Effects of Population Density and Planting Pattern on the Yield and Yield Components of Leafy Reduced-Stature Maize in a Short-Season Area

Maize hybrids that yield well, mature earlier with low grain moisture contents, tolerate higher population densities and take advantage of narrow row spacings better than the currently available hybrids would be more suitable for production in short-season areas. Leafy reduced-stature maize hybrids, which have only recently been developed, have traits which address these criteria. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different population densities (65 000 and 130000 plants ha^?1) and planting patterns (single rows 76 cm apart and paired rows with 20 cm between rows within a pair of 56 cm between rows of adjacent pairs) on the yield and yield components of two leafy reduced-stature (LRS1 and LRS2), one non-leafy reduced-stature (NLRS), and two conventional corn hybrids (Pioneer 3979, < 2500 CHU; and Pioneer 3902, 2600-2700 CHU) at two locations. All hybrids had higher kernel numbers per row and single plant grain yields at the lower population densities when in paired rows. However, as plant density increased, these variables decreased more in the conventional hybrids than the LRS and NLRS hybrids, which demonstrates the greater tolerance of the latter to the stresses associated with higher plant densities. Grain yield was higher for the two LRS hybrids and the NLRS hybrid at 130000 plants ha^?1 than 65 000 plants ha^?1 Grain yield of conventional hybrids was reduced at the higher population density. The LRS hybrids matured before both conventional hybrids and out yielded Pioneer 3979 at the higher plant population density in both row spacings at both sites. Harvest index was not affected by population density and this value was not different among the NLRS and conventional hybrids. However, the harvest index of the LRS hybrids was greater than the others. LRS and NLRS hybrids had lower moisture contents and earlier maturities than conventional hybrids. Rapid growth of the first ear and higher harvest index values might are indications that LRS hybrids are more tolerant of higher population densities than the conventional hybrids.     

Morphology and yield response to weed pressure by corn hybrids differing in canopy architecture

Recently, corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids accumulating more leaf area above the ear, maturing earlier, yielding better in narrower row spacings and tolerating higher population densities than conventional hybrids have been developed. However, no research has been conducted to assess their ability to compete with weeds. The objective of this study was to quantify morphological and grain yield responses of hybrids with differing canopy architectures to the presence and absence of weeds. Field experiments were conducted in 1996, 1997, and 1998 at Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec and in 1996 at Ottawa, Ontario. Three hybrids, leafy reduced-stature (LRS), late maturing big leaf (LMBL), and conventional Pioneer 3979 (P3979), were evaluated at two population densities (normal and high), row spacings (38 and 76 cm) and weed pressure levels (weed-free and weedy). Weed pressure reduced the plant height of LRS less (only 4 cm) than the tall hybrids (average reduction of 26 cm). The overall grain yield of the LMBL hybrid was much greater (12.7 mg ha⁻¹) than the LRS (9.6 mg ha⁻¹) and P3979 (11.0 mg ha⁻¹) hybrids in the absence, but not in the presence (LRS, 6.5; LMBL, 6.7; and P3979, 6.8 mg ha⁻¹), of weeds. The yield of early-maturing LRS and P3979 (especially LRS) hybrids, were least affected by weed pressure, suggesting better tolerance of, and competition with, weeds. However, further research with more LRS hybrids is needed, as is the development of better yielding LRS hybrids, before they can be recommended over conventional hybrids.     

The Influence of Row Spacing and Seeding Rate on Seed Yield and Yield Components of Forage Turnip (Brassica rapa L.)

