不同密度杂草稻对栽培稻群体形态特征及产量的影响

在沈农265田中插入不同密度的杂草稻WR03-12,研究杂草稻对栽培稻生产的影响。结果表明:杂草稻的竞争对栽培稻的叶片长宽和株高影响不大,对栽培稻的产量影响较大,在9、7、5、3、1株杂草稻/m2处理中,栽培稻分别减产44.65%、36.89%、24.67%、17.58%、1.37%,其中使栽培稻显著减产的最低密度为3株杂草稻/m2。杂草稻的竞争使栽培稻的穗数和穗粒数显著减少,结实率和千粒重略有降低。     

辽宁省杂草稻幼苗对低温胁迫的生理响应

 以杂草稻WR03 45和WR03 26为研究材料,以栽培稻丽江新团黑谷为对照,采用人工气候箱培养,研究了低温胁迫（5 ℃）对杂草稻幼苗期叶片和根系生理指标的影响。结果表明,除叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量外,杂草稻叶片各生理指标的变化规律与对照相似; 杂草稻根系硫代巴比妥酸反应产物（TBARS）和脯氨酸的变化规律与对照不同,外渗电导率和可溶性糖含量的变化规律与对照相似。低温对WR03 45和丽江新团黑谷的光合系统损伤较小;低温胁迫后,WR03 45细胞膜系统保持完整,膜脂过氧化程度小于其他材料;WR03 45可溶性糖含量和脯氨酸含量均高于对照品种。5 ℃低温对杂草稻WR03 45伤害较小,表明WR03 45具有较强的苗期耐冷性。     

杂草稻与栽培稻对氮素营养竞争的初步研究

以沈农265与杂草稻WR03-12为实验材料,采用盆栽替代法研究杂草稻与栽培稻灌浆期不同器官的氮素含量及积累量的变化。盆栽模拟试验证明,在同一时期栽培稻各器官的含氮量和氮素积累量随着杂草稻插入比例的增加而逐渐降低,其中栽培稻根部受影响最为显著。对不同处理产量进行方差分析表明,栽培稻单株产量随杂草稻插入比例的增加明显下降,处理间皆达到极显著水平。杂草稻单株穗数、穗粒数和单株产量受种植比例影响均极显著。     

北方杂草稻种子抗冻性的初步研究

以辽宁杂草稻WR04-23和WR04-33为试验材料,以栽培稻秋光为对照,研究了低温对种子萌发、萌发时a-淀粉酶活性和相对电解质渗出率的影响。在25℃条件下浸种12 h后冷冻处理,参试的两个杂草稻的发芽率和成苗率均在50.0%以上,而对照品种秋光的发芽率为0%。在相同处理条件下,杂草稻种子的a-淀粉酶活性远远高于秋光,而相对电解质渗出率则低于秋光。结果表明,杂草稻种子比对照品种对冻害有更强的耐受能力,这可能是其在北方稻区顺利越冬并繁衍的重要因素之一。     

不同稻田种养模式对水稻生长、二化螟及杂草的影响

为探究不同稻田种养模式对水稻生长特性、二化螟及杂草防控效果的影响，设置稻田养牛蛙（DNW）、稻田养黑斑蛙（DW）、稻田养鱼（DY）和水稻单作（CK）4个处理，调查各处理水稻叶面积指数、干物质积累量、水稻产量及产量构成、二化螟虫口密度和杂草密度。结果表明，在齐穗期，DW处理的叶面积指数较CK显著增加15.23%；在水稻生长期DW处理对二化螟的防治效果为49.60%，杂草密度防治效果为73.78%，杂草干物质防治效果为76.44%,DW处理的杂草干物质量较CK显著下降。DW、DNW处理成熟期的穗干物质量较CK分别高3.21%和12.10%，但差异不显著。DW处理的有效穗数、穗粒数较CK显著增加19.45%和18.50%。水稻实际产量各处理间差异不显著，DW与CK一致，DNW比CK增产9.89%，稻蛙共作具有较好的稳产效果。综上所述，“稻-黑斑蛙”共生能提高水稻光合作用，减少二化螟危害和稻田杂草发生，达到稳定水稻产量、减少农药使用的目的。     

