中国亚洲象研究现状与展望

我国亚洲象栖息地减少,伴随而来的人象冲突问题使亚洲象及其栖息地保护工作十分紧迫,通过对中国亚洲象种群数量、遗传多样性、行为和人象冲突等方面进行归纳与总结,对国内亚洲象相关研究工作进行梳理,为亚洲象保护管理和人象冲突缓解工作提供科研基础.     

亚洲象分布、数量、栖息地状况及种群管理

全世界野生亚洲象的数量约为5万只,分布于全球13个国家。亚洲象喜栖于热带雨林和季雨林地区,集中在各国气候湿润地带且多呈跨境分布。亚洲象适宜栖息地丧失和破碎化是各分布国面临的最主要问题之一,栖息地面积减少带来的亚洲象死亡、人象冲突等一系列生态经济问题凸显,各国就解决栖息地丧失与破碎化问题和缓解人象冲突问题提出了相关办法并拟定了共同行动方案。文中从亚洲象在世界各分布国的数量、栖息地丧失和破碎化程度的现状、人象冲突问题及各国针对保护亚洲象正在和将要计划实施的种群管理措施等方面介绍亚洲象相关信息,以期为科学管理和保护亚洲象种群提供详细的参考。     

思茅区亚洲象活动现状及保护策略

采用野外监测、数据收集整理、村寨走访调查等方法,分析1996年以来亚洲象在思茅区的数量与分布情况。结果表明,在思茅活动的亚洲象数量逐渐增多,活动范围不断扩大,由于人—象冲突对周边区域的居民造成了较大损失。对亚洲象的生存环境现状的有利因素和不利因素进行分析,提出划定亚洲象的栖息地并严格保护,加大对亚洲象保护宣传力度和执法管理,完善亚洲象保护与监测信息系统,调整产业结构等保护管理建议。     

勐腊保护区亚洲象活动变化及保护措施

采用实地查看、数据收集整理、村寨访谈等方法,分析了亚洲象自2002年以来在勐腊保护区内的分布及变化情况.结果表明,亚洲象主要分布在人类活动频繁区域周围,分析了造成这种现象的主要原因以及近年来亚洲象所造成的保护区内及周边村寨群众粮食作物损失情况.提出加强宣传,改善管理部门工作条件和能力,调整产业结构和做好亚洲象栖息地改造工作等做好亚洲象保护及缓解人象冲突的建议.     

勐腊子保护区亚洲象与社区村寨的关系

采用社区村寨访谈、现场调查、数据收集整理等方法,探究了亚洲象在勐腊子保护区与社区村寨村民的关系,结果表明:社区村寨村民的生产生活和社区经济发展对亚洲象的生存和繁衍造成了很大影响。同时,亚洲象的活动也给社区村寨村民造成了很大的人身财产损失,加剧了人象冲突的矛盾。分析了造成这种现象的主要原因以及近年来人象冲突造成社区村寨的损失情况。提出了应做好亚洲象栖息地的保护与恢复;社区村寨调整产业种植结构,减少人身财产损失;建立建全社区村寨亚洲象活动监测预报体系;党委政府提高补偿标准和加强野生动物肇事补偿工作组织领导;加强社区村寨法律法规宣传,加大打击力度,提高社区村寨公众保护意识;建立亚洲象跨国联合保护区、建全巡护管理机制等对策和建议。     

普洱市思茅区亚洲象肇事原因和对策分析

近几年在思茅活动的亚洲象数量迅速增多,人象冲突日益尖锐。本文通过实地调查、数据收集等方法,分析了2008年~2013年以亚洲象为主的野生动物肇事情况,认为适宜生境和食物的不断减少、亚洲象取食习性的改变以及亚洲象报复行为是造成亚洲象肇事不断加剧的主要原因。根据分析结果,提出了加强亚洲象的栖息地保护、改善亚洲象生境质量、完善亚洲象监测与预警体系、完善补偿机制、调整产业结构、建立以亚洲象为主的生物廊道等缓解人象冲突的建议。     