The effects of four row spacings (17.5, 35.0, 52.5 and 70.0 cm) and five seeding rates (50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 viable seeds m^?2) on seed yield and some yield components of forage turnip (Brassica rapa L.) were evaluated under rainfed conditions in Bursa, Turkey in the 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 growing seasons. Plant height, stem diameter, pods/terminal raceme, total pods/plant, seeds/pod and primary branches/plant were measured individually. The number of plants per unit area was counted and the lodging rate of the plots was scored. The seed yield and 1000‐seed weight were also determined. Row spacing and seeding rate significantly affected most yield components measured. The number of plants per unit area increased with increasing seeding rate and decreasing row spacing. Plant height was not greatly influenced by row spacing and seeding rate, but higher seeding rates reduced the number of primary branches and the stem diameter. The number of pods/main stem was affected by row spacing and but not by the seeding rate. Also, the number of seeds per pod was not affected by either the row spacing or the seeding rate. In contrast, the number of pods per plant clearly increased with increasing row spacing, but decreased with increasing seeding rate. The plots seeded at narrow row spacings and at high seeding rates were more sensitive to lodging. Seeding rate had no significant effect on seed yield in both years. Seed yield was similar at all seeding rates, averaging 1151 kg ha^?1. However, row spacing was associated with seed yield. The highest seed yield (1409 kg ha^?1) was obtained for the 35.0‐cm row spacing and 200 seeds m^?2 seeding rate combination without serious lodging problems.     

密度与行距对玉米‘协玉3号’穗部性状及产量的影响

为研究种植密度与行距对玉米产量、穗部性状以及通过穗部性状对产量的影响,寻求最佳种植行距与密度,为实现玉米超高产栽培创建提供技术依据。以玉米品种‘协玉3号’为材料,设置3个行距[50 cm等行距、60 cm等行距与40 cm+60 cm宽窄行]、3个种植密度[60000、67500、75000株/hm²],随机区组设计,3次重复,共27个小区,每小区行长6 m,行宽3 m,面积18 m²。50 cm等行距与宽窄行为6行区,60 cm等行距为5行区。结果表明,行距对‘协玉3号’的产量影响达到了极显著水平,而且不同行距配置中穗重、穗行数、穗粗以及穗粒重差异显著,不同密度间穗重、穗行数、百粒重与穗粒重差异显著,多个作用大小不一的穗部性状间的交互作用共同影响决定玉米产量。‘协玉3号’在密度为75000株/hm²和60 cm等行距模式下产量最高,可达16646.70 kg/hm²。因此,在山西中部水浇地条件下采用紧凑型玉米品种‘协玉3号’,适当扩大种植行距、缩小株距、增加种植密度是提高玉米产量的重要途径。     

Yield Response of Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) to Planting Density and Row Spacing in a Semi-arid Tropical Environment

Soybean is little grown in the semi-arid zone of the northern fringes of the Sudan savannah belt of Nigeria despite a seemingly good potential for the early maturing varieties. To explore the potential of the crop in this region a determinate soybean line was sown at 2 sites in 1986 at four planting densities of 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 and 15.0 plants/m² in three row spacings of 40, 60 and 75 cm. Both the above-ground biological and grain yields increased with planting density. Row spacing had significant effect on yield only at the early planted Site 1, where 40 cm row spacing outyielded other rows. The increase in yield at high densities and narrow row was mainly due to increased pod and grain numbers/m²
Onset of competition began to manifest as from flowering and intensified thereafter. However, the post anthesis competition did not affect grain filling and so mean grain weight and harvest index were similar in all treatments. Late planting at Site 2 reduced yield by between 20 and 30 % particularly at high densities and in narrow rows. The results indicate a fairly good potential for soybean in this region, and yield advantage due to moderately high planting densities and narrow spacing.     

不同种植模式对高粱晋糯3号产量和养分吸收的影响

为了明确高粱新品种晋糯3号的最佳种植模式,研究了不同行距及密度对晋糯3号产量和养分吸收的影响。试验共设3个行距：30、50和60cm,每个行距处理设4个密度：4.5万、7.5万、10.5万和13.5万株/hm ²。结果表明,行距50cm时,晋糯3号单株叶面积、叶面积指数（LAI）、单穗粒数及产量最高,其次为行距60cm,行距30cm处理最低;相同行距时,密度为13.5万株/hm ²时产量较高,但与密度10.5万株/hm ²的产量没有显著差异。密度为4.5万株/hm ²时晋糯3号单穗粒数是密度为10.5万和13.5万株/hm ²时的1.8~2.0倍,产量为同一行距最高产量的72%~88%,这表明晋糯3号具有较强的群体调节能力。行距50cm结合密度4.5万株/hm ²促进了开花后植物对氮的吸收,开花后植株较强的氮素吸收能力是低密度产量提高的主要因素之一。行距50和60cm密度为10.5万和13.5万株/hm ²时产量较高且没有显著差异,但行距50cm有利于氮磷钾养分的吸收,为此晋糯3号的最佳种植模式为行距50cm结合密度10.5万~13.5万株/hm ²。     

