Study on the Comparison of Different Methods of Simplifying Capacity Spectrum

It is necessary to simplify the capacity spectrum into bilinear form so as to get characteristic point of hysteretic bone curve(especially the yield point and the yielded stiffness),ductility and equivalent damping of the structure.Three general methods of calculating yield point and yielded stiffness of equivalent SDOF are introduced and the yield point and the yielded stiffness of three frame structures are compared using above given methods in this paper.The hysteretic bone curves of equivalent SDOF are decided by the equivalent yield force and displacement,the maximum plastic displacements of equivalent SDOF under rare earthquake are calculated,and it is compared with the maximum plastic displacements of member structures using nonlinear dynamic analysis.Finally,the advice of simplifying capacity spectrum is advanced.     

Study on the Suitability of Amplitude Definitions of Strong Ground Motions for Engineering Purpose

In this paper, the basic requirements for the suitability of the amplitude definitions of strong ground motion for engineering purpose are presented and brief comments on the definitions of amplitude of strong ground motion now widely used are given accordingly. The effects of different definitions of amplitude of strong ground motions on different structural response indexes of SDOF systems are discussed by dynamic time-history analysis.     

On Hysteretic Restoring Force in Damping Identification of Structures in Elasto-plastic Range

Based on the data of inelastic dynamic-static comparison tests of three pairs of SDOF small steel frames, the problem of hysteretic restoring force in damping identification of structures in elasto-plastic range is investigated.     

Post-earthquake Residual Deformation Prediction of SDOF System

Accurately predicting the residual displacement of reinforced concrete (RC) structures after an earthquake is of great significance in post-earthquake structural performance evaluation and control. To study the residual deformation of the structure, seismic time-history responses of single degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems with different parameters were analyzed. Based on the analytical results, simplified models for estimating the likely residual deformations of structures characterized by Takeda and Kinematic hysteretic models were proposed respectively, and the residual deformation was found to be sensitive to hysteretic characteristics, stiffness ratio of structures, peak ground acceleration (PGA), as well as maximum elasto-plastic deformation. A case study for RC single-column bridge pier was provided to illustrate the process of residual deformation calculation and post-earthquake performance evaluation by using the proposed methods. Calculation results indicate that the residual deformation of the single-column pier characterized by the Takeda model often is much larger than that of columns characterized by the Kinematic model.     

方斑东风螺地膜覆沙池和潮线下养殖系统细菌种群结构的PCR-DGGE 分析

为了解方斑东风螺养殖系统中细菌种群结构,研究和优化方斑东风螺地膜覆沙池养殖体系的管理模式。试验采用PCR-DGGE技术,对方斑东风螺地膜覆沙池养殖系统和潮线下养殖系统底质样品和水体样品中的细菌种群结构进行了分析。试验结果显示,以广东省湛江市东海岛海水为基础构建的方斑东风螺养殖系统内主要细菌种群包括变形菌门、绿弯菌门、蓝细菌门和放线菌门。其中地膜覆沙池养殖系统主要细菌种群包括γ-变形菌纲、α-变形菌纲、δ-变形菌纲、变形菌纲、厌氧绳菌纲、蓝细菌和放线菌等;潮线下养殖系统主要细菌种群包括γ-变形菌纲、α-变形菌纲、δ-变形菌纲、厌氧绳菌纲、蓝细菌,而变形菌纲和放线菌的分布较少。被检测的两个养殖系统中细菌种群均具有较高的多样性,UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,被检测的两个养殖系统底质样品S1和S2为一簇,种群结构相似度为54.5%;两个养殖系统的水体样品S3和S4为一簇,种群结构相似度为84.0%;试验结果说明,通过池塘水体更新和微生物种群监测等调控手段有效控制养殖系统微生物种群结构,能够使方斑东风螺地膜覆沙池养殖系统的微生物生态水平接近潮线下养殖系统。     

Diversity in root architecture and response to P deficiency in seedlings of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumis melo</Emphasis> L.

