68．75％银法利SC防治马铃薯晚疫病试验

马铃薯晚疫病是一种由真菌Phytophthora infestans（Mont.）de Bary侵染马铃薯引起的毁灭性病害,是马铃薯最严重的病害之一。马铃薯晚疫病在贵州省马铃薯种植地区均有发生,在多雨、气候冷湿、适于疫病发生和流行的地区和年份,发生较重,受害马铃薯提前枯死,一般减产20％～40％。为了寻找防治马铃薯晚疫病的高效低毒药剂。     

马铃薯与致病疫霉互作研究进展与展望

马铃薯是重要的粮食作物, 由致病疫霉侵染引发的晚疫病长期严重制约马铃薯产业的健康发展, 因此, 国内外均将马铃薯晚疫病列为重大病害。目前, 抗病品种选育栽培、晚疫病预测预报和化学防治等相结合的晚疫病综合防治手段已得到普遍推广, 但晚疫病局部大流行在全世界范围内仍时有发生, 给粮食安全和生态安全带来巨大挑战。本文回顾了我国晚疫病的部分研究历史, 集中关注致病疫霉与寄主的互作机制领域, 梳理了近年来关于致病疫霉侵入机理、效应蛋白毒力功能、病原菌变异规律、马铃薯抗病机理等方面的重要研究结果并展望未来主要的研究方向, 以期为晚疫病基础研究和防治技术革新提供参考。     

近几年我国马铃薯晚疫病流行特点分析与监测建议

马铃薯晚疫病是马铃薯上的重要病害,是影响马铃薯产业发展的主要制约因素。本文系统总结了2008-2014年我国马铃薯晚疫病的发生概况及特点,分析了其影响因素。该病害年度间、地区间、品种间发生不平衡,北方产区受气候因素影响大,西南及中原产区常年偏重发生。2012年、2013年马铃薯晚疫病在全国范围内偏重发生,局部大发生,发生范围广、流行扩展速度快、危害重。在气候、菌源量、品种抗性及防治因素中,气候是影响马铃薯晚疫病发生流行的最重要因素。     

近年来中国马铃薯晚疫病的时空演变特征及防控情况分析

为系统全面地了解马铃薯晚疫病在我国的发生演变特征及防控情况,基于2008—2017年国家统计局官方数据、《中国农业统计资料》《全国植保专业统计资料》及全国马铃薯品种分布等数据,对全国及各马铃薯产区晚疫病的发生及防治情况进行综合量化分析。结果表明：马铃薯晚疫病在我国连年发生,年平均发生面积约197.47万hm²,占马铃薯总种植面积的40.66%;晚疫病造成马铃薯年平均产量损失占所有病害所致产量损失的63.54%,远高于其他病害,损失巨大;在我国马铃薯4大产区中,马铃薯晚疫病在北方一作区的年平均发生面积最大,约73.44万hm²,而在西南混作区造成的年平均产量损失最高,约14.29万t;晚疫病发生与马铃薯种植区域的重心在空间上呈现相似的迁移趋势;以费乌瑞它为代表的高感晚疫病品种在全国大面积种植,但近年来部分抗病品种的种植面积正在逐年增加;近年来我国对马铃薯晚疫病的防治面积大幅度提升,但仍太过依赖化学防治,应加大绿色防控技术的推广和应用力度。     

CARAH预警模型在马铃薯晚疫病防治药剂减量增效中的应用

为明确CARAH预警模型对四川马铃薯晚疫病防治药剂减量增效技术的指导效果,针对马铃薯晚疫病感病品种兴佳2号和中薯2号,利用CARAH预警模型监测马铃薯晚疫病的发生和流行。结果表明,中心病株主要在马铃薯晚疫病第3代侵染循环出现,其中秋马铃薯晚疫病发生程度较春马铃薯晚疫病重,且流行速度快。据此,在马铃薯晚疫病第2代第1次侵染循环5分值时减量使用防治药剂,减量处理均表现出较高的防治效果。其中,一个常规用量减量33%的处理(即10%氟噻唑吡乙酮OD 225 mL/hm~2施用2次、间隔14 d)经济效益增幅最高。     

渝东部山区马铃薯晚疫病发生危害状况以及防治对策

重庆市的万州移民开发区位于三峡库区腹地,马铃薯种植面积１８万公顷。影响我区马铃薯稳产高产的主要因素是马铃薯晚疫病危害,１９９７年发病面积６．８７万公顷,全区因病害损失,折原粮达５千万ｋｇ。一、发生流行特点２０世纪５０年代初,马铃薯晚疫病在我区曾有大流行危害,后因加强化学防治和品种选育,常年虽有发生,但未造成流行。进入９０年代后,由于品种抗性衰退,马铃薯病菌生理小种的变异,病害加重,病区扩大,导致了１９９７年全区病害再度大流行,其特点是发病早、流行快、范围广、危害重。１９９７年发病最早是开县,在海…     

