重穗型水稻植株抗倒伏能力的研究

以18个不同穗重型水稻品种为材料，研究了重穗型水稻植株的抗倒伏能力及其与茎秆的物理性状、机械组织特性的关系。结果表明：重穗型品种单穗重大、产量高与其株高的适当增加密切相关。重穗型品种由于单穗重和株高的增加，弯曲力矩加大，但抗折力也明显提高，故而其茎秆抗倒伏能力并未降低。重穗型品种茎秆抗折力强的主要原因     

不同穗型的3个粳稻品种的抗倒性研究

试验选用不同穗型的3个粳稻品种为材料,分析其抗倒机理及与倒伏密切相关的各性状,并初步探讨穗型与倒伏之间的关系。结果表明:株高与倒伏指数呈极显著正相关;节间长、茎粗、穗部性状等均与倒伏指数存在显著相关;直立、半直立穗型品种较弯曲穗型品种倒伏指数小,株高偏矮,基部茎杆节间短且粗壮坚韧,穗短而穂颈角小,表现出较好的抗倒性能。     

春播谷子成熟期抗倒伏性研究

试验以长谷4号、长生13和晋谷21为材料,在成熟期（乳熟期、蜡熟期和完熟期）测定7个性状指标,分析其与倒伏性的关系。结果表明,3个品种的倒伏指数均以黄熟期最大,乳熟期最小;从基部第2节间~第6节间,倒伏指数依次增加,抗倒伏性依次降低。相关性分析表明,基部第2节间倒伏指数与重心高度和单株穗鲜重呈显著正相关,与株高、单株鲜重和基部第2节间长度呈正相关,与基部第2节间直径和基部第2节间机械强度呈负相关,但都未达到显著水平。通径分析结果表明,各性状对倒伏指数的直接影响从大到小排序为：基部第2节间机械强度、单株鲜重、重心高度、株高、基部第2节间直径、基部第2节间长度和单株穗鲜重。由研究结果可见,基部第2节间机械强度和重心高度可作为评价谷子成熟期抗倒伏性的通用指标,对选育抗倒伏谷子新品种具有重要指导意义。     

播种密度对冬小麦茎秆形态特征和抗倒指数的影响

于2001－2002年在安徽农业大学试验农场研究了不同播种密度对冬小麦茎秆形态特征和抗倒指数的影响。结果表明：播种密度大小显著影响茎秆形态特征、植株C/N比大小和茎秆抗倒指数,小麦茎秆形态特征与植株的抗倒性密切相关。其中,基部三节间的健壮程度与小麦抗倒关系最为密切,相关程度为：第2节间＞第1节间＞第3节间。茎秆健     

种植方式对杂交籼稻植株抗倒伏特性的影响

为探讨机械化播栽方式对杂交籼稻植株抗倒伏能力的影响,以F优498为材料,在大田进行了以种植方式为主区、穴苗数为副区的裂区试验,种植方式包括机直播、机插和手插3种,穴苗数分低苗和高苗2个处理。在齐穗后30 d,调查植株茎鞘物理性状、力学和抗倒伏特性,并分析茎鞘性状与抗倒伏特性的相关性。结果表明: (1)不同种植方式之间水稻倒伏指数差异极显著,手插稻最低,机插稻最高,机直播稻介于二者之间。这种差异主要与节间折断弯矩有关,N₁–N₄节间折断弯矩与节间粗度和厚度、秆型指数、比茎重、节间干重、断面模数和弯曲应力都呈显著或极显著正相关,与节间长度呈显著或极显著负相关;基部节间的植株折断弯矩变异较小,且低位节间的弯曲力矩显著高于高位节间,这是水稻植株基部第1、第2节间易倒伏的主要原因。(2)手插稻基部节间短,茎粗壁厚,秆型指数、茎鞘充实度和弯曲应力高,最终表现为植株折断弯矩和抗倒伏能力强;机插稻群体大,个体生长受抑制,倒伏指数大。为构建合理的群体结构,以机械化播栽稻每穴3~4苗、手插稻每穴2苗,有利于相对实现高产与抗倒的协调。     

Assessment of resistance to lodging of landrace and improved cultivars in foxtail millet

