典型喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面土壤养分空间变异性研究

采用线形取样,利用地统计学方法研究了典型喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面土壤养分的空间变异特征.结果表明:有机碳、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾具有相似的空间变异结构,其变程变化在212～251 m之间,与坡面不同土地利用方式的空间范围相当.全磷和全钾的变异尺度较小,为141.2 m和120.6m.受部分耕地施用磷肥影响,速效磷的变异尺度最小,仅为85.1 m.除pH值外,土壤各养分均表现为强烈的空间相关性.有机碳、全氮、碱解氮等养分的空间分布表现出随着海拔高度增加而增大的特征,人类的耕作管理和峰丛洼地特殊的水文地质过程是影响土壤养分空间变异的主要因素.     

我国著名的土地资源及水土保持专家宋桂琴研究员

宁南地区土壤矿质元素的含量顺序为SiO₂>Al₂O₃>CaO>Fe₂O₃MgO>K₂O>MnO>Zn>Cu,其中硅、铝、铁、钛空间分布较均匀；钙、镁、钾变异较大、空间分布不均匀。硅、钛、铜、锌、锰为残积母质>洪冲积母质>黄土母质；铁、镁、钾为洪冲积母质>残积母质>黄土母质；铝为洪冲积母质>黄土母质>残积母质；钙为黄土母质最高，残积母质很低。从山地洪积扇中上游阶地中下游阶地，硅、铜、锌、锰逐渐减少；铝、镁、铁、钙、钾则不断增加     

曲靖烟区土壤有效中量元素的空间变异特征及影响因子研究

为研究曲靖烟区土壤有效中量元素的空间分布特征及其影响因素,本文采用GPS技术在曲靖烟区采集2088个土壤样品,利用原子吸收分光光度法测定样品有效钙、有效镁和有效硫含量,利用地统计学和经典统计学分析了3种有效中量元素的空间变异特征及其影响因素,以为曲靖烟区土壤中量元素科学有效地分区管理及烤烟合理施肥提供依据.结果表明,曲...     

在土壤矿质全量分析中用聚环氧乙烷(PEO)脱硅的方法

硅是土壤中的大量元素。在土壤矿质全量分析中,土壤脱硅效果不仪影响测定结果,同时还影响钙、镁、铁、铝等元素的测定。目前,通常以动物胶作絮固剂,使硅酸以二氧化硅形态沉淀(简称脱硅)。     

喀斯特山地植烟土壤养分空间变异及分区研究

为揭示喀斯特山地植烟土壤养分空间变异特征并进行分区管理,利用地统计学和模糊C-均值聚类算法对贵州省黔南州喀斯特山地植烟土壤养分进行分析。结果表明,土壤总体呈弱酸性,极小部分土壤缺乏有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、有效铜和有效锌,小部分土壤缺乏速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁,大部分土壤缺乏有效钼。p H、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性镁、有效铜、有效锌和有效钼空间相关性中等,交换性钙空间相关性弱。p H、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁和有效锌空间变异主要由随机因素引起,有效铜和有效钼的空间变异主要由结构性因素引起。土壤养分空间变异趋势效应明显,p H、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁、有效铜、有效锌和有效钼均由几个高值中心向四周递减分布;有机质和碱解氮均由北部、西部和南部向中部和东部递增分布。研究区植烟土壤可分为4个管理分区,分区内土壤养分趋于同质化,分区间差异显著。本研究为喀斯特山地农田土壤养分管理、农作物平衡施肥和肥料高效利用提供了参考依据。     