马铃薯晚疫病发生规律及综合防治技术

马铃薯晚疫病是马铃薯的重要病害,介绍马铃薯晚疫病的田间症状、发病特点和影响因素,提出以预警系统准确测报为基础、以农业防治和化学防治为主的综合防治措施。     

马铃薯晚疫病的发生与综合治理

马铃薯是山西省北中部的主要农作物之一,晚疫病是马铃薯生产上的一种历史性、流行性病害.近年来,马铃薯晚疫病在忻州市的大发生频率增加,病害流行面积增大,对马铃薯产量和品质构成威胁.     

黔东南州马铃薯晚疫病流行因素研究

根据黔东南州近年来16个县市马铃薯晚疫病资料进行统计分析,总结探索黔东南州马铃薯晚疫病流行因素主要有气候条件适宜、品种抗性差等,为马铃薯晚疫病的预测预报及防治提供参考。     

气候变化对内蒙古马铃薯晚疫病流行的影响

分析内蒙古近几十年气候变化与马铃薯晚疫病流行相关资料,发现,随着全球气候变暖,内蒙古地区6~7月份平均最高、最低气温不断升高,已超过马铃薯晚疫病病原菌侵染发病的适宜温度范围。但是阴雨天的温度和空气相对湿度为马铃薯晚疫病真菌菌丝形成和孢子囊繁殖提供了最佳环境条件。依此建立的内蒙古地区马铃薯晚疫病发生程度的气象预测模型可很好预测其流行规律。     

Vorkeimung, organische Stickstoffdüngung, Kupferbehandlung – welche Maßnahme sichert im ökologischen Landbau den Kartoffelertrag?

Limiting factors in organic potato production are predominantly nitrogen and infestation with late blight disease (Phytophthora infestans). To maintain high yields, organic nitrogen fertilization, presprouting and control of potato late blight with copper-treatments are potential measures. Field trials were conducted from 2005 to 2007 to evaluate which single measure and combination of measures were most likely to achieve the best results. Organic nitrogen fertilization led to an average yield increase during all three years of trial. Tuber presprouting accelerated plant emergence and also increased yields. It was the most effective single measure, provided that late blight disease appeared (2005 and 2007). In absence of infection with late blight, presprouting had no influence on potato yield (2006). Copper-treatments only had a positive impact on potato yield in combination with optimized plant nutrition and presprouting. Varieties with early tuber development (e.?g. “Princess”) have almost completed formation of yield when infection with late blight sets in. Up to this time, all measures to increase yield should be finished.     

基于地理信息系统的全国主要粮食作物病虫害实时监测预警系统的研制

为提高病虫害防治的准确性和科学性，依据植保知识、专家经验，采用人工智能、自行开发的具地理信息系统基本功能及决策支持系统（DSS）的相关技术，研制了基于Internet网络传输的全国主要粮食作物病虫害实时监测预警系统。本系统能够对小麦、玉米、水稻、马铃薯、高粱和谷子6种主要粮食作物的60余种病虫害进行实时监测、预警、诊断、提供植保知识，能够对年度间同期病情、虫情做出图形比较，可将抽象的预警数据转化成清晰简明的点图式电子地图，直观明了地显示病虫害发生点数及地域分布，可根据品种的抗病虫性、病虫害发生基数和未来天气预报等信息对小麦白粉病、赤霉病、纹枯病、稻瘟病、稻曲病、马铃薯晚疫病、麦蚜、小麦吸浆虫和玉米螟9种重要病虫害做出短期防治决策，系统的运行有助于提高人们对主要粮食作物病虫害管理的科学水平。     

十一种杀菌剂防治马铃薯晚疫病的适宜施用时期

为了明确当前市场上具有代表性的11种防治马铃薯晚疫病杀菌剂的适宜施用时期,采用人工接种马铃薯叶片的方法,测定了其中5种药剂在接种晚疫病菌前10 d内不同时间施用的预防效果和其中7种药剂在接种后24 h内不同时间施用的治疗效果。结果显示:在保证良好防治效果的前提下,药剂在病原菌接种前保护性施用的适宜时期比在接种后治疗性施用的适宜时期要长。在测试浓度下,接种前5种供试药剂保持100%防治效果的适宜施用时期为接种前3~10 d;而接种后7种供试药剂保持相同防效的适宜施用时期仅为接种后6~12 h,在生产实际中难以操作。研究结果说明,在田间马铃薯晚疫病的化学防治中,为了取得良好防治效果,每次用药均应在病菌侵入之前采用保护性施用,尽量避免在病菌侵入之后进行治疗性施用。     