玉米产量与播种密度的回归模型及相关分析

为了探索玉米种植密度与产量间的关系,以及不同种植密度间实际产量与标准产量的相互关系,以玉米品种‘并单16’为研究对象,设计6个不同种植密度,分别为52500、56250、60000、63750、67500、71250株/hm²,运用SPSS对标准产量与主要农艺性状中的穗长、穗粗、秃尖长、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重、出籽率、种植密度、实际产量进行线性回归分析,构建回归分析模型。以实际产量、种植密度与标准产量构建的回归模型为y=403.997-0.15×种植密度+0.558×实际产量;标准产量与各性状间的回归模型为y= -123.292-0.037×密度-34.237×穗粗-55.099×穗长+31.950×穗行数+23.801×行粒数+7.023×秃尖长+10.649×籽粒含水量-3.006×百粒重+9.193×出籽率-0.204×实际产量;其中以实际产量、种植密度与标准产量构建的回归模型显著性较好。     

高密度条件下行距配置对春玉米光合特性及产量的影响

为探明在9.0万株/hm2高密度种植条件下旱地春玉米最佳的株行距配置,采用随机区组设计,12个处理(DH1.等行距40.0 cm,DH2.等行距50.0 cm,DH3.等行距60.0 cm,DH4.等行距70.0 cm,DH5.等行距80.0 cm,DH6.等行距90.0 cm,KH1.宽窄行(53.3 cm+26.7 cm),KH2.宽窄行(66.7 cm+33.3 cm),KH3.宽窄行(80.0 cm+40.0 cm),KH4.宽窄行(93.3 cm+46.7 cm),KH5.宽窄行(106.7 cm+53.3 cm),KH6.宽窄行(120.0 cm+60.0 cm))。3次重复,研究了行距配置对郑单958在旱地春播情况下产量和群体光合特性的影响。结果表明,随着行距的缩小,穗位叶SPAD值、穗位叶净光合速率、叶面积指数(LAI)、PAR截获率、单株干物质积累量、籽粒产量均提高;其中,50.0 cm+50.0 cm和66.7 cm+33.3 cm配置2年平均籽粒产量较90.0 cm+90.0 cm和120.0 cm+60.0 cm配置的平均产量提高24.3%,除2013年DH6处理产量显著高于KH6处理外,其余等行距处理和宽窄行处理之间产量无显著性差异。高密度条件下山西省春玉米最佳行距配置为50.0 cm+50.0 cm和66.7 cm+33.3 cm。     

密度和空间布局种植方式对夏玉米穗位叶光合生理性状的影响

为探明夏玉米适宜种植方式的光合生理机制,采用裂区试验设计研究了种植密度(9.3万,8.1万,6.9万,5.7万株/hm~2)、空间布局(等行距1穴1株,等行距1穴3株和宽窄行1穴3株)以及它们的交互作用对夏玉米郑单958开花后不同生育时期(开花期、抽丝期、灌浆前期、灌浆后期和完熟期)净光合速率及其相关性状的影响。结果表明:宽窄行1穴3株能显著降低夏玉米开花期和完熟期穗位叶净光合速率,而8.1万株/hm~2密度下的净光合速率不受空间布局的影响;等行距1穴1株空间布局下,种植密度不会显著影响穗位叶净光合速率。种植密度、空间布局以及它们交互作用对类胡萝卜素含量影响显著。等行距1穴3株空间布局下,9.3万株/hm~2种植密度显著降低前3个观测时期类胡萝卜素含量,而6.9万株/hm~2在宽窄行1穴3株以及5.7万株/hm~2在等行距1穴1株空间布局下显著降低完熟期类胡萝卜素含量。种植密度、空间布局及其交互作用均对PSⅡ最大光化学效率无显著影响。综上可知,8.1万株/hm~2种植密度不受空间布局的显著影响,而等行距1穴1株空间布局不受种植密度的显著影响,均能保证夏玉米郑单958植株的净光合作用及其相关指标维持在较高水平。结果也为从光合物质基础和光合水分生理基础方面(色素含量、荧光特性、净光合速率和蒸腾速率)解释种植方式-光合产物源-产量库之间的关系提供了理论数据。     

