Effects of topography on the construction and efficiency of earthen weirs for rice irrigation in Northeast Thailand

Farmers in some parts of the Indochina Peninsula have been using earthen weirs to supply water to their rice fields, and the use of such weirs is especially prevalent in Northeast Thailand. Although now a typical rain-fed rice cultivation area, a significant percentage of rice fields in Northeast Thailand used earthen weirs before the extensive expansion of rain-fed rice fields that occurred in the early 20th century. In this study, we clarified some of the historical changes associated with the construction and use of earthen weirs and their effects on rice production. In particular, we investigated some of the topographic effects, such as terrain, catchment size, and slope grade, on water delivery. In addition, water delivery methods, construction periods, and the discontinued use of earthen weirs were examined with respect to regional influences and topography. Earthen weirs were found to be most suitable in areas that exhibited complementarity between the riverbed slope and the water catchment. The type of earthen weir was dependent on the magnitude of the riverbed slope. Earthen weirs have been constructed continuously on steeper upstream slopes of rivers for more than a century, while weir construction on lower riverbeds with larger catchments appears to be more recent.

Assessment of sediment exclusion efficiency for several modified labyrinth weirs

A trapezoidal labyrinth weir is a general transverse hydro-structure typically placed across rivers that causes longitudinal sediment discontinuity and affects riparian ecological system. A sediment exclusion labyrinth (SEL) weir is a modification designed to increase sediment exclusion from upstream to downstream over or through it. Hydraulic model experiments were carried out in straight rectangular cross-sectional open channel (15 m in length and 0.82 m in width). Four different shapes of weirs were examined. type 1 was a general labyrinth weir, whereas types 2–4 were SEL weirs with an inclined bottom slope (type 2), open slots (type 3), and reversed-wedge type holes (type 4). Standard sand (Jumunjin, Korea, d ₅₀ = 0.56 mm, σ _g = 1.48, SG = 2.65) was uniformly supplied upstream using an in-house grooved drum, and sediment exclusion efficiency was calculated from the ratio of sediment amount to excluded sediment yield for each type of weir. Higher efficiencies were founded in all SEL weirs compared with the sediment exclusion efficiency of the type 1 weir. In particular, type 2 and type 4 weirs were easy to construct and their flow patterns and hydraulic performance were similar to those of type 1. Finally, their sediment exclusion efficiencies were higher under a normal water level (F _r ≤ 0.2), whereas the type 3 weir was the pattern favorable for a high water level (F _r > 0.2) because its discharge capacity was significantly higher. Sediment exclusion characteristics were analyzed in terms of flow rate based on the decomposition analysis of residual sediment particle size distribution. It is expected that the results from this study will be used to design SEL weirs as basic materials if more hydrodynamic parameters are studied and combined with field monitoring.     

Deposition of spray drift behind border structures

Windbreaks present a porous obstacle to the approaching airflow, forcing air to flow through the windbreak at a reduced speed and accelerate over the top. In this research, windbreaks were considered as border structures to mitigate spray drift. Air flows, with an interspace between it, particles are filtered from the flow by deposition on the windbreak. Hence there is a reduction in deposition in the downwind sheltered area (the ‘quiet zone’) behind the windbreak. Peak deposition in the sheltered area can occur at minimum wind speeds. The deposition profiles of spray drift behind various border structures were measured. In the first part, drift tests were performed in a wind tunnel. Artificial screens with various heights and open areas were tested. A row of plastic Christmas trees and natural canopies were also tested. Subsequently, drift experiments were performed under field conditions in a grassland with the artificial screens and a row of Fagus sylvatica trees. The artificial screens reduced spray drift deposition in the sheltered region, but significant deposition peaks were found behind the screens. The natural structures had potential to reduce drift deposition when their height was at least equal to the height of the spray nozzle(s). The drift deposition at short distances behind the natural structures was higher than deposition behind artificial structures, but conversely peaks in deposition in sheltered areas were not created by the natural structures.     