杂草稻和栽培稻氮代谢对镉胁迫反应的差异

在水培条件下,以杂草稻和粳稻越光为材料,研究了Cd胁迫对水稻氮吸收和氮代谢酶活性的影响。Cd处理设0、01、10和50 μmol/L 4个水平,以硝酸铵为氮源。结果表明,两种水稻的植株Cd含量和积累量均随溶液Cd处理水平的提高而显著增加,但增加程度两水稻材料存在着明显的差异,在较高Cd水平（10和50 μmol/L）下,杂草稻根系Cd含量和积累量低于越光,但地上部呈相反的趋势,表明杂草稻根系吸收的Cd转运至地上部的量高于越光,揭示出杂草稻地上部具有较强的解毒能力。植株氮含量、积累量以及氮代谢有关酶,如硝酸还原酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶等活性随着Cd处理水平的提高而下降,但Cd胁迫对这些参数的抑制程度两水稻材料之间存在着明显差异,总体上对杂草稻的抑制作用较弱。表明杂草稻对Cd的耐性要强于越光,且几种氮代谢酶活性变化与Cd耐性存在着一定的相关。     

江苏“水稻-小龙虾”综合种养稻田杂草群落及其防控技术调查：以12个基地为例

为揭示江苏“水稻-小龙虾”综合种养稻田杂草群落结构和农户杂草防控措施现状,对灌南、盐都、盱眙、高邮、广陵、溧阳、常熟等7个地方12个稻虾综合种养基地开展田间调查和农户访谈。结果表明,在120块稻虾田内共记录到25种杂草;稻虾轮作田禾本科杂草和千金子的优势度显著高于稻虾共生田。稻虾轮作稻田杂草以稗属杂草、杂草稻、千金子、李氏禾、异型莎草、水苋菜属杂草、鸭舌草为主;稻虾共生稻田杂草以杂草稻、稗属杂草、千金子、异型莎草为主。除有机栽培模式外,稻虾轮作稻田控草方式为“土壤处理+茎叶处理+人工拔除”,稻田杂草防控总用药和人工成本平均1 863.75元/hm²。稻虾共生稻田控草技术主要为“水层控草+龙虾控草+人工拔除”,部分稻田使用丙草胺、苄嘧磺隆等土壤处理除草剂,稻田杂草防控总成本平均907.50元/hm²。     

两种生物型江都杂草稻不同栽播密度对水稻生长的影响及其与栽培稻的亲缘关系

 以两种生物型的江都杂草稻为材料,考查了杂草稻的生物学性状并对其进行了SSR分析, 旨在确定江都杂草稻的生物类型、遗传特性以及对栽培稻产量的影响。结果表明：杂草稻可分为两个生物型,一类是矮秆类型,包括JDWR A和JDWR C;一类是高秆类型,包括JDWR B。两种类型的杂草稻均属于籼型杂草稻。JDWR A与JDWR C亲缘关系较近,矮秆类型的杂草稻与高秆类型的杂草稻亲缘关系较远,而与杂交稻不育系亲本珍汕97A的亲缘关系较近。杂草稻与栽培稻的田间竞争实验表明,矮秆类型的杂草稻对栽培稻产量因子的影响更为严重。     

丹东杂草稻种子的耐冻能力和低温发芽特性研究

为了解丹东杂草稻种子冬季在野外能存活的原因,将丹东杂草稻和对照品种越光的干种子在水中浸不同时间,后在-20℃下处理7 d,在25℃下发芽。对照品种越光在浸种1 h后冷冻处理,其种子的发芽率从98％降为4％,浸种时间延长到1.5 h已不能成苗,而丹东杂草稻种子在1 h浸种处理后,其发芽基本不受影响,甚至在3 h浸种处理后成苗率仍达2.3％。在不同低温下发芽试验中发现丹东杂草稻在11℃能发芽,杂草稻的发芽临界温度要比对照越光低。讨论了杂草稻种子抗冻的潜在价值。      