西双版纳亚洲象肇事原因分析及缓解对策探讨

针对西双版纳人象冲突日益严重的现象,通过实地调查、数据收集整理、村寨访谈等方法,分析了1991～2010年间以亚洲象为主的野生动物为害情况。分析认为,天然林下食物减少、栖息地孤岛效应、环境容量不足、亚洲象取食习性改变、人为伤害引发的报复行为、补偿不足和思小高速公路阻隔等是造成人象冲突的主要原因。藉此提出加强生物廊道建设,开展合理的土地利用规划,进行适当的产业结构调整,加强栖息地保护,提高损失补偿额度,开展以观象为主的生态旅游活动和建立亚洲象保护管理信息系统等对策。     

勐腊自然保护区亚洲象活动的时空规律及保护建议

采取野外监测和跟踪调查、资料查阅、村寨访谈、数据分析等方法,分析亚洲象在勐腊保护区的活动区域变化,季节、日的活动规律。结果发现,与2010年相比,亚洲象的活动范围已扩大到勐腊保护区60%的区域以及保护区以外的东北部区域,这些区域主要在人类活动频繁的村落周围;在活动时间上,一年中活动最频繁的时间为4—8月,一天中活动最频繁的时间为下午到夜晚(17—21点),表明亚洲象的活动区域、活动范围与食源密切相关。对亚洲象保护的管理规范、群众保护意识有所增强等有利因素和食源减少、食性改变、栖息地减少等不利因素进行分析;提出引导当地居民调整种植结构、合理安排生产活动时间,开展跨境保护、加强栖息地保护,加强宣传、建立预警预报系统等缓解人象冲突的对策。     

亚洲象 退居云南雨林

<正>亚洲象和非洲象最基本的区别,就是非洲象无论是雌性还是雄性都有象牙,而亚洲象只有雄性拥有象牙。另一区别就是耳朵的形状和大小,非洲象的耳朵是亚洲象的两倍。亚洲象的栖息地(上)。亚洲象与非洲草原象近似,甚至更适应于食草生活,它们之所以退居到森林中,可能仅仅是由于干旱平缓的区域被人类占据,它们只能在与人的竞争中妥协。云南西双版纳保护区一个亚洲象家庭在戏水(下)。目前,中国亚洲象分布于云南省西双版纳州国家级自然保护区(子保护区:勐养、勐腊、尚勇)及周边、临沧市南滚河(南滚河保护区)和普洱市(思茅区、澜沧县、江城县)这3个地区。     

人象冲突原因分析及缓解措施

人象冲突是野象分布区普遍存在的问题,随着经济社会的发展、人口增多和森林的不断减少,导致亚洲象的栖息地面积不断减少,食物短缺,进而导致人象冲突不断加剧。人象冲突不仅对人类的生产生活造成不利的影响,对亚洲象整个物种的长期保护也极为不利。本文基于野生亚洲象行为、活动的调查分析,探讨了可行的人象冲突缓解措施。     

Integration of Northern spotted owl habitat and fuels treatments in the eastern Cascades,Washington, USA

The restoration of natural fire regimes has emerged as a primary management objective within fire-prone forests in the interior western US. However, this objective becomes contentious when perceived to be in conflict with the conservation of rare wildlife species. For example, the integration of fire ecology in disturbance-prone forests of eastern Washington with the recovery of the Northern spotted owl has been described as a management dilemma. We intersected modeled spotted owl habitat with mapped priority fuels treatment areas in order to determine the magnitude of the potential conflict between fuels management and owl conservation. Our results show that there is considerable overlap within dry forests between high suitability spotted owl habitat and moderate-high priority fuels treatment areas (34% overlap). However, there is also considerable overlap of lower suitability spotted owl habitat with moderate-high priority fuels treatment areas (35% overlap) providing opportunities to accomplish multiple management objectives if one considers a landscape perspective. We propose that a conservation strategy for the Northern spotted owl in the eastern Cascades consider the following: emphasize landscape restoration of dry forests within which spotted owl habitat is embedded; landscapes considered for restoration need to be large enough to accomodate the effects of fire disturbances and still retain sufficient habitat to support spotted owl populations; and include adaptive management allowing for adequate monitoring and feedback for managers to make needed adjustments.     