Lodging results in serious yield and quality reductions in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Among summer crops, foxtail millet is a high density and soft stalked crop that is prone to lodging. Field selection for lodging resistance is difficult because the occurrence of lodging depends on the environmental conditions. A practical method for the evaluation of lodging is not available for foxtail millet, so an understanding of lodging-associated traits and identifying a suitable method to assess lodging are essential to select for lodging resistance and to predict the risk of lodging in a cultivar. In the present study, six stem and root traits associated with lodging was measured in the field and lodging coefficients were determined to evaluate lodging resistance in landrace and improved cultivars. Based on the results of correlation analysis, lodging coefficient is a suitable indicator for field selection for lodging resistance in both classes of cultivars tested for breeding purpose. Statistical analyses demonstrated that lodging was associated with stem quality rather than plant height and internode length at the stem base. The most important trait that directly impacted on lodging coefficient was mechanical strength of the stem and plant height in the landraces, while the weights of the above- and under-ground tissues, in combination with mechanical strength of the stem, were the most important contributors to lodging coefficient in the improved cultivars.     

不同氮利用效率基因型水稻茎秆特性比较

选用低产氮低效型、高产氮中效型和高产氮高效型具有代表性的6个粳稻品种,在各基因型各自最适氮素水平下,研究了茎秆力学特性、物理特性和化学成分含量的差异及其与氮效率的关系。结果表明：(1)较之低产类型品种,高产类型品种茎秆基部N₁节间变短、N₆节间变长,株高有所增加;茎粗、茎壁厚、茎鞘干重均极显著增加;茎鞘的K、Si含量极显著增加,N含量显著降低。由于茎秆物理性状的改善及化学成分的差异导致茎秆综合抗折力明显提高,倒伏指数降低。(2)同为高生产力类型品种,因氮效率的差异茎秆形态生理特征表现不同。较之高产氮中效类型,高产氮高效类型水稻品种茎秆N₄、N₅节间变长;茎秆粗度略有降低,但茎壁厚增加,表现茎秆干重增加,充实度加强;茎鞘的K含量无明显变化,但Si含量显著降低,N含量也呈降低趋势。对于高产品种,适当增加N₄、N₅节间长度以改善叶片配置,适当降低茎粗而提高壁厚和充实度以保证茎秆抗折力和输导能力,适当降低茎鞘Si含量以促进氮素的转移,有利于进一步提高氮肥利用率。     

江淮平原小麦主栽品种茎秆抗倒性能分析

以江淮平原8个小麦主栽品种为材料,分析不同品种的茎秆抗倒性能及其产量。结果表明,烟农19,郑麦004,平安6号和周麦22在全生育期内未发生倒伏,偃展4110,新麦18和皖麦50在乳熟期发生1度（茎秆与地面夹角为75°~45°）轻微倒伏,而皖麦19在乳熟期发生2度（茎秆与地面夹角为45°~20°）倒伏,倒伏率为17.62%。皖麦19的株高、重心高度、基部节间长度及其干物质输出率均高于未倒伏品种和轻微倒伏品种,不利于其抗倒伏。烟农19的株高和重心高度适中,基部节间机械强度较大,干物质在乳熟前输出较慢,乳熟后迅速分解输出,有利于茎秆抗倒和产量提高。因此,江淮平原兼顾高产和抗倒的小麦品种为烟农19和周麦22。     