Breeding for more phosphorus (P)-efficient crops is one strategy to reduce the use of P fertilizers, thus mitigating the environmental and economic impacts of agriculture. Variation in root architecture and the response to P deficiency were studied in C. melo. Forty accessions representing genetic diversity within the species were screened for their root systems in normal and deficient P conditions at the seedling stage. Various parameters of P-uptake and P-use were analyzed in a subset of accessions at 40 days. Significant differences in root architecture were observed, with the taproot systems prevailing among the wild and exotic accessions, and more branched root systems in cultivated stocks. Moreover, differences in the plastic response of roots to P starvation were observed. Variation in different P-use and -uptake traits correlated with the root architecture. Within ssp. melo, the inodorus and flexuosus landraces had larger and more branched roots and more efficient P-uptake, thereby providing a close genepool for breeding. Within ssp. agrestis, conomon and momordica accessions can be sources of interest for the enhancement of variation in root architecture and P-use efficiency into cultivated melons. Therefore, the diversity observed within C. melo species could be useful in breeding P-efficient melon cultivars.     

A Model Analysis to Beam Bar Slippage of Seismic Structure Joints

Many experimental results indicates, beam bar slippage within joints is a frequent local nonlinear response of reinforced concrete structures under the rare earthquakes. For the sake of modeling and evaluating seismic behaviors of reinforced concrete structures entirely and rational, the model way of the quantity and hysteresis order of beam bar slippage within joints, which was found in the elasto plastic earthquake response of structures, is discussed thoroughly. And the personal characteristics of several structure analysis ways to model the beam bar slippage within joints are evaluated respectively. Based on the results already gotten, a hysteresis model of beam bar slippage within frame joints is advanced, and the relative issues are also discussed. The beam bar slippage model suggested is convenience to the elasto plastic dynamic response analysis of whole reinforced concrete structures.     

Morpho-physiological and molecular mechanisms of phenotypic root plasticity for rice adaptation to water stress conditions

Different types of water stress severely affect crop production, and the plant root system plays a critical role in stress avoidance. In the case of rice, a cereal crop cultivated under the widest range of soil hydrologic conditions, from irrigated anaerobic conditions to rainfed conditions, phenotypic root plasticity is of particular relevance. Recently, important plastic root traits under different water stress conditions, and their physiological and molecular mechanisms have been gradually understood. In this review, we summarize these plastic root traits and their contributions to dry matter production through enhancement of water uptake under different water stress conditions. We also discuss the physiological and molecular mechanisms regulating the phenotypic plasticity of root systems.     

冬小麦根系干重对水分的反应类型

利用塑料管栽培方法,对15个黄淮海地区推广的小麦品种进行了根系对水分反应的研究。结果表明,这些品种的根系对水分反应不同。用聚类分析法可将品种分为正敏感型、不敏感型、较敏感型和负敏感型4种类型。品种的抗旱指数与根系反应没有明显的相关性。     

Mulching Improves Water Productivity,Yield and Quality of Fine Rice under Water‐saving Rice Production Systems

Water‐saving rice production systems are inevitable in the wake of severe water shortage in rice‐growing regions of the world. Mulches can improve water productivity, yield and quality of rice through increase in water retention. Studies were conducted for two consecutive years to assess the potential role of mulches (plastic and straw) in improving the performance of water‐saving rice production systems in comparison with no mulch used and conventionally irrigated transplanted rice. Water‐saving rice production systems in this study comprise aerobic rice and transplanted rice with intermittent irrigation. These systems saved water (18–27 %) with improved water productivity more than the conventional system. However, these systems caused a yield penalty of 22–37 %; nevertheless, these yield losses were compensated with the application of mulches under water‐saving rice production systems. Both plastic and straw mulches were helpful in improving moisture retention and water productivity (0.18–0.25 kg grain m^?3 water) relative to non‐mulch treatments (0.19–0.29 kg grain m^?3 water). Mulch application was also helpful in reducing the number of non‐productive tillers and sterile spikelets, and improving the productive tillers, kernel number and size, and kernel quality. Plastic mulch was more effective than straw mulch in improving water retention, water productivity and reducing spikelet sterility. In conclusion, the mulching improved the soil moisture retention, and thus enhanced the rice water productivity, spikelet fertility, paddy yield and quality of rice. This signifies the importance of mulching in water‐saving rice production systems.     

结构消(耗)能元件芯材SN490B本构关系数值模拟

采用消(耗)能元件的结构在遭受地震作用时,元件芯材首先屈服进入塑性阶段,利用其滞回变形消耗地震输入能量,保护主体结构,元件芯材本构关系的数值模拟是对采用消(耗)能元件结构进行抗震分析与设计的基础。为更真实地模拟结构消(耗)能元件芯材在单调和循环荷载下的本构响应,更准确地对采用消(耗)能元件结构进行结构弹塑性地震响应分析,对常用作消(耗)能元件芯材的日本高延性钢材SN490B的单调、循环加载本构及循环骨架曲线进行了数值模拟,包括：采用Esmaeily-Xiao二次流塑性模型模拟材料在单调荷载作用下弹性段、屈服段、强化段和二次流塑段4个阶段;采用混合强化模型模拟材料循环荷载作用下的本构响应,运用大型通用有限元软件ABAQUS结合数值模拟参数对16种不同循环加载制度下的循环加载试验进行模拟,并与试验结果进行对比;采用Ramberg-Osgood模型、无量纲化的Ramberg-Osgood模型及两段式模型模拟循环骨架曲线。研究结果表明：所采用数学模型可以较好地模拟SN490B钢材单调、循环加载本构响应及循环骨架曲线,数值模拟与试验结果拟合较好。     