不同栽培方式与基质配方对红掌组培苗移栽成活率及生长的影响

利用2种栽培方式和15种基质配方,对红掌‘热情’品种组培苗移栽成活率和生长的影响进行研究。结果表明,以苗床栽培更能提高红掌组培苗的移栽成活率及利于幼苗的生长,用2份椰糠与1份珍珠岩组成的配方最适宜作为大规模生产时红掌组培苗的移栽基质。     

Proposal of new return flow analysis by replacement-in-order method for paddy irrigation water

Return flow and repeated use of irrigation water for paddies is the most important issue in the Asian monsoon region, because sometimes this water is applied in greater quantity than that of evapotranspiration plus percolation. A new return flow analysis, the “replacement-in-order method”, which introduces a unique numbering system for very complicated irrigation and drainage networks, is proposed for the main canal with the dual purposes of irrigation and drainage. The method is applied to the Shichika irrigation district in the ordinal (season) irrigation period, resulting in a return flow ratio of 45 % for the entire area. Of this amount, 25 % is available for irrigation again. The remaining 20 % is unavailable, because the return flow discharged directly into a canal lacking a diversion weir in the drainage system, or into the Japan Sea. The return flow ratio is very different at the main canal location, from no return flow to 88 %. With the aid of the above method, theoretical analysis of return flow for paddy irrigation water can be done. This includes the deterministic return flow ratio inside and outside the irrigation area, plus precise information of return flow ratios at various main canal locations and routes of irrigation and drainage water.     

Analysis of water balance by surface–groundwater interaction using the SWAT model for the Han River basin,South Korea

The water balance and groundwater dynamics due to surface–groundwater interactions for watershed health assessment were investigated for the Han River basin (34,148 km²) of South Korea using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The model was established considering 4 multipurpose dams and 3 multifunction weirs. The SWAT was spatially calibrated and validated using daily observed inflows for the dam (2005–2014) and weir (2012–2014) as well as evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and groundwater level data (2009–2013). The simulation results revealed the impact of surface–groundwater exchange fluxes on the water balance and baseflow by evaluating the vertical water budget and horizontal water transfer. Evapotranspiration in the surface and return flows from the shallow aquifer for the dry season was estimated to be 29 and 10% higher than for the wet season, respectively. Percolation’s role was also significant, providing approximately 24% of the annual groundwater recharge to shallow aquifers in the rainy season. On average, the February to August period (A) was characterized by a net flux of infiltration into the groundwater. For the September to January period (B), the proportion of groundwater flow into the river of the basin was nearly balanced by a slight increase in surface water infiltration. During period A of average surface water infiltration into the groundwater, the net groundwater recharge was positive and up to 20% of the infiltration during this period resulted from groundwater recharge. These results showed that groundwater recharge is strongly affected by the surface water and groundwater interactions.     

A study on dehairing Australian greasy cashmere

Cashmere is a luxury fiber with high international demand. Australian cashmere fleece is shorn rather than hand combed, and the shorn fleece contains a large quantity of coarse guard hair. Normally raw cashmere fleece is scoured first, followed by dehairing to eliminate the coarse guard hair. But scouring the unwanted guard hair consumes a large quantity of water, and increases the cost of cashmere processing in Australia. Ideally, the guard hair should be removed first and then the fine cashmere fibers are scoured for further processing. This paper reports trial results on dehairing greasy rather than scoured Australian cashmere fleece, with the aim of reducing scouring cost and water consumption. The quality of cashmere fibers after the conventional dehairing process and the new greasy dehairing process has been assessed. The results indicate that fiber quality from the greasy dehairing process is better than that from conventional scouring then dehairing process.     

不同类型玉米杂交种高矮立体间作种植技术研究

2001～2003年连续对8个不同类型的玉米杂交种进行了高矮立体间作种植比较试验,结果表明:(1)适合密植的紧凑株型杂交种和稀植大穗型杂交种高、矮间作种植均比单作种植产量显著提高,F值分别为5.10,6.31,5.19,4.86;株高、穗位高比单作稍有降低;抽雄、散粉、吐丝和成熟期均比单作提早;出籽率、百粒重均比单作高.(2)高、矮每隔2行、4行或每隔6行间作产量间无显著差异.(3)玉米杂交种高、矮间作种植的增产原因是有效地协调了群体与个体之间光合性状间彼此致约的矛盾,提高了光合作用效率.     