江苏省杂草稻的传播与籼粳分化研究

21世纪初,杂草稻仅在江苏省局部区域发生,目前已扩大到全省,并对粳稻的高产和稳产造成严重威胁。为了掌握其快速发生机制,便于杂草稻的防除工作,需要进一步明确江苏省13市杂草稻是独立发生还是相互传播,以及江苏省杂草稻籼粳地理分布。采集了江苏省13个市58个样地的58个种群,总计205份的杂草稻样品。所有样品在南京农业大学江浦农场田间种植,并测量了38个形态学性状和6个程氏指数鉴别性状。欧氏距离聚类分析,表明江苏省13个市的杂草稻是相互混杂的。籼粳地理分布表明,江苏省杂草稻主要以籼型和偏籼型为主,籼型和偏籼型杂草稻在全部58个样点中都有分布,分别占样品总量的54.15%和42.40%;偏粳型和粳型仅分布于6个样点(淮安、苏州、盐城与扬州),分别占样品总量的2.93%和0.48%。此外,对比江苏省杂草稻的籼粳地理分布与江苏省地方品种的籼粳地理分布,未显示对应关系。籼粳比例和地理分布揭示了江苏省杂草稻主要为籼型,其中极少数为粳型杂草稻,粳型杂草稻的比例与杂草稻和栽培稻之间的自然基因漂移比例相近。     

兜兰离体快繁技术研究进展

由于生境破坏和人工过度采挖及繁殖的障碍,兜兰已是世界上最濒危的植物物种之一,所有野生种均被列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录I而被禁止交易。突破其种苗繁殖技术瓶颈有利于兜兰种质资源的保护和可持续利用。本文对兜兰属植物无菌播种、共生萌发和组织培养技术等离体快繁技术的进展进行综述,并提出了目前存在的问题和解决方法,以期为兜兰属植物离体繁殖技术的深入研究和优质种苗的规模化生产提供参考。     

High variation in frequency of infection by endophytes in cultivars of meadow fescue in Finland

Systemic and asymptomatic Neotyphodium fungal endophytes infect numerous species of the Poaceae. The frequencies of Neotyphodium endophyte infection in Finland were investigated among and within seven Nordic cultivars of meadow fescue, Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv., which is a widely grown pasture and forage grass species in Scandinavia. The cultivars were Kasper, Salten, Antti, Fure, Ilmari, Inkeri and Kalevi. Frequencies of infection of cultivars varied from endophyte-free cultivar Fure to highly infected cultivar Inkeri [mean (standard deviation of mean) of 0·95 (0·023)]. Mean frequencies of infection of three cultivars remained lower than 0·10, and two of the cultivars, Kasper and Salten, were intermediately infected. In most of the cultivars, frequencies of infection varied only slightly among seed lots. In cultivar Kasper, however, the frequency of endophyte infection was highly variable (0–0·96) among the 45 seed lots examined. The relative importance of cultivar, seed lot and infection by Neotyphodium endophyte to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. was studied experimentally, using both endophyte-free and endophyte-infected plants of four seed lots of the two intermediately infected cultivars. Endophyte infection increased plant resistance to R. padi , overriding the influences of seed lot and cultivar. It is proposed that variation caused by endophyte infections in cultivars of meadow fescue should be taken into account in assessing plant breeding programmes in Europe.     

Investigation of Polymorphisms in Coding Region of OsHKT1 in Relation to Salinity in Rice

Rice(Oryza sativa) is sensitive to salinity, but the salt tolerance level differs among cultivars, which might result from natural variations in the genes that are responsible for salt tolerance. High-affinity potassium transporter(HKTs) has been proven to be involved in salt tolerance in plants. Therefore, we screened for natural nucleotide polymorphism in the coding sequence of Os HKT1, which encodes the HKT protein in eight Vietnamese rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance level. In total, seven nucleotide substitutions in coding sequence of Os HKT1 were found, including two non-synonymous and five synonymous substitutions. Further analysis revealed that these two non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions(G50T and T1209A) caused changes in amino acids(Gly17Val and Asp403Glu) at signal peptide and the loop of the sixth transmembrane domain, respectively. To assess the potential effect of these substitutions on the protein function, the 3D structure of HKT protein variants was modelled by using PHYRE2 webserver. The results showed that no difference was observed when compared those predicted 3D structure of HKT protein variants with each other. In addition, the codon bias of synonymous substitutions cannot clearly show correlation with salt tolerance level. It might be interesting to further investigate the functional roles of detected non-synonymous substitutions as it might correlate to salt tolerance in rice.     