马铃薯叶型和种植密度对产量组分的影响

最佳种植密度有利于对不同叶型马铃薯品种的田间管理,而且在高产同时可以获得最佳产量组分。为研究马铃薯叶型和种植密度的相互关系,找到不同叶型品种的最佳种植密度,选取株型直立的中晚熟代表品种Atlantic（叶上冲型）和甘农薯7号（叶平展型）,固定行距70cm,设置30、25、20、15和10cm 5个株距,测定了植株性状、叶绿素荧光参数和块茎产量组分,并分析了不同种植密度下2个品种性状差异以及植株性状和产量组分之间的相关性。田间鉴定表明,随着种植密度的增加,2个品种的株高、节间距、披垂度和叶面积指数增加,茎粗、垂角和叶夹角降低,光合系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率F_v/F_m增加,但实际光化学效率Φ_PSII降低。相对于叶上冲型品种Atlantic,叶平展型品种甘农薯7号披垂值显著增加。株距为15~30cm时,2个品种种植密度的提高均可以显著增加单株产量、单株结薯数和小区产量。结果表明,叶平展型品种甘农薯7号在株距25cm、叶上冲型品种Atlantic在株距20cm时,植株冠层结构分布最佳,商品薯率和小区产量较高,为最适种植密度。     

种植密度和行距配置对超高产夏玉米群体光合特性的影响

在67 500株 hm^-2、90 000株hm^-2和112 500株hm^-2等3个种植密度条件下,研究了密度和行距配置对超高产夏玉米品种登海701产量和群体光合特性的影响。结果表明,随密度增加,籽粒产量、叶面积指数(LAI)、光合有效辐射(PAR)上层截获率、群体光合(CAP)和群体呼吸(CR)、干物质积累量均提高;而叶绿素含量、穗位叶层和下层PAR截获率则降低。在67 500株 hm^-2下,宽窄行与等行距处理相比无显著优势。但在90 000株 hm^-2和112 500株 hm^-2密度下,80 cm+40 cm行距处理的产量、叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素含量、穗位叶层的PAR截获率、花后群体光合速率(CAP)平均值均显著高于其他行距处理(等行距、70 cm+50 cm和90 cm+30 cm);而群体呼吸速率与光合速率的比值(CR/TCAP)则显著低于其他行距处理。说明在较高密度条件下,80 cm+40 cm的宽窄行配置有助于扩大光合面积、增加穗位叶层的光合有效辐射、提高群体光合速率、减少群体呼吸消耗,从而提高籽粒产量。     

行距配置对大穗型小麦灌浆期干物质转移及籽粒灌浆特性的影响

在大田试验条件下,研究了不同行距配置对大穗型小麦品种兰考矮早八灌浆期干物质转运及灌浆特性的影响。结果表明,兰考矮早八干物质生产及物质转移效率受行距的影响。干物质生产以15 cm行距为最大,30 cm行距为最小;干物质转移量对籽粒的贡献率以穗轴 颖壳部位最低,以茎鞘为最大,叶片居中;地上部总干物质转移量对籽粒的贡献率以20 cm行距为最高,其次为15 cm行距,以30 cm行距为最低。通过Logistic方程拟合其籽粒灌浆过程并计算有关籽粒灌浆参数表明,行距配置对籽粒灌浆特征也有一定影响,就总的效果而言,以20 cm行距最优,有利于提高千粒重。     