Probabilistic Seismic Damage Analysis of Inelastic Structural System

A novel numerical model for seismic damage analysis of inelastic two degree of freedom (2DOF) system under bi directional excitations was developed by taking the strength degradation, stiffness deterioration and pinching effect into account. The influences of bidirectional excitations, strength degradation, stiffness deterioration and pinching effect on statistical characteristics of seismic damage index of inelastic 2DOF system were investigated using 69 selected earthquake records. The results show that seismic damage index of inelastic 2DOF system can be described as either the Lognormal or the Frechet distribution variable; the seismic damage index of inelastic 2DOF system can be approximated by the square root of sum of square (SRSS) of seismic damage index of single degree of freedom (SDOF) system; an decrease in post yielding stiffness or consideration of strength degradation, stiffness deterioration and pinching effect may increase the seismic damage index remarkably.     

Farquhar模型在覆盖措施下春小麦光合光响应曲线分析中的应用

采用Farquhar数学模型对3种覆盖措施下春小麦的光响应曲线进行了模拟分析,并计算了不同覆盖措施下春小麦光合特征参数。模拟结果显示：RMSE的变化范围为0.29~0.59,R²的变化范围为0.99,拟合效果极佳。春小麦光合特征参数显示,地膜覆盖措施较其他覆盖措施更有利于提高春小麦的最大净光合速率,且具有最高的光饱和点和较低的光补偿点,并使春小麦暗呼吸速率消耗减小,是春小麦光合产量累积的最佳种植方式。     

改良型塑料大棚的设计及温度初探

改良型塑料大棚在普通型塑料大棚的基础上进行了一些技术参数改造,并增加了不透明覆盖材料。本试验对改良型塑料大棚和普通型塑料大棚的温度、利用率、建造成本以及收益进行了比较,结果表明：改良型塑料大棚在1月份的温度明显高于普通型塑料大棚,保温性和升温性都明显优于普通型塑料大棚,春季生产可以比普通型塑料大棚提早一个月,而秋冬季延迟收获一个月,同时冬季还可以进行耐寒类蔬菜的生产,收益明显高于普通型塑料大棚。     

可降解地膜对石河子垦区棉花农艺性状及产量的影响

可降解地膜是解决“白色污染”的有效途径之一,其配方与气候条件相匹配是保证棉花正常生长和籽棉产量的先决条件。本研究以不同可降解地膜为供试材料,探讨不同降解地膜的降解情况及其对棉花农艺性状和产量的影响。结果表明,与不覆膜对照(CK)相比,常规地膜(PE)、二元酸二元醇共聚酯降解地膜(PBAT)、聚乳酸降解地膜(PLA)和光降解地膜(PPF)均促进棉花的生长,使其增产6.6%~21.3%;由于可降解地膜材料的不同,3种可降解地膜的降解特性以及对棉花农艺性状及产量的影响存在显著性差异(P<0.05);全生物降解地膜降解速度最快,比光降解地膜(PPF)提前进入诱导阶段,特别是主要成分为PBAT的全生物降解地膜覆膜120天后基本完全降解;由于过早的降解,其产量显著低于常规PE地膜,而主要成分为PLA的全生物降解地膜产量与常规PE地膜无显著性差异。综合考虑,主要成分为PLA的全生物降解地膜在石河子垦区覆盖与其区域气候条件和棉花生长匹配较好,棉花籽棉产量与常规PE地膜无显著差异。     