Reduced efficacy of fluazinam against <Emphasis FontCategory="SansSerif" Type="Italic">Phytophthora infestans</Emphasis> in the Netherlands

Phytophthora infestans is the causal organism of potato late blight, the most important disease in potato, the second most important arable crop in Europe. The P. infestans population in Europe is well known for its sudden changes in composition. Currently it is composed of a wide variety of genotypes, some of which are dominant clonal lines while others are rare or even unique to a year or location. Fungicides play a crucial role in the integrated control of late blight. Since its introduction in the Netherlands in 1992, fluazinam has been used in late blight control strategies in ware and starch potatoes. It has a broad spectrum of activity and is effective against a range of diseases including potato late blight. Fluazinam interrupts the pathogen cell’s energy production process by an uncoupling effect on oxidative phosphorylation. It is considered to have a low resistance risk. Until recently, reduced efficacy against fluazinam was not detected in P. infestans surveys in Europe. In this paper we present the finding of a new clonal lineage (EU_33_A2) of P. infestans in the Netherlands and the reduced efficacy of fluazinam to control one of the EU_33_A2 isolates in field experiments carried out in 2011 and 2015 under high disease pressure. The potential effects of this finding on practical late blight control strategies are discussed.     

近年我国马铃薯四大产区病虫害发生及防控情况的比较分析

为更系统地了解我国马铃薯四大产区病虫害发生情况,通过对2008—2017年《全国植保专业统计资料》进行汇总,本文重点分析我国马铃薯四大产区北方一作区、中原二作区、西南混作区和南方冬作区的晚疫病、早疫病、蚜虫、蛴螬等病虫害发生及防控情况,并对各产区间的相关指标进行比较分析。结果表明:马铃薯四大产区病虫害发生危害情况不同,晚疫病作为马铃薯最主要病害之一,高发于北方一作区和西南混作区,造成年均产量损失分别占各区总损失的42.41%和64.22%,远高于其它病虫害;中原二作区马铃薯病虫害种类繁多,且均对产量造成威胁。在四大产区中,北方一作区年均病虫害发生面积最大,实际产量损失最高,二者均超出该产区种植面积占比。当前,马铃薯四大产区病虫害防控仍太过依赖化学农药,应进一步推进病虫害绿色防控技术的研发和推广,加快病虫害专业化统防统治与绿色防控技术的融合。     

Epidemiological importance of Solanum sisymbriifolium, S. nigrum and S. dulcamara as alternative hosts for Phytophthora infestans

Lesions of Phytophthora infestans were found on woody nightshade ( Solanum dulcamara ), black nightshade ( S. nigrum ) and S. sisymbriifolium during a nationwide late blight survey in the Netherlands in 1999 and 2000. Pathogenicity and spore production of P. infestans isolates collected from potato ( S. tuberosum ), S. nigrum , S. dulcamara and S. sisymbriifolium were determined on several host plant species, and oospore formation in naturally infected and inoculated foliage of hosts was quantified. The present population of P. infestans in the Netherlands is pathogenic on S. nigrum , S. dulcamara and S. sisymbriifolium . Oospores were produced in leaves of S. nigrum , S. dulcamara and S. sisymbriifolium following infection with A1 and A2 isolates. Therefore these plant species should be regarded as alternative hosts for the late blight pathogen. In the case of S. nigrum and S. dulcamara infection was a relatively rare event, suggesting that diseased plants do not significantly contribute to the overall late blight disease pressure present in potato-production areas. Oospore production in ageing S. nigrum and S. dulcamara plants in autumn, however, may generate a considerable source of (auto) infections in following years. Considerable numbers of sporangia and oospores were produced on S. sisymbriifolium following infection with P. infestans . Additional field infection data are needed to evaluate the epidemiological consequences of a commercial introduction of S. sisymbriifolium as a potato cyst nematode trap crop.     

马铃薯晚疫病菌分子遗传及与寄主互作研究

近年来马铃薯晚疫病的重新暴发再次引起世界各国极大关注,特别对马铃薯晚疫病菌的分子遗传学的研究,包括病菌基因组遗传、转录和物理图谱的构建,病菌致病的分子机制以及马铃薯-马铃薯晚疫病菌互作分子机制等。本文就近几十年来对马铃薯晚疫病菌在生物学和病理学,分子遗传学等研究方面作简要综述,并对其研究趋势进行了展望。