗粘粒有机碳年均增幅1.5%,是细粘粒有机碳增幅的1.5倍;粗粉粒有机碳年均减幅2.7%,是细粉粒、砂粒有机碳减幅的2.8倍和1.5倍。4)细粘粒、粗粘粒有机碳含量与总有机碳含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),且与粗粘粒有机碳相关性更为紧密;细粘粒、粗粘粒有机碳含量与土壤全氮、全磷、有效磷、碱解氮、速效钾含量呈(极)显著相关关系(P0.01)且粗粘粒有机碳含量与土壤养分含量相关性更为紧密。【结论】粗粘粒有机碳含量高、分布比例大,是稻田土壤有机碳最重要的组成部分;粗粘粒对有机碳的固持能力强,对土壤总有机碳含量变化的响应最敏感,是土壤有机碳最稳定的组分;粗粘粒有机碳与土壤养分相关性显著与土壤肥力关系最紧密,因此粗粘粒有机碳可以作为指示稻田土壤肥力水平的一个重要指标。     

轮作结合施肥对土壤有机碳及其组分和土壤养分的影响

研究了轮作结合施肥对土壤有机碳组分及土壤养分的影响,以期为优化眉豆-燕麦轮作体系下施肥措施,实现土壤固碳减排,培肥土壤提供理论依据。本研究设燕麦连作、眉豆-燕麦轮作、眉豆连作模式分别结合不施肥、施化肥、施有机复合肥措施9个处理,三年连续田间定位试验,分析2018年收获后土壤有机碳(SOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、重组有机碳(HFOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)及养分含量。研究结果表明,各处理团聚体内SOC含量呈现先升高再降低的趋势,其中轮作结合施用有机复合肥处理SOC含量最高,达到41.36 g kg-1。在同一种植模式下ROC、DOC、MBC、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量总体变化趋势为:施用有机复合肥>施用化肥>无肥,轮作结合施用有机复合肥处理较不施肥处理ROC、DOC、MBC、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别高7.54%、30.56%、13.35%、9.56%、31.88%、9.52%。HFOC含量总体变化趋势为施用有机复合肥>无肥>施用化肥,轮作结合施用有机复合肥处理较施化肥处理HFOC含量高12.10%。相同施肥条件下轮作模式ROC、DOC、HFOC、MBC含量高于连作模式。眉豆-燕麦轮作模式土壤有机碳组分和土壤养分含量在施用有机复合肥处理下显著增加,能够为建立合理轮作模式提供理论支撑,对实现该地区土壤耕地质量提升具有重要指导意义。     

长期施肥下新疆灰漠土有机碳及作物产量演变

为明确长期不同施肥下新疆灰漠土有机碳和作物产量演变特征,依托始于1990年的灰漠土肥力长期定位监测试验,选择对照(CK,不施肥)、施氮磷肥(NP)、氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)、氮磷钾配合常量有机肥(NPKM)、氮磷钾配合高量有机肥(h NPKM,有机肥施用量为NPKM的2倍)、氮磷钾配合秸秆还田(NPKS)6个处理,分析不同处理下土壤有机碳和小麦、玉米产量演变特征,探讨碳投入及有机碳与作物产量的关系。结果表明:1)长期耗竭种植(CK)、连续施用NP或NPK肥,灰漠土有机碳含量持续下降,年均下降速率分别为0.094 g·kg~(-1)、0.043 g·kg~(-1)和0.053 g·kg~(-1),表明施化肥(NP、NPK)不能维持土壤有机碳含量,不利于土壤肥力的保持。NPKM和h NPKM处理,土壤有机碳显著增加,年均增加0.360 g·kg~(-1)和0.575 g·kg~(-1),增施有机肥是快速提高灰漠土肥力的重要措施。秸秆还田处理(NKPS),土壤有机碳年均增幅0.006 g·kg~(-1),与NPK处理对比,秸秆还田虽没有大幅度提高土壤有机碳,但维持了土壤肥力。2)较CK,长期化肥有机肥配施(NPKM、h NPKM)显著增加了作物产量(P0.05)。与NP和NPK比较,长期化肥有机肥配施显著提高了小麦产量(P0.05),但玉米产量与施化肥处理差异不显著(P0.05),玉米产量以平衡施肥(NPK)的增幅最高,达到220 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。小麦的产量变异系数(29.1%~43.9%)高于玉米产量变异(19.0%~32.7%)。化肥配合秸秆还田(NPKS)处理的小麦增产幅度与高量施用有机肥(h NPKM)处理接近,喻示了秸秆还田对作物增产的作用不可忽视。3)碳投入与土壤有机碳和小麦、玉米产量有显著线性正相关(P0.05)。基于以上分析,在干旱区灰漠土增加土壤碳投入(有机肥或秸秆)仍然是最基本的土壤培肥措施。     