钵苗机插密度对不同穗型水稻品种产量、株型和抗倒伏能力的影响

选用3种穗型水稻品种,设置3种钵苗机插密度,以毯苗机插为对照(CK),系统研究钵苗机插不同密度对水稻产量及其构成、穗部性状、冠层叶系配置、茎秆物理特性和抗倒伏的影响,旨在探明水稻钵苗机插配套不同穗型品种适宜栽插规格及其增产特点;同时,阐明钵苗机插不同密度下水稻株型特征和抗倒伏特性。结果表明:(1)3种钵苗机插密度处理下,大穗型品种产量随密度降低呈先增后降的变化趋势,但均显著高于CK;中、小穗型品种产量有随着密度降低而下降的趋势。不同穗型品种穗数随着密度降低而显著减少,每穗粒数显著增加,结实率和千粒重无明显变化规律。(2)钵苗机插下不同穗型水稻品种的穗长、着粒密度、单穗重、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、一次枝梗粒数和二次枝梗粒数均随密度降低而增加,且高于CK;一、二次枝梗数比值和一、二次枝梗粒数比值随密度降低而呈下降趋势。(3)钵苗机插下不同穗型水稻品种的上三叶的叶长、叶宽、叶基角、披垂度和比叶重随着密度降低而呈增加趋势;且上三叶的叶长、叶宽和比叶重高于CK。(4)随着密度降低,不同穗型品种钵苗机插水稻基部N1、N2、N3节间长度减少,茎秆粗度、茎壁厚度和节间干重增加,穗下节间长、秆长、株高、重心高增加,而相对重心高有减小趋势。(5)不同穗型品种钵苗机插水稻基部节间N1、N2、N3抗折力和弯曲力矩随着密度降低而增加,倒伏指数呈下降趋势,且低于CK。说明水稻钵苗机插配套大穗型品种宜适当降低密度,增加每穗粒数以获高产;中穗型品种需兼顾穗数和每穗粒数,提高群体颖花量而增产;小穗型品种依靠穗数而提高产量。水稻钵苗机插降低密度能改善穗部性状和增加上三叶的叶面积,但增大了叶基角和披垂度,同时利于缩短基部节间长度,增加基部节间粗度、茎壁厚度和充实度,从而提高抗折力,降低倒伏指数。     

氮肥水平和种植密度对冬小麦茎秆抗倒性能的影响

以中穗型小麦品种山农15为材料,在2个氮肥水平(180 kg hm^-2和240 kg hm^-2)和2个密度(150×10⁴ hm^-2和225×10⁴ hm^-2)下,研究了抗倒性能相关的形态学特征、茎基部节间化学组分、抗倒指数（茎秆机械强度/茎秆重心高度）、木质素合成相关酶活性和籽粒产量的变化特点,以及抗倒指数与形态学和生化指标的相关性。结果表明,施氮水平和种植密度间存在显著的互作效应,当施氮水平由180 kg hm^-2增至240 kg hm^-2或种植密度由150×10⁴ hm^-2增加到225×10⁴ hm^-2时,茎秆重心高度、基部节间长度显著提高,基部节间直径、厚度、充实度、机械强度和抗倒指数显著降低,同时茎秆基部节间纤维素含量、木质素含量显著减少,含氮量显著升高,碳氮比(C/N比)以及木质素合成相关酶活性显著降低。逐步回归分析表明,氮肥水平对小麦抗倒性的影响大于种植密度。本试验条件下,氮肥水平180 kg hm^-2和种植密度为150×10⁴ hm^-2的处理穗数较低,但穗粒数和千粒重显著高于其它处理,因而籽粒产量最高。建议在降低氮肥用量至180 kg hm^-2的同时降低种植密度至150×10⁴ hm^-2,可在增强植株抗倒伏能力的同时获得高产。     

Genetic dissection of plant height by molecular markers using a population of recombinant inbred lines in maize

Plant height is an important trait for maize breeding because it is related to planting density and lodging resistance. It is influenced by many qualitative genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL). In this study, the genetic basis of plant height and its related traits were dissected, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with a maize population of 294 recombinant inbred lines (RIL). Correlation results showed that plant height had a significant positive correlation with leaf number, average internode length and internode number. Increased plant height was affected most by average internode length. Six QTL for plant height were detected, which were consistent with those reported in previous studies. Moreover, eight QTL for leaf number, seven for internode number and six for average internode length were identified. Four of six QTL detected for average internode length were located on the same chromosomal region as the QTL affecting plant height and shared common molecular markers. This latter result strongly suggests that average internode length was the main contributor to plant height in maize.     