铜仁市植烟土壤交换性钙镁空间分布特征及其影响因素分析

为明确贵州省铜仁市植烟土壤中交换性钙和镁的状况,以铜仁2019年植烟耕层土壤交换性钙镁为研究对象,利用多元统计学和地统计学方法分析了土壤交换性钙镁空间变异特征及其影响因素。结果表明,铜仁植烟土壤交换性钙、镁含量整体丰富,平均值分别为1.72、0.27 g·kg^-1,但仍有19.31%的交换性钙和27.59%地区的交换性镁含量处于低与极低水平。植烟土壤中钙镁比处于适宜范围的比例仅占29.70%,说明钙镁比失调较严重。土壤交换性镁含量总体呈现由西北向东南逐渐增加的趋势,土壤钙镁比总体呈现由中部向东南和西北逐渐减小的趋势,思南中部钙镁比处于最高值,江口南部与松桃南部钙镁比处于最低值。植烟土壤交换性钙、镁含量及其比值的空间变异是由结构性因素和随机性因素共同作用的结果。pH对交换性钙、镁空间变异的影响最大,分别能够独立解释其变量的41.6%、55.7%,且与交换性钙、镁分别呈现幂函数和三次函数关系,随着pH值升高,土壤中交换性钙和镁含量升高。综上,贵州铜仁植烟土壤空间分布不均匀、差异性较大,钙镁比失调比较严重,pH值对交换性钙、镁空间变异的影响最大,并与其呈极显著正相关。因此,铜仁烟区在指导钙镁施肥时要注意其空间差异性、做到分类指导,可以通过调控钙镁肥料施用量或含钙镁的改良剂调节土壤pH值来达到平衡土壤养分的目的。本研究可为铜仁市烟田钙镁养分管理提供科学依据。     

南阳烟区土壤部分矿质元素的含量与分布

镁、硫、铁、锌、硼、铜、锰等矿质元素是烟草生长发育所必需的营养元素，在烟株生长发育过程中起着不可替代的作用。这些矿质元素供应不足或过多时，烟叶的正常生长发育受阻，产量和质量降低。为了摸清南阳烟区不同区域植烟土壤中的矿质元素分布状况，从2002年开始对南阳烟区植烟土壤中的镁、硫、铁、锌、硼、铜、锰等矿质元素进行了取样分析研究。     

木论喀斯特自然保护区表层土壤矿物质的空间异质性

为了探明喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤矿物质的分布规律,为喀斯特地区植被恢复和生态重建提供参考,该研究基于动态监测样地（200 m × 100 m）的网格取样分析,采用经典统计学和地统计学方法研究了喀斯特木论自然保护区典型峰丛洼地表层（0~20 cm）土壤矿物质（SiO2、Fe2O3、CaO、MgO、Al2O3、MnO）的空间异质性.结果表明,研究区土壤6种矿物质含量的差异及变异系数均较大,SiO2和Al2O3占了土壤矿物质总量的89.53%。不同矿物质具有不同的空间结构和最佳拟合模型,SiO2和MnO呈中等空间自相关,变程长,空间连续性较好,Fe2O3、Al2O3、CaO、MgO的空间自相关强烈,变程较短。CaO和MgO的Kriging等值线图相似,SiO2反之,Fe2O3和Al2O3呈相似分布,MnO的分布均匀。地形、微地貌、降雨、人为干扰特别是植被是土壤矿物质空间异质性的主要影响因素,增加植物多样性和覆盖度能有效改善和合理利用喀斯特土壤矿物质资源。     

桂西北喀斯特人为干扰区植被自然恢复与土壤养分变化

为促进桂西北喀斯特退化生态系统的恢复与重建,采用全面调查和样方调查方法,以自然保护区的顶级群落为对照,研究了桂西北喀斯特人为干扰区自然恢复22a后植被的演替规律与土壤养分变化。结果表明,干扰区物种丧失严重,种类仅有自然保护区的26.6%,随着群落由草丛→草灌丛→灌丛→藤刺灌丛→乔灌丛→顶级群落的顺向演替和发展,群落的高度、生物量和物种多样性、土壤有机质、养分、阳离子交换量和硅、铁、铝、钛等矿质全量逐步增加,钙、镁全量显著减少,pH值降低,土壤质量随着植被的恢复呈波折性提高。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤有机碳和氮素空间变异特征