Study on structure and function of an earthen bund irrigation system in Northeast Thailand

In Northeast Thailand, which overlaps with an erosional plain that is not suitable for irrigation because of poor water resources and terrains that prevent efficient water distribution, farmers have long supplied water to surrounding paddy fields by blocking rivers completely with earthen bunds. Although such a traditional irrigation system fits well with the characteristics of Northeast Thailand, those who are concerned with modern irrigation development projects in Northeast Thailand seem to have been paying little attention to it. The present study was performed to facilitate development of more appropriate irrigation systems in Northeast Thailand by providing information regarding traditional irrigation methods. We investigated the traditional irrigation methods with earthen bunds at three study sites, and our results indicated that styles of irrigation vary with riverbed slope. The traditional irrigation system that is used in most of Northeast Thailand is different from ordinal weir irrigation, in that paddy fields are not irrigated by gravity flow but by backwater of earthen bunds. Our results suggest that the development of more successful irrigation systems would be possible through improvement of the design ideas of traditional irrigation methods.

飞行参数对六旋翼植保无人机雾滴在荔枝树冠层沉积分布的影响

为实现植保无人机施药技术在荔枝病虫害防控中的高效应用,研究了油动六旋翼植保无人机的飞行高度(5、6、8m)和飞行速度(2.8、3.4 m/s)对雾滴在荔枝冠层的沉积分布及穿透性的影响.结果表明:不同飞行高度对雾滴在荔枝冠层的沉积分布及穿透性影响显著,飞行高度为5m和6m时雾滴在荔枝冠层分布及穿透性较好,飞行高度为8m效...     

Effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation on percolation and nitrogen leaching in paddy fields

The widely adopted alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation for rice production is increasingly needed to quantify the different water outflows and nitrogen leaching losses. We investigated the effects of AWD on percolation, water productivity, nitrogen leaching losses, and nitrogen productivity through in situ experiments. Results show that AWD reduced irrigation water without a significant impact on grain yields and increased the mean water productivity by 16.9 % compared with continuously flood irrigation (CFI). The mean nitrogen productivity of 135 kg ha^?1 N level was 22.2 % higher than that of 180 kg ha^?1 N level, although grain yields substantially increased because of nitrogen fertilization application. The percolation was also reduced by 15.3 % in 2007 and 8.3 % in 2008 compared to CFI. However, the cumulative percolation of the first 5 days after irrigation in AWD plots is significantly larger than that in CFI plots. The NH₄ ⁺–N and TN leaching losses of AWD and CFI had no significant variations while the NO₃ ^?–N leaching losses were increased caused by AWD. The total NH₄ ⁺–N, NO₃ ^?–N, and TN leaching losses of AWD in the first 3 days after irrigation were higher than that of contemporaneous CFI. The results indicate that the bypass or preferential flow and strengthened nitrification–denitrification nitrogen transformation processes because of alternate wetting and drying potentially decrease the water saving effectiveness and increase the NO₃ ^?–N loading to the groundwater.     

油菜秸秆颗粒在导向喷动流化床中的流动特性

在内径150mm、高1040mm、90°V形气体分布板的有机玻璃制导向喷动流化床实验装置上，采用密度为2670kg/m、粒径分别为0.83～0.55、0.55～0.38和0.38～0.25mm窄筛分粒径石英砂，以及密度为738kg/m、粒径为0.85～0.425mm的油菜秸秆颗粒为原料，对秸秆颗粒-石英砂混合与流动效果、床层压降、中心喷泉高度、固体循环速率等流动特性进行了测定并建立了操作相图。研究表明，总重量为500g，比例为4:1的0.38～0.25mm石英砂和秸秆颗粒混合物在导向喷动流化床内混合与流动效果较好，能实现很好的喷动流化；固体循环速率和中心喷泉高度随操作气速的增加而增加；同时建立了本试验条件下的操作相图。     

Field level damage of deepwater rice by the 2011 Southeast Asian Flood in a flood plain of Tonle Sap Lake,Northwest Cambodia