玉米茎秆弯曲性能与抗倒能力的研究

为探讨不同玉米品种茎秆抗倒伏相关的力学特点, 选用不同抗倒性品种登海3719、京科519和农大108, 设置3.00、5.25、7.50、9.25和12.00万 hm-2 5个密度, 分别于玉米抽雄前和蜡熟期取样, 用WDW3020型电子万能试验机对茎秆第3、5、7节间进行悬臂梁弯曲试验, 同时测定节间形态特征。结果表明, 随密度的增加, 茎秆基部节间直径变细、节间长度增长。品种间有一定的差异, 在3个品种中登海3719的平均直径和长度均低于其他2个品种; 品种间茎秆惯性矩也有较大差异。基部节间弹性模量、最大抗弯应力均随生育进程而增加, 但随群体密度的增加和节位的上升而逐渐降低, 登海3719在两个生育期均为最大, 且随密度增加的下降幅度较小。以京科519最低, 其对密度反应较敏感, 下降幅度大, 易发生倒伏。在玉米抽雄期, 基部节间平均弹性模量为40.0 MPa, 最大抗弯应力为2.8 MPa, 可能是茎秆抗折力学指标的下限。茎秆弹性模量与最大抗弯应力极显著相关, 茎秆直径与弹性模量和最大抗弯应力在抽雄前显著正相关, 而到蜡熟期相关不显著。它们与田间倒伏率呈极显著负相关。茎秆弯曲弹性模量反映茎秆的耐密能力, 茎秆最大抗弯应力反映品种茎秆的抗折能力, 而茎秆直径不能作为评价茎秆抗弯强弱的主要指标。玉米抽雄前期与蜡熟期茎秆抗弯性状的变化规律基本一致, 因此利用抽雄前茎秆基部弯曲力学性能鉴定与评价玉米茎秆抗倒、耐密性是可行的。     

喷施多效唑对谷子农艺性状及抗倒伏力的影响

倒伏是谷子“高产、优质、高效”综合生产目标的限制因素之一。为了研究喷施多效唑对谷子抗倒伏力的影响,本试验以‘晋谷21号’和‘张杂谷5号’为研究材料,采用随机区组设计,苗期叶面喷施150、300、600、1200 mg/L多效唑,清水作对照,收获期分别测定谷子茎秆机械强度和产量。结果表明请将涂成黄色的内容改成用实验数据支撑的实验结果：随施药浓度的增加,谷子株高逐渐降低,伸长节间数和节间长度逐渐减少,节间增粗增厚,抗倒伏能力逐渐增强。与对照组相比,300 mg/L多效唑处理‘晋谷21号’和‘张杂谷5号’株高分别降低14.12%和22.10%,节间数分别减少1.2和0.8,其中N3节间节长分别减小1.70cm和2.20cm,茎粗分别增大0.61mm和0.44mm,茎壁厚度分别增大0.64mm和0.29mm,抗倒伏能力分别增强24.79%和47.55%,产量分别增加1.12 kg/hm2和1.27 kg/hm2。苗期叶面喷施300 mg/L多效唑有利于形成基部节间短而粗,茎壁厚度大,茎秆充实程度好,抗倒伏能力强的株型,进而提高其产量。     

水稻甬优12不同产量群体的株型特征

以籼粳交超级稻甬优12为试材,比较研究高产(10.5~12.0 t hm^-2)、更高产(12.0~13.5 t hm^-2)、超高产( >13.5 t hm^-2) 3个群体的株型特征。结果表明,穗长、穗粒数、一次和二次枝梗数,超高产群体分别为21.56、356.34、20.46和73.98 (两年平均值),均高于对应的高产和更高产群体,但一次和二次枝梗的结实率略微降低。超高产群体上部三叶的长、宽以及卷曲率高,倒一、二、三叶的卷曲率分别为1.84、1.47、1.26,叶基角和披垂度小,抽穗后的主茎绿叶数多。超高产群体株高为143.50 cm,分别较更高产、高产群体高1.98%和3.83%,上部第一、二、三节间长度增加,穗长加穗下节间长占株高比例、穗下节间占秆长比例高,分别为39.84%和37.75%;基部第一、二、三节间长度缩短,茎秆粗度和茎壁厚度增加,茎、鞘干物重以及K、Si含量高,提高了基部节间的抗折力同时降低了倒伏指数。     

水稻品种倒伏指数QTL分析

利用由98个株系组成的Nipponbare（粳）/ Kasalath（籼）∥Nipponbare 回交重组自交系群体,对水稻倒伏指数与株高、茎粗及单株生物量等性状进行了相关分析,并对水稻倒伏相关性状QTL进行了分子标记定位和遗传效应分析。结果表明,株高、茎粗、单株生物量3性状与倒伏指数的相关系数均达1%显著水平。利用基于性状-标记多元线性     