机械化栽培条件下株距对油葵生长发育及产量的影响

为了确定适宜河北低平原区油葵高产高效机械化生产的株行距配置,以当前生产中种植面积较大的中早熟品种新葵20和晚熟品种SD567为试验材料,在适宜机械化和轻简化栽培的宽窄行（70cm+50cm）种植的前提条件下,设置24、26、28、30、32、35cm等6个株距,研究不同品种不同株距配置条件下油葵的生长发育特点及产量。结果表明：不同品种在同一株距配置条件下油葵各生育阶段的干物质积累量、单株叶面积及产量多数处理间差异不显著,但同一品种在不同株距配置条件下油葵各生育阶段的干物质积累量、单株叶面积及产量都是以宽窄行（70cm+50cm）、株距30cm的处理为最高。说明油葵在宽窄行（70cm+50cm）、株距30cm的行株距配置条件下,水肥效应和光合效应得到了最大发挥,能够获得最大产量,适宜于河北低平原区当前的油葵生产。     

种植密度和施氨水平对东青1号青贮玉米生物产量及农艺性状的影响

试验以专用青贮玉米新品种东青1号为试验材料．研究了4种密度和6个施氮水平对青贮玉米生物产量及主要农艺性状的影响。结果表明,密度和施氮水平对生物产量的影响不是简单的线性递增关系,达到一定量后生物产量不在增加,相反有所降低。在种植密度为4．67万株／hm2和施氮水平18．4g/m2时该品种的生物产量最高;主要农艺性状随密度和施氮量的变化情况不同．株高、空秆率、穗位高随着密度的增加有增加的趋势;单株绿叶数、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、穗长、茎粗随着密度的增加有下降的趋势;株高、茎粗、单株绿叶数、穗粗、穗位高、穗长随着施氮量的增加而增加．为防止倒伏应适当施用氮肥。随着施氮水平的提高．个体的长势较好．空秆率会相应减少。     

光、氮及其互作对玉米氮素吸收利用和物质生产的影响

以玉米单交种豫玉22为材料,设置2个光照处理和3个氮肥水平,研究光、氮及其互作下玉米酶活性、干物质生产和产量变化特征及其对玉米氮素吸收利用和物质生产的影响。结果表明,弱光胁迫下玉米叶片硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性降低,植株和籽粒氮积累量下降;干物质积累量显著降低;果穗穗长、行粒数和穗粒数减少,导致产量显著降低。但弱光胁迫下增施氮肥可以提高叶片硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性,增加干物质积累量,穗长、行粒数和穗粒数增加,产量显著提高,并且随施氮量的增多,产量增加效果也越显著。可见,光、氮及其互作对玉米氮素吸收利用及物质生产具有显著影响,弱光胁迫条件下增施氮肥可以部分缓解其致害效应,减少玉米产量损失。     

Growth Analysis in Relation to Pigeonpea Improvement

An attempt was made to assess possible constraints to higher production, with respect to partitioning of total dry matter to reproductive sinks in early pigeonpea. Growth, dry matter accumulation and yield components were determined in four diverse genotypes under four dates of sowing and different plant densities. Data on growth characteristics, dry matter accumulation (vegetative and reproductive) were obtained for three sowings, while the data on yield components were obtained for two dates of sowing. Growth analysis showed that the total dry matter was low upto 30 days after sowing and increased linearly upto 120 days. Coversely, LAD was high for the first 30 days and reduced at later stages of growth. The mean LAI of genotypes did not very much at initial stage of growth. However, it has given interesting picture during 70 to 90 days of growth. The higher biological yield and seed yield were attributable to high LAI and LAD coupled with thick stem, more effective branches, more pods per plant and larger raceme length. Harvest index was the maximum with increased plant populations in all sowings. Indeterminate varieties under high plant density and narrow row spacing (50 cm) developed a large leaf area and were presumably able to make better use of light. Growth and branching of individual plants were reduced at the higher plant population, but on per unit basis more dry matter was produced. It is suggested that breeding should be concentrated to improve an inability to accumulate adequate vegetative dry matter for the maintenance and filling of pods, may force the plant to continue vegetative production into the reproductive dry matter to support production of ultimate seed yield.     