The 2011 flood damaged about 11 % of planting area in Cambodia, but the damaged proportion reached 30 % in Sangke district, Battambang province, located in the flood plains of Tonle Sap Lake. The aim of this study was to characterize completely damaged deepwater rice production due to the flood along the transect from the town-side shallower fields to the lake-side deeper fields. The flooding water from Tonle Sap Lake rose with 7 cm/day in September and October in the deeper fields where floating rice was grown and 8–10 cm/day in October in the shallower fields where lowland rice was grown. The maximum water was recorded on 16 October with 3.2 and 2.0 m at the deepest and shallowest edge fields. The area was characterized as flatness with only 1.2 m elevation differences in 4.3 km distance along the transect. The flooding water took 13.7 h for approaching 100 m distance. Complete recession of flood water was end of November at the shallow edge and at late December in the deep edge in 2011. The flooding duration deeper than 50 cm was 2.5 month and nearly 3 months in the middle zone and deeper floating rice area, respectively. The complete submergence started first in some fields in the middle zone on 12 September, followed by the shallower lowland rice area, and finally in the deep floating rice area by 1 October. Countermeasures to improve rice production in deepwater rice area in the floodplain of Tonle Sap Lake were proposed.     

Bioscouring of cotton fabrics using pectinase enzyme its optimization and comparison with conventional scouring process

The conventional scouring process involving the harsh environment is slowly being replaced with environment friendly approach using enzymes. These enzymes remove the non cellulosic impurities present in the fabric. Such a process would enhance the absorbency of the fabric without appreciable strength loss and also would help in the proper dyeing and finishing of the fabric. In the present work pectinase enzyme was isolated from Fusariumn sp. and was optimized under different cultural conditions. The partially purified pectinase enzyme was used in the scouring of cotton fabric. The efficiency of the bioscoured cotton fabric was compared with that of the conventionally scoured fabric. It was found that the water absorbing character of the bioscoured fabric was found to be considerably higher than that of the conventionally scoured fabric. Also, the tensile strength of the cotton fabric was found to be higher for the sample treated using pectinase enzyme than the sample treated conventionally. The results of FTIR confer that the pectin and wax impurities were removed from the cotton surface in both the conventionally scoured and bioscoured fabrics.     

Flood vulnerability assessment in the light of rice cultivation characteristics in Mekong River flood plain in Cambodia

More than 2 million hectares of the lower Mekong River flood plain (Cambodian Plain), which extends from southern Cambodia to the border with Vietnam, is cultivated with rice; and more than 60 % of the population in the flood plain are farmers involved in rice cultivation. Rice production in this area is seriously affected by floods almost every year; on the other hand, the farmers need floodwater for their crop fields. Therefore, the farming in this area is about coping with floods, and flood countermeasures should be carefully planned based on good understanding of the livelihood of the farmers. Thus, this study aimed to identify flood-vulnerable rice-growing communities in the Mekong River flood plain in Cambodia. In this research, we proposed a useful methodology to make flood inundation maps by conducting a simple analysis by combining satellite-based digital elevation model (DEM) and river water level data based on the flood characteristics in this area. Then, rice-crop vulnerability maps were derived from previous maps and results from other past researches using the geographical information system (GIS). Comparison among those maps was also conducted to find out the relationship between DEM and people’s lifestyles in this area. This simple, inexpensive methodology was proven useful to understand major crop damage and vulnerability in relation to floods in this area, based on flood characteristics in the Cambodian flood plain. Because the method is a GIS-based approach, it can deliver more accurate results when provided with more accurate data.