荒漠绿洲农田盐渍化过程中土壤有机碳和全氮变化特征

以干旱绿洲区大麦和苜蓿2种作物不同盐渍化农田为研究对象,以未盐渍化农田为对照,研究农田盐渍化过程中土壤(0-40cm)有机碳和全氮含量变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)随盐渍化程度的加剧,各层土壤有机碳和全氮含量呈波动式降低,土壤(0-40cm)有机碳和全氮储量也呈波动式降低。在未盐渍化农田的大麦地和苜蓿地,土壤表层(0-10cm)有机碳和全氮含量分别为9.19,1.08g/kg和6.81,0.656g/kg,轻度、中度、重度和极重度盐渍化农田土壤表层有机碳和全氮含量分别比未盐渍化农田下降了14.03%,26.26%,42.01%,48.03%;19.08%,35.63%,46.84%,56.88%;-14.15%,5.89%,17.12%,29.89%;-11.18%,-6.91%,11.84%,29.27%。(2)在大麦地,未盐渍化农田与极重度农田土壤表层碳氮比值差异显著(P0.05);而在苜蓿地,不同盐渍化阶段农田间土壤表层碳氮比值差异均不显著(P0.05);从层间差异来看,各盐渍化阶段农田土壤上下层碳氮比值差异均不显著(P0.05)。(3)不同盐渍化程度以及不同深度土壤中的有机碳和全氮含量存在很好的相关关系。(4)在大麦地,有机碳和全氮储量与土壤砂粒含量呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与作物产量呈显著正相关(P0.05),此外有机碳含量还与土壤电导率呈极显著负相关(P0.01),而全氮储量与土壤含水量呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。在苜蓿地,土壤有机碳储量与土壤电导率呈显著负相关(P0.05),全氮储量与作物产量呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。     

Managing soil organic matter – implications for soil structure on organic farms

Abstract. This paper reviews current understanding of soil structure, the role of soil organic matter (SOM) in soil structure and evidence for or against better soil physical condition under organic farming. It also includes new data from farm case studies in the UK. Young SOM is especially important for soil structural development, improving ephemeral stability through fungal hyphae, extracellular polysaccharides, etc. Thus, to achieve aggregate stability and the advantages that this conveys, frequent input of fresh organic matter is required. Practices that add organic material are routinely a feature of organically farmed soils and the literature generally shows that, comparing like with like, organic farms had at least as good and sometimes better soil structure than conventionally managed farms. Our case studies confirmed this. In the reviewed papers, SOM was generally larger on the biodynamic/organic farms because of the organic additions and/or leys in the rotation. We can therefore hypothesize that, because it is especially the light fraction of SOM that is involved in soil structural development, soil structure will improve in a soil to which fresh organic residues are added regularly. Thus, we argue it is not the farming system per se that is important in promoting better physical condition, but the amount and quality of organic matter returned to a soil.     

不同利用方式对棕壤有机碳垂直分布的影响

采用野外采样和室内分析的方法研究了林地、园地、耕地3种利用方式对典型棕壤总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)及重组有机碳(HFOC)在0～20 cm、20～40 cm、40～60 cm 3层次中垂直分布的影响。结果表明,与林地相比,园地和耕地各层次的TOC含量和储量均显著下降;其分布份额和分布比则为园地中、下层略向上层转移,耕地则明显向中、下层转移。3种利用方式下POC的相对数量均随土层加深而递减,林地开垦为园地和耕地后,POC的相对数量仅在园地上、中层显著降低,分别减少6.67和1.70个百分点,而耕地则各层次均显著降低,其相对数量分别减少13.65、5.43和3.03个百分点;HFOC的相对数量随干预强度和土层深度增加而增大,耕地和园地比林地分别高出:上层5.77和4.00个百分点、中层10.44和6.40个百分点、下层7.35和3.92个百分点,且差异均显著。因此,将林地棕壤开垦为园地或耕地后应注重有机物料的投入,以减缓因开垦对有机碳所造成的损失和不尽合理的分布状况。     

土壤有机碳研究进展

回顾了国内外土壤有机碳研究进展及趋势,阐述了全球土壤有机碳库存量及分布、我国土壤有机碳库储量概况、农田土壤有机碳组成及其影响因素、农田土壤有机碳转化规律及影响因素,指出了我国在土壤有机碳研究方面存在的问题及今后的发展方向.     