不同覆盖方式对冬闲稻田马铃薯生长及产量的影响

在冬闲稻田里以中薯3号为试验材料，进行了稻草覆盖、摆播稻草+地膜覆盖、沟播稻草+地膜覆盖、地膜覆盖、敞土等不同覆盖方式栽培马铃薯的田间比较试验。结果表明：冬闲稻田地膜覆盖栽培的马铃薯出苗最早，地膜覆盖和沟播稻草+地膜覆盖栽培的马铃薯出苗率最高；敞土栽培的马铃薯植株的株高显著低于覆盖栽培；摆播或沟播稻草+地膜覆盖栽培马铃薯的产量和商品薯率最高，稻草覆盖栽培和地膜覆盖栽培次之，产量和商品薯率显著高于敞土栽培；摆播或沟播稻草+地膜覆盖栽培马铃薯的效益最高，地膜覆盖和稻草覆盖栽培马铃薯的效益次之，敞土栽培马铃薯的效益最低。     

地膜源头减量化技术可行路径探讨

为了有效减少地膜投入和减轻地膜残留,本研究分析了国内农用地膜应用现状,归纳了地膜源头减量化技术可行路径。指出地膜覆盖具有“覆膜面积大、应用区域广、覆盖作物多”的特点,地膜残留具有“时限积累性、区域差异性、分布多态性”的特征。认为旧膜重复利用、生物降解地膜替代、秸秆覆盖技术替代、保水剂施用、耕作栽培模式优化等5类技术在地膜减量投用方面具有一定可行性,但需进一步研究总结和配套完善。建议集成减量技术、减量产品和减量模式,构建综合配套应用体系是地膜源头减量化技术路径的发展方向。     

Genotypic difference in spikelet sterility response to air temperature during the reproductive stage of rice

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the varietal differences of spikelet sterility response to air temperature during the reproductive stage. Six rice varieties differing in maturity group (early-maturing; Unkwangbyeo, Odaebyeo, medium-maturing; Andabyeo, Hwasungbyeo, and mid-late maturing; Donganbyeo, Chuchungbyeo) were grown under ambient temperature (AT) conditions before being transferred to the temperature-controlled plastic houses. For the synchronization of the growth stage, 15 rice seedlings (2011) and 10 rice seedlings (2012) per pot were transplanted in a circle and only main stems were grown by removing tillers at early stage of their emergence. At the initial heading stage, pots for each variety were transferred to the four plastic houses that were controlled to AT, AT + 1.5°C, AT + 3.0°C, and AT + 5.0°C, respectively. Spikelet fertility was significantly decreased due to high temperature-induced spikelet sterility at AT + 3.0 and/or AT + 5.0°C treatment during flowering time in 2011. Spikelet fertility in 2012 was much lower than in 2011 even at the AT treatment because of high temperature-induced spikelet sterility at the micosporogenesis stage. Critical temperature (Tc) that induces 50% spikelet sterility at flowering time was estimated by fitting the temperature response of spikelet fertility to a logistic function. Tc ranged from 34.6°C (Odaebyeo) to 39.7°C (Hwasungbyeo), Odaebyeo being significantly more sensitive to high temperature-induced spikelet sterility than the other varieties. This result has shown that response of spikelet sterility to higher temperature is different according to rice varieties. However, further study should be done to arrive at a concrete conclusion.     

甘薯地膜覆盖研究进展

甘薯是中国重要的粮食作物之一,地膜覆盖是中国北方薯区甘薯高产的重要措施之一。为此,综述了甘薯地膜覆盖产量提高的机理,主要有：（1）在土壤因素上增加土壤温度,提高土壤湿度、改善土壤的理化性质和加速土壤养分的转化。（2）在产量和形态发育影响方面主要是提前结薯、促进根系发育和防治茎叶徒长。（3）在生理代谢影响方面主要有地膜覆盖提高了叶片叶绿素含量,Rubpase活性、ATP含量和ATP酶活性以及提高了叶片SOD和CAT活性,降低了叶片中MDA含量,提高了叶片光合速率,延迟了叶片衰老;地膜覆盖改变了叶片和块根中的激素含量变化趋势,促进同化物向块根的转运。（4）地膜覆盖提高了甘薯抵抗病虫害以及盐碱胁迫的能力。之后阐述了中国地膜覆盖当前存在的主要问题主要有环境污染问题、减产问题以及农机农艺不配套的问题,最后展望了中国甘薯地膜覆盖将来的发展趋势。     

地膜覆盖下土壤水分效应的模拟研究

通过分析地膜覆盖后土壤水分平衡的变化特点,建立了地膜覆盖前后农田土壤湿度变化的模拟方程.系统阐述了地膜覆盖土壤水分效应的形成机制及其变化规律.指出了地膜因子、气象因子及植物因子等在土壤水分效应形成中的作用,为地膜覆盖在农业生产中的优化利用提供了理论依据.