Real versus perceived conflicts between restoration of ponderosa pine forests and conservation of the Mexican spotted owl

Progress in implementing ecosystem approaches to conservation and restoration is slowed by legitimate concerns about the effects of such approaches on individual imperiled species. The perceived conflict between the restoration of fire-excluded forests and concomitant reduction of dense fuels and high-severity wildfire, versus the recovery of endangered species, has led to a policy ambiguity that has slowed on-the-ground action at a time when active management is urgently needed, both for ecosystem restoration and species conservation. The Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) in the southwestern U.S.A. is emblematic of this perceived conflict, with numerous appeals and lawsuits focused on the species and vast acres of forest managed with habitat quality for this species in mind. We use spatial analysis across large landscapes in Arizona to examine potential conflicts between the desire to reduce the likelihood of uncharacteristically severe wildfire and restore native fire regimes, and the concurrent desire and legal mandate to manage forests for the recovery of the owl. Our spatially explicit analysis indicates that real conflicts between these management objectives exist, but that locations where conflicts might inhibit active forest management represent less than 1/3 of the 811,000 ha study region. Furthermore, within the areas where conflicts might be expected, the majority of the forest could be managed in ways that would reduce fire hazard without eliminating owl habitat. Finally, management treatments that emphasize ecosystem restoration might improve the suitability of large areas of forest habitat in the southwest that is currently unsuitable for owls. These results demonstrate that even where policy conflicts exist, their magnitude has been overstated. Active restoration of dry forests from which fire has been excluded is compatible in many areas with conservation and recovery of the owl. Identifying and prioritizing areas to meet the dual goals of ecosystem restoration and imperiled species conservation require a broad spatial approach that is analytically feasible but currently underutilized. Working together, conservation biologists, restoration ecologists, and forest managers can employ landscape-level spatial analysis to identify appropriate areas for management attention, identify suitable management practices, and explore the predicted consequences of alternative management scenarios on forests, fire ecology, and the fate of sensitive species of conservation concern.     

中国亚洲象与人类关系

对中国亚洲象的历史性南移、分布现状、亚洲象分布与人口密度的关系、因人象生境之争而形成的日益严重的人象冲突、亚洲象的保护现状等方面进行了论述,提出了对亚洲象保护的管理建议。     

Conflicts in conservation: Woodland key habitats,authorities and private forest owners in Sweden

Abstract

The process of protection (e.g. reserves, agreements) on the lands of non-industrial private forest (NIPF) owners sometimes leads to conflicts (conflict: a perceived threat to needs, interests or concerns; in this study, “threat” was important). To investigate predictive factors for such conflicts in southern Sweden, a questionnaire was sent to 132 NIPF owners with woodland key habitat (WKH; identified biodiversity values). The response rate was 77% and conflict was reported by 22.5% of respondents, while 14% reported good relations with authorities. The respondents reported conflict due to rules for cutting, protection and compensation. Compared with other owners, those reporting conflict were younger (mean 54 versus 62 years old), had more negative opinion about the personal contact with the authority, had twice as large an area of WKH and had more negative opinion about the WKH. Logistic regression revealed four variables that predicted conflict: area of WKH on property, opinion about WKH, opinion about personal contact and, especially, age of respondent. Younger forest owners may be more dependent upon income from harvesting than older owners. Conflicts were frequent and the factors identified here should be taken into account in forest conservation work.     