长期施肥下石灰性潮土有机碳变化的DNDC模型预测

为探讨长期不同施肥条件下土壤有机碳的变化规律及DNDC模型的应用,利用封丘石灰性潮土不同施肥措施下的长期定位试验数据,选取CK、NPK、1/2NPK+1/2OM、OM4个处理,分析了15年来作物产量及土壤有机碳(SOC)的变化特征,并用DNDC模型预测了试验地近100年(2000~2099)的SOC变化趋势。结果表明,各施肥处理的多年产量平均值和对照处理差异显著;施用化肥(NPK和1/2NPK+1/2OM)处理和有机肥(OM)处理间也有显著差异;产量最高为NPK处理,达10811 kg/ha,CK处理最低,但1/2NPK+1/2OM处理产量与NPK处理无显著性差异。15年来土壤耕层(0—20cm)有机碳平均值,以OM处理最高,达到7.90 g/kg,显著高于1/2NPK+1/2OM、NPK处理;而CK处理仅为4.15 g/kg。从15年来有机碳的变化看出,CK处理略有下降,NPK处理较为平稳,而1/2NPK+1/2OM和OM处理呈现不断上升趋势,OM处理上升幅度较1/2NPK+1/2OM处理大。对试验地SOC变化趋势长期(100a)的模拟结果显示,与初始土壤SOC含量相比,100a后不施肥处理(CK)土壤有机碳含量下降了52%,化肥(NPK)处理土壤SOC含量较为稳定,而1/2NPK+1/2OM处理和OM处理土壤有机碳增加明显,大约25a后基本上稳定,100a后分别较2000年增加了24%和25%。从实测数据的分析和DNDC模型模拟分析可以看出,有机肥和化肥配施能获得较高作物产量,并能有效地增加土壤SOC含量,从而提高土壤的可持续利用能力。     

造林恢复植被后土壤的化学计量学特征对其碳组分的影响

Afforestation is recognized as an important driving force for soil organic C(SOC) dynamics and soil element cycling.To evaluate the relationships between soil C:N:P stoichiometry and SOC fractions,soil C:N:P stoichiometry distributions at 0–200 cm soil depths were analyzed and the contents of SOC fractions were evaluated in 9 typical land-use systems on the Loess Plateau of China.The contents of light fraction organic C,particulate organic C(53,53–2 000,and2 000 μm),labile organic C,microbial biomass C,and dissolved organic C decreased with increasing soil depth and were higher in afforested soil than in slope cropland soil.Compared with the slope cropland,different vegetation types influenced soil C:N,C:P,and N:P ratios,especially when C:P and N:P ratios were significantly higher(P0.05).Moreover,SOC fractions at the 0–10 and 10–40 cm depths were particularly affected by soil C:P ratio,whereas those at the 40–100 and 100–200 cm soil depths were significantly affected(P0.05) by soil N:P ratio.These results indicate that changes in SOC fractions are largely driven by soil C:P and N:P ratios at different soil depths after afforestation.     

有机物质对土壤溶液中铜形态的影响

Incubation of two soils,a red soil derived from granodiorte and a fluvo-aquic soil from alluvial deposit,with rice straw,Chinese milk vetch and pig manure under submerged condition were conducted to study the species of Cu in soil solutions as affected by the organic materials.The organic materials increased total soluble Cu by raising dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in soil solution when the solution pH values were below the range in which Cu deposited quickly.When the solution pH rose to this rage,the increase of DOC did not raise total soluble Cu.Total soluble Cu in all the treatments dropped with incubation time.After adding organic materials labile Cu dropped with incubation time and decreased sharply in the pH range of Cu precipitation.Addition of organic materials enhanced slowly labile Cu but depressed the ratio of labile Cu to total soluble Cu.Slowly labile Cu decreased with incubation time.Sepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that total soluble Cu was positively correlated with Eh and DOC(P=0.0025),labile Cu was negatively correlated with pH(P=0.0118),and slowly labile Cu was positively correlated with Eh and DOC(P=0.0022).Both the labile and slowly labile Cu were correlated with total soluble Cu at extremely significant levels.     

长期施肥对黄壤有机碳平衡及玉米产量的影响

基于长期定位试验,以黔中典型黄壤为研究对象,采用单因素方差分析、可持续性指数、稳定性指数等方法对长期定位试验获取的数据进行分析和比较,以探讨长期不同施肥处理对黄壤有机碳含量、有机碳平衡量、玉米产量稳定性、可持续性及其相互关系的影响。结果表明:(1)与施化肥和对照处理相比,施有机肥处理土壤有机碳含量明显升高,按大小排序依次为:MMNPK1/2M+1/2NPK1/4M+3/4NPK;(2)施有机肥处理黄壤有机碳平衡量为正值,且随有机肥施用量增加而增加,相反,施化肥和对照处理均为负值,大小依次为:MNPK、M1/2M+1/2NPK1/4M+3/4NPKNPKNKNPN、CKPK,各处理差异显著;(3)有机肥与化肥配施、有机肥单施及氮磷钾化肥协调施用更有利于提高玉米产量,排序为:MNPK1/4M+3/4NPK、1/2M+1/2NPKNPK、MNPNK、PK、NCK;(4)适量有机肥与化肥配施可提高玉米产量稳定性和可持续性(可持续性指数0.6,变异系数0.3),其中,1/4M+3/4NPK处理玉米产量稳定性和持续性最好;(5)玉米年产量与黄壤有机碳平衡量相关度较高,而玉米可持续性、稳定性则主要受有机碳含量影响。综上,有机肥与化肥配施有利于黄壤有机碳含量提升、玉米维持高产稳产。按适量"减肥"原则,以25%有机肥配施75%氮磷钾化肥效果最佳。     