氮肥水平和栽插密度对杂交稻茎秆理化特性与抗倒伏性的影响

以杂交稻金优527为材料,分别在中低海拔地区雅安(600 m)和高海拔地区西昌(1 590 m)进行了以氮肥水平为主区,栽插密度为副区的田间裂区试验。结果表明,随施氮量和栽插密度的增加,茎秆基部节间变细长,茎壁变薄,秆型指数降低,茎鞘中淀粉、纤维素、木质素含量降低,充实度变差;氮肥水平和栽插密度还影响茎秆中氮、钾、硅、钙、镁、铁、锌、铜、锰等矿质元素的含量,从而影响茎秆的倒伏指数和抗倒伏能力。水稻基部茎秆的倒伏指数与株高、重心高度和基部各伸长节间的长度及氮、镁含量正相关,与茎粗、茎壁厚、比茎重、秆型指数及淀粉、纤维素、木质素和钾、钙含量负相关,与茎秆硅含量呈二次函数关系,适宜的硅含量为4.5~4.8 mg kg^-1。由于生态条件不同,两试点水稻茎秆抗倒能力和受氮肥水平与栽插密度影响的程度存在一定差异,高产、抗倒栽培要因地制宜。金优527基部节间的临界倒伏指数为200。     

氮肥运筹模式对小麦茎秆抗倒性能的影响

以高产强筋小麦品种烟农19为试验材料, 通过不同施氮水平(202.5、270.0和337.5 kg hm^-2)和不同基追比例的施肥试验, 对小麦茎秆结构和细胞壁化学成分及茎秆抗倒指数(CLRI, 茎秆机械强度/茎秆重心高度)等生理生化指标进行了研究。结果表明, 氮肥运筹模式显著影响小麦茎秆抗倒能力。基部节间长度和含氮量均随施氮水平和基肥比例的增加而增加, 基部节间粗度、秆壁厚度、节间充实度、机械强度则表现相反。而细胞壁纤维素、木质素含量和CLRI则随施氮水平的增加呈现出先增后降的趋势, 但随基肥比例的增加而下降。CLRI与基部节间粗度、壁厚、充实度及机械强度呈极显著正相关, 而与基部节间长度和氮含量呈极显著负相关。CLRI可作为小麦抗茎倒伏能力的综合评价指标。     

水稻植株通气系统与稻田CH4排放相关性研究

水稻植株是稻田甲烷(CH₄)排放的重要通道,90%的CH₄气体由水稻植株通气组织排放到大气中。探讨水稻植株通气组织与水稻CH4排放量之间的相关性,可为水稻栽培和育种实践中减排CH₄提供理论和实践依据。2005年早、晚2季大田试验测定了16个水稻品种CH₄排放量和植株地上部各节间组织1     

Relationship between cold resistance,heading traits and ear primordia development of wheat cultivars

Summary For breeding early heading wheat cultivars with resistance to frost damage which are well adapted to dry areas of West Asia and North Africa, the relationships between winter hardiness, ear primordia development and heading traits, i.e. veernalization requirement, photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness, were assessed using a total of 30 genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in an experiment in Syria. The results of artificial freezing tests indicated that cultivars with good winter hardiness were to be found only in the winter wheat cultivars which required 50 or more days of vernalization treatment. These winter wheat cultivars did not initiate internode elongation without vernalization even at 95 days after planting. Thus their ear primordia were still underground and were protected from frost injury at this stage. Photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness were not associated with winter hardiness and earliness of internode elongation, but were related to the number of days to heading after planting. This indicated the possibility for breeding early heading cultivars with winter hardiness and tiller frost avoidance by combining high vernalization requirement, short narrow-sense earliness and neutral response to photoperiod.     

Spanish barley landraces outperform modern cultivars at low‐productivity sites

Barley landraces from the western Mediterranean area have not been thoroughly exploited by modern breeding. This study aims at assessing the agronomic value of a core collection of lines derived from landraces of Spanish origin and to compare them with sets of successful old and modern cultivars. The agronomic performance of a set of 175 barley genotypes, comprising 159 landrace‐derived lines and 26 cultivars, was evaluated in a series of 10 field trials, carried out over 3 years and several locations. The most relevant trait of the landraces was higher grain yield at low production sites than cultivars, which may be related with better ability to fill the grain under stressful conditions. On the other hand, lateness, excessive plant height and lodging were negative traits frequently found in the landraces. Large genotype‐by‐environment interaction (GEI) for grain yield was detected, related partly with differences between germplasm groups, probably indicating local adaptation. GEI was also associated with the interaction of heading time and powdery mildew resistance with temperature.