不同密度下玉米穗部性状的QTL分析

为研究玉米穗部性状对不同种植密度的遗传响应,以郑58和HD568为亲本构建的220个重组自交系群体为材料,于2014年春、2014年冬及2015年春分别在北京和海南进行3个种植密度的田间试验,调查玉米穗长、穗粗、穗行数和行粒数等表型性状。利用SAS软件计算穗部性状的最优线性无偏估计值(BLUP),并采用完备区间作图法进行QTL定位。结果表明,在3个种植密度下共检测到42个QTL,单个QTL可解释4.20%~14.07%的表型变异。3个种植密度下同时检测到位于第2染色体上控制穗行数的QTL。2个种植密度下同时检测到4个与穗粗、穗行数和行粒数有关的QTL,其中第4染色体上1个与穗行数有关的主效QTL,在低、中种植密度下可分别解释表型变异的10.88%和14.07%。此外,在第2、4和9染色体上检测到3个同时调控不同穗部性状的QTL。研究结果表明玉米穗部性状在不同种植密度下的遗传调控发生变化,在不同密度下共同检测到的稳定QTL可应用于精细定位或开发玉米耐密性分子标记用于辅助育种。     

宽幅精播中行距与幅宽对小麦干物质积累与分配的影响

为探究小麦宽幅精播增产机理,设置了行距20、25和30cm,幅宽3、6、9、12和15cm,研究其对小麦花后干物质积累与分配的影响。结果表明,适宜的行距与幅宽可促进产量的提高,幅宽小于9cm时,产量随幅宽的增加而增加,幅宽大于9cm时,籽粒产量随幅宽增加而减少,以行距25cm且幅宽9cm产量最高;花后21~28d是籽粒干物质积累最快的时期,花后14~28d是小麦地上部干物质转化最快的时期;行距与幅宽的增大增加了各营养器官群体干物质积累量,但行距大于25cm、幅宽大于9cm时抑制了营养器官中干物质向籽粒的转运。     

施肥水平和种植密度对张杂谷5号产量及其构成要素的影响

优质高产的杂交谷子为我国乃至世界的粮食保障提供了有力保障, 但良种需良法配套, 为此研究杂交谷的最佳栽培条件。采用5因素二次通用旋转组合设计, 探讨氮、磷、钾、行距和株距对张杂谷5号产量及其构成因素穗数、穗粒数、千粒重的影响。结果表明, 产量与穗数、穗粒数显著正相关, 而与千粒重无显著相关。氮、行距、磷、钾对产量和穗粒数有显著影响, 氮肥和行距影响较大, 而磷和钾肥影响较小。行距、株距和氮对穗数有显著影响, 随着施氮量的增加以及株距和行距的缩小, 穗数呈增加趋势。施磷水平对千粒重有显著影响, 随着施磷量的增加, 千粒重表现先升后降的趋势。在研究的5个因素中, 施氮水平、施钾水平以及株距之间交互作用对穗粒数和产量有显著影响;施氮水平与株距之间的交互作用对千粒重有显著影响。该5因素与产量间回归关系极显著, 拟合程度较高, 可用于实际生产预测。使张杂谷5号产量最大的农艺方案为N施用量186 kg hm^–2, P₂O₅施用量95 kg hm^–2, K₂O施用量60 kg hm^–2, 行距23 cm, 株距13 cm, 预期产量为6 683 kg hm^–2。     

不同穗肥施用时间对玉米产量及经济性状的影响

为确定稳肥最佳施用时期,通过不同时期施肥试验,研究了不同稳肥施用时间对玉米经济性状及产量的影响.结果表明：不同施肥时间对各个经济性状影响程度不一致,依次为：穗粒数＞行粒数＞稳行数＞千粒重＞稳长＞稳粗＞秃尖长度.各处理间产量差异显著,不同施氮时间对产量大小的影响表现为12叶全展＞11叶全展＞13叶全展.以12叶全展期施氮效果最佳.