Distribution of exogenous phytase activity in soil solid–liquid phases and their effect on soil organic P hydrolysis

The bioavailability and stability of organic phosphorus (P) in the soil may be affected by exogenous phytase (EPase) activity and distribution, but remain poorly understood. The distribution of EPase activity and hydrolysis ability of EPase on organic P in soil solid‐liquid phases was investigated. The EPase addition to soil suspension (1:20, w/v) from three soil types (red soil, brown soil, and cinnamon soil) under three treatments (untreated soil, removing clay from soil, and removing organic matter from soil) with different characters in the solution and solid phases was assayed. The results showed that the disappearance pattern of EPase activity from solution was similar for all soils, whereas the enzyme activity on the solid phase was dependent on soil types and treatments with the greatest in red soil and untreated soil. When EPase was added to soils, the adsorption ratio of organic matter and clay was 10 to 25% and 3 to 7%, respectively, with sorption capacity of organic matter being significantly (p < 0.05) stronger than that of clay. Additionally, soil dehydrogenase activity, which is the indicator of overall soil microbial activities, increased after EPase addition and the two enzymes showed significant negative relation in the soil suspension and solution. At the same time, the organic P decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after the addition of EPase in the soil solid, which had a varied rate under –40% after incubating 192 h, whereas organic P in the solution phase increased significantly (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that organic matter had a strong protective and adsorptive effect on EPase effectiveness and microbes mightbe directly affect EPase longevity and decay. This finding suggests that EPase activity in the solid phase played a more important role in organic P hydrolysis.     

Labile and stable pools of organic matter in soil amended with sewage sludge biochar

One of the main advantages of using biochar for agricultural purposes is its ability to store carbon (C) in soil for a long-term. Studies of labile and stable fractions of soil organic matter (SOM) may be a good indicator of the dynamics of biochar in soils. This study evaluated the effects of applying sewage sludge biochar (SSB) in combination with mineral fertilizer on fractions of SOM. To conduct this evaluation, 15 Mg ha^?1 of SSB combined or not with mineral fertilizer (NPK) was applied to the soil in two cropping seasons. Apart from total organic C (TOC), the labile and stable fractions of SOM were also determined. The combined use of SSB and NPK resulted in higher TOC, a 22% to 40% increase compared to the control and to the NPK treatments, respectively. The SSB produced at a lower temperature increased the labile fractions of SOM, especially the microbial biomass C, showing its capacity to supply nutrients in the short-term. The stable pools of SOM are increased after adding SSB produced at a higher temperature. It was concluded that pyrolysis temperature is a key-factor that determines the potential of SSB to accumulate C in labile and stable fractions of SOM.     

红壤缓坡地径流与土壤可蚀性对土壤有机碳流失的影响

探明坡面径流和土壤可蚀性对土壤有机碳流失的影响,对于研究土壤有机碳固定和区域碳循环有重要作用。该文通过野外径流小区模拟降雨试验研究不同雨强(30~100 mm/h)和耕作条件下(翻耕和免耕)土壤有机碳流失过程及其与坡面径流和土壤可蚀性的关系。结果表明,坡面产流过程对泥沙态有机碳流失过程具有明显影响,除大雨强条件下泥沙态有机碳流失速率在10~30 min呈现短时间峰值外,各径流小区泥沙态有机碳流失过程与坡面产流过程总体变化趋势基本一致,均表现为产流开始后,其流失率随降雨历时延长而增加,而后逐步趋于平稳,但坡面产流过程对径流有机碳流失过程无明显影响;坡面径流率大小影响土壤有机碳流失,坡面径流率变化能解释80%土壤有机碳流失的变化,坡面径流率与土壤有机碳流失呈线性正相关关系,且坡面径流率对泥沙态有机碳流失的影响比其对径流有机碳流失的影响更明显;土壤可蚀性对土壤有机碳流失的影响是非线性的,且土壤可蚀性指标越大,土壤有机碳流失率越大,但土壤可蚀性对土壤有机碳流失的影响存在有限性。坡面径流和土壤可蚀性是土壤有机碳流失的重要影响因素。