本项试验在喀斯特典型峰丛洼地选择3个生态功能区,运用经典统计学和地统计学方法研究了土壤有机碳、全氮及碳氮比的空间变异特征。结果表明,随着生态系统由人工林(Ⅰ)次生林(Ⅱ) 原生林(Ⅲ)顺向演替,土壤有机碳、全氮和碳氮比平均值均呈现增加趋势,变异系数均在10.40％～80.94％之间,存在中等强度的变异性。人工林和原生林的土壤有机碳和全氮及人工林的碳氮比的块金值/基台值均＜25%,具有强烈的空间相关性;原生林碳氮比和次生林的3个土壤性质指标的块金值/基台值在32.6％～41.7％之间,具有中等的空间相关性;人工林各指标的变程明显大于次生林和原始林。Kriging插值结果表明,3个区域内有机碳和全氮的空间分布均具有显著的相似性,碳氮比变化则较不规则;人工林和原生林土壤有机碳、全氮含量呈片状平缓变化分布,次生林土壤有机碳、全氮含量及碳氮比呈支离破碎的斑块状分布。高度异质性的小生境决定了土壤有机碳、全氮和碳氮比的空间结构和格局,而受重度人类活动干扰的人工林和未受干扰的原生林空间异质性较次生林降低。     

The Transfer of Chemical Elements within a Heath-Ecosystem (Calluna vulgaris) in Northwest Germany

The purpose of this investigation was to describe the element budget of a heathland area in Northwest Germany by measuring the fluxes of elements within the ecosystem. The following fluxes were considered: input by precipitation, canopy-drip, mineralisation, ion uptake, litterfall, output with seepage water. The elements H, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Al, S, P, CI, NO, NH, N_org were analysed, the period of investigation was one year. The results demonstrate the high importance of deposited nutrients like N (especially No3), Ca and Mg for the element budget and the stability of a heath-ecosystem. The internal turnover of K, Ca, Mg and Mn within the ecosystem mainly took place by leaching. No leaching was found for N, P, AI, Fe, S, CI, Na. For these elements litterfall was the dominant internal way of cycling. The humus layer was a sink for total-N, NO, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe and S. NO, Ca, Mg, Mn and S were removed from the percolating solution, while for Fe and especially N and Mn an inhibition of mineralisation was found. The element balance for the mineral soil showed that this part is a sink for Hand a source mainly for Al, Ca and Mg, less for K and Na. From the cation/anion balance of the storage changes in mineral soil the ecosystem-internal H ion production was calculated as 0.4 keq per ha and year. It may be traced back to an uptake of NH, and dissociation of fulvic acids in the mineral soil. The results are discussed with respect to the development, stability and management of heath-ecosystems.     

安徽明光地区白浆化土壤溶液的元素组成与迁移特征

以安徽省明光地区白浆化土壤为例,分析土壤溶液元素的组成与迁移特征。认为土壤渗漏液呈微酸性,与相应土层基本接近。渗漏液中测出的元素有H+、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Si、AI等,而Fe、Mn、P含量很少。以Si的浓度占绝对优势,在28.8532.79mgL-1之间。土壤溶液元素的垂直变化规律可以用元素的淋淀系数来表示,K、Na、Ca、Mg、Si的淋淀系数大于100,表明这些元素被淋失。Si淋淀系数在100104之间,表明可能淋出土体或部分在底部淀积。AI的淋淀系数全年都小于100,表明土壤溶液的AI发生淀积。深入研究渗漏液元素成分对认识土壤矿物的破坏具有重要意义。     

Dynamics of mineral components in the forest floor of an acidic beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest

Seasonal changes of the mineral components Na, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Al, Si and ash were investigated in the L1 horizon of an acidic beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest using litterbags (1 mm and 45 μm mesh-size) buried for up to 467 days in the forest floor. The element dynamics in this surface horizon were compared with the concentration and the total amount stored in a complete sequence of horizons (L1, L2, F1, F2 and H) taken from a moder profile in the Solling area. In the 1 mm litterbags with free access of the mesofauna, the concentrations of all cations were increased in comparison to the 45 μm treatment. This increase was highly significant, especially with regard to Fe and Al. The concentrations of these two cations were closely related to Si during the decomposition of fresh leaf litter in the L1 horizon. Si is the dominant element of ash in the litterbags and down the profile. The total amounts stored in the forest floor revealed that the Fe and Al input considerably exceeded the input by litter fall, and dry and wet deposition due to incorporation of mineral soil material. The input of soil material was also indicated by a decrease in the molar Si/Al ratio from 17 to 6 and in the relation of nutrient cations to ash from 30% to 2.5%.     