Role of invertase in the accumulation of sugars in cold-stored potatoes

Freshly harvested potatoes contain low levels of total invertase and high levels of invertase inhibitor. Total invertase increases sharply when potatoes are placed in cold storage, but the inhibitor is not depleted in all varieties. The absence of basal invertase activity in Norchip tubers indicates that an excess of invertase is not required for reducing sugar formation. Analyses of 37 varieties and seedlings after 3 months cold storage revealed that the reducing sugar content is not proportional to the invertase activity. High sugar contents are associated with low inhibitor levels, but low sugars are not necessarily associated with high inhibitor levels. The results indicate that invertase participates in reducing sugar formation, but other factors are responsible for the regulation of starch-sugar conversion in potatoes during cold storage.     

马铃薯试管苗组织培养及微型薯诱导技术的研究

通过加入不同浓度的BA、NAA和KT,以探讨外源激素对马铃薯试管苗生理性状的影响,发现低浓度的外源激素较适合用来进行试管苗的增殖。本试验利用香豆素进行微型薯的诱导,结果表明低浓度的香豆素对提高薯重和大薯率有利,而高浓度有利于提高微型薯的结薯数量。     

Quantitative assessment of metals in local brands of tea in Pakistan

In present study, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Pb, Cr, Ni and Cd were analyzed by FAAS in green and black tea samples of locally available in the Pakistani market. Na and K were also determined by Flame Photometer. Tea leaves can be the source of mineral components and trace elements, as well as some undesirable substances due to exposure to the environment. Among the metals tested, K was the most abundant one followed by Na, Mn and Fe. Fortunately, toxic heavy metals, Pb and Cd, had the lowest contents in tea samples and also in tea aqueous extracts. Concentration of heavy metals in tea aqueous extract was markedly lower than their total contents except that of K. The solubility of studied metals in tea aqueous extract varied widely and ranged from 0.0-95%. The lowest ranges of solubility were listed for toxic heavy metals Pb and Cd. The possible uptake of metals by the human body from tea aqueous extract has also been determined. The amounts of metals that one may take up through consumption of tea aqueous extract were found to match the acceptable daily intake even taking into account exposure from air, food and drinking water.     

我国发展能源油料作物的策略分析

分析了国内外植物油脂的供需形势、我国耕地和边际地利用潜力、油脂植物资源的种属分布特点等,提出发展我国能源油料作物和生物柴油产业的3点建议：加大对边际地、油脂植物资源的调查等基础平台性研究,为政府决策和产业服务;加强产学研结合,形成研究、推广、产业的良性循环;制定能源植物推广应用优惠政策、推动能源油料作物生产发展。     

玉米耐盐性研究进展

综述了玉米耐盐生理机制和耐盐育种的研究进展。     

用蛭石做马铃薯快繁培养基支持体的初步研究

1　前　言目前 ,马铃薯脱毒快繁技术已广泛应用于科研与生产中 ,快繁过程中脱毒苗培养基支持体通常采用琼脂或直接采用液体培养。然而这两种培养基存在着诸多问题 ,例如琼脂培养基中的琼脂价格昂贵、成本高 ,而且胶体不利于营养物质的扩散、透气性差 ,导致瓶苗生长不良。因此 ,该实验在本着降低成本的同时 ,又能保证瓶苗正常生长的前提下 ,以蛭石代替琼脂 ,分析其在实际生产中的应用价值。2　材料与方法2 1　材料供试品种为郑薯 6号脱毒苗 ,试验于 2 0 0 2年在郑州市蔬菜研究所马铃薯脱毒实验室内进行。2 2　方法本试验设两个处理 :处理 1…