滇金丝猴栖息地植物多样性研究

采用路线调查与标准地调查相结合的方法,结合历史资料,对滇金丝猴栖息地的野生植物资源进行了实地野外调查研究,分析了植物多样性及其受威胁状况。结果表明:(1)栖息地具有丰富的植物物种多样性,有维管束植物217科789属3533种(含亚种、变种),其中,国家重点保护野生植物有117种;(2)该区植物区系成分具有复杂性、多样性,明显偏重于温带性质、且植物区系起源古老,有中国特有分布属90个,其中,古特有属59个;(3)该区具有丰富的植被类型,包括4个植被型组,10个植被型,47个群系,具有较高的保护和科研价值。同时针对栖息地植物多样性受威胁状况,提出了植被恢复、生态移民及社区共管是保护植物多样性的有效措施。     

《欧盟野鸟保护指令》介评

《欧盟野鸟指令》是欧盟在保护生物多样性领域中的一项重要指令。文中对指令的各方面做了评价与思考; 结合我国野生鸟类保护现状, 吸取指令的经验, 建议从野生鸟类保护立法、监管体制和野生鸟类栖息地保护等方面来完善我国的野生鸟类保护法律体系。     

版纳雨林巡护记

作为西双版纳尚勇自然保护区管理所一名巡护人员，我们有幸参加了西双版纳人民政府组织的军、警、民联合武装巡护活动，并用手中的相机记录了巡护过程中一个个有意义的瞬间。[编者按]     

西双版纳勐满印度野牛生境利用初探

印度野牛是一种濒危的大型哺乳动物,其全球种群在过去的100年内发生了显著的下降,分布区也发生了剧烈的缩减。在中国,云南西双版纳是印度野牛现存种群的主要分布区。由于历史上遭受过较强的捕猎和栖息地破坏,该物种保护面临严峻危机。为了解该地印度野牛的生境利用特征,为该种群的保护提供一定依据,2014年7月—2015年11月,对西双版纳勐满地区的一个印度野牛群体开展了野外监测,通过收集到的野牛群位点统计了其家域面积,分析了海拔、植被和地形对其生境利用的影响。结果显示,该地区的印度野牛利用的家域面积为10～20 km²,利用的海拔范围为1 299～1 848 m,偏好森林覆盖率高且平坦的区域,在迁移时可能会利用平坦但森林覆盖率较低的区域。     

A landscape and policy perspective on forest conversion: Long-tailed tit (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aegithalos caudatus</Emphasis>) and the allocation of deciduous forests in southern Sweden

As resources allocated specifically for conservation are limited, there is a need to ensure conservation policy initiatives lead to effective conservation outcomes. In this study, we investigated the potential conservation benefits from alternative spatial allocations of old deciduous stands to a landscape dominated by coniferous production forests owned primarily by non-industrial private forest owners. As a target species, we used the long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus), a species associated with deciduous forests and known to be sensitive to isolation. We used a previously published model based on empirical data on the occurrence of this species, to assess the probability of occurrence of the bird in a 4,000 km² area in southern Sweden for which we possess detailed spatial GIS data (kNN data) of tree species composition and age. We assessed alternative scenarios where old deciduous forest was allocated with or without respect to distance from existing old deciduous forests. Due to the long-tailed tit’s habitat requirement increasing the amount of old deciduous forests close to existing habitats was the most effective strategy. However, the potential advantages of this strategy may in fact be overturned in favor of the other scenarios if ownership structures and probable uptake rates of policy initiatives are also considered. If a policy initiative is targeted toward owners with properties in close proximity to existing suitable habitat, when compared to if all forest owners are targeted, a higher proportion of owners is needed to participate in order to achieve the same degree of habitat creation for the species. Here, we discuss the potential benefits for effective conservation policy formulation from integrating spatially explicit datasets and detailed ecological knowledge with land-ownership structures and policy uptake scenarios.