     

Experimental off-axis tensile characterization of multistitched woven nano composites

The aim of this study was to understand the off-axis tensile properties of the developed two dimensional multistitched multilayer E-glass/polyester woven nano composites. It was found that the specific off-axis tensile strength of unstitched structure was higher than that of the machine stitched structure due to stitching caused filament breakages. But it was slightly lower than that of the machine stitched/nano structure. In addition, the specific off-axis tensile strength of machine stitched/nano composite structure was slightly higher than that of the machine stitched structure. When the nano silica material in the unstitched E-glass/polyester composite structure increased, the off-axis specific tensile strength and the modulus of the unstitched/nano structures increased whereas, the off-axis specific tensile strain of the unstitched/nano structures decreased. The damaged areas of the unstitched/nano structures increased, when the nano silica material in the unstitched E-glass/polyester woven composite structures increased. The failures under the off-axis tensile load of the stitched or stitched/nano structures were confined at narrow area due to the multistitching. On the other hand, it was observed that the off-axis failure of unstitched/nano or stitched/nano woven E-glass/polyester composite structures showed more brittle behavior.     

淹水深度对樱桃番茄苗期生理生化特性的影响

以耐涝型‘红妃6号’（HF）和敏感型‘千禧’（QX）2个樱桃番茄品种为材料,以正常水分为对照（CK）,设置6个淹水深度,分别为?10、?5、?2、0、2、5 cm（D10、D5、D2、W0、U2、U5）,测定不同处理下樱桃番茄苗期的生长及生理生化指标,探究樱桃番茄苗期对不同淹水深度的响应。研究结果表明,淹水处理较CK能抑制株高、茎粗、干物质重及根系长度、直径、表面积和体积的增长,但差异显著性不同;随着淹水深度的升高,株高、干物质量及根系长度、直径、表面积和体积受抑制作用越明显,且W0、U2和U5处理显著低于CK,而D10、D5处理下株高、茎粗及根系平均直径与CK无显著差异。丙二醛（MDA）、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量随淹水深度升高而逐渐增加,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性也表现出随着淹水深度的升高而逐渐升高的趋势,且从淹水后2~6 d均表现D2、W0、U2、U5处理高于CK处理;而在淹水14 d,QX品种W0、U2、U5处理SOD和CAT活性均表现出显著低于CK。从相关性分析也发现,MDA、POD、CAT、可溶性糖和脯氨酸之间存在显著正相关关系。因此,淹水深度是洪涝致害的一个重要因素,淹水深度越高,对樱桃番茄伤害越大;樱桃番茄种植面下5 cm为淹水深度阈值。     

基于GIS技术的海南岛暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划

选取暴雨洪涝灾害较为严重的海南省为研究对象,综合考虑致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性和防灾减灾能力等4因子的综合作用,将暴雨洪涝灾害风险性评价技术和GIS技术相结合,对暴雨洪涝灾害风险程度进行评价和等级划分,并绘制海南岛暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划图。研究结果表明:海南岛暴雨洪涝灾害风险是由中部地区向四周沿海地区逐渐增大。     

水分管理对免耕抛秧水稻根系生长及产量的影响

研究了水分管理对免耕水稻根系生长和产量的影响。结果表明,干湿交替灌溉对根系的伸长、生长、生理及分布具有较大影响,水稻各生育期干湿交替灌溉处理水稻单株根干质量、单株生物量、根半径、根表面积、总根数、根系活力、超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于淹水淹灌。干湿交替灌溉处理实收产量显著高于淹水淹灌,增产主要因子是有效穗数、每穗粒数和结实率。灌浆盛期干湿交替灌溉处理单株生物量、根半径、根表面积、总根数、超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于湿润淹灌,水稻产量差异则不显著。     

水浇地冬小麦垄作栽培技术研究

针对传统种植方式下．大水漫灌所造成的浪费水资源、破坏土壤结构、在高肥水条件下易招致小麦倒伏和病害发生等问题，对小麦垄作栽培进行了研究，旨在为水浇地小麦高产、高效栽培开辟新途径。试验结果表明，小麦垄作栽培下，水分利用效率提高20％～30％，当季氮肥利用率提高10％以上；由于垄作栽培改传统平作的大水漫灌为小水沟内渗灌，消除了传统平作大水漫灌导致的土壤板结现象，改善了根际土壤的理化性状，有利于小麦的健壮生长；由于垄作栽培改变了麦田的地貌特征，从而改善了田间的通风透光条件，不仅降低了田间湿度，显著提高了小麦的抗倒伏及抗病能力，而且极显著地提高了小麦的光能利用率，有利于小麦产量的提高及品质的改善。