遵义市部分烟区烤烟中、微量元素含量及其空间分布

【目的】作为烟草生长发育所必需的营养元素,中、微量元素对于协调烟株生理机能、烤烟产量、品质的形成和增强抗病能力有着大量元素不可替代的作用。本研究基于野外取样与室内检测所获得的烟叶养分信息,旨在探求遵义市部分烟区烤烟烟叶中微量元素特征与空间分布情况,为该地烤烟生产养分分区管理、配方施肥技术和化肥减量提效提供科学参考。 【方法】运用经典统计学方法,初步对研究区烤烟烟叶中微量元素的丰缺状况进行分析评价,并结合 GPS 定位,以地统计学的半变异函数为工具,定量分析了研究区烟叶中微量元素的空间变异特征,采用 Kriging 插值法,得到烟叶中微量元素含量的空间分布格局。 【结果】1) 研究区 C₃F 等级烟叶 7 种中微量元素含量平均值分别为 Ca 20.3 g/kg、Mg 3.7 g/kg、Cu 4.42 mg/kg、Zn 34.85 mg/kg、Fe 229.81 mg/kg、Mn 205.43 mg/kg、Mo 0.25 mg/kg,含量范围分别为 Ca 14.7～27.3 g/kg、Mg 1.3～8.0 g/kg、Cu 1.69～8.83 mg/kg、Zn 12.31～56.11 mg/kg、Fe 141.62～339.00 mg/kg、Mn 66.21～426.11 mg/kg、Mo 0.06～0.60 mg/kg,各元素变异系数在 12.8%～48.7% 之间,均表现为中等强度变异;参照烟叶中微量营养元素分级标准,研究区烟叶适宜范围内钙占 95.2%,高水平锰含量占 65.1%,低水平镁、铜、锌、铁含量分别占 26.5%、55.4%、32.5%、20.5%,适宜水平镁、铜、锌、铁分别占 48.2%、25.3%、63.9%、79.5%,烟叶钼含量总体较缺乏。2) 研究区烟叶中 Ca、Mg、Zn 和 Fe 符合正态分布,Cu、Mn、Mo 经对数转化后均符合正态分布,分别选择指数模型作为 Ca、Cu、Fe、Mo 的最优拟合理论模型,Mg、Zn、Mn 为高斯模型,得出烟叶中 Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Mo 7 种元素各项异性比均大于 1,块金系数分别为 43.8%、26.9%、31.0%、58.4%、69.0%、32.6%、42.7%,变程分别为 148.099、137.407、15.554、18.723、25.624、88.770、74.749 km。 【结论】研究区烟叶 Ca 含量基本在适宜范围内,Mn 含量总体较高,Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe 含量基本在低–适宜水平,Mo 较缺乏。地统计分析表明:7 种元素均具有空间各向异性;空间变异指标块金系数大小顺序为 Fe > Zn > Ca > Mo > Mn > Cu > Mg,均为中等空间相关性;空间自相关范围由大到小依次为 Ca、Mg、Mn、Mo、Fe、Zn、Cu。采用地统计插值绘制的空间分布图,直观地反映了研究区烟叶中微量营养元素的含量分布状况。     

Mineral acquisition by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) benefit plants by allowing them to grow and produce in relatively harsh mineral stress environments. This has been attributed extensively to ability of AMF to expand the volume of soil for which mineral nutrients are made available to plants compared to what roots themselves would contact. This article reviews the effects of AMF on enhancing/reducing acquisition of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), boron (B), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and some trace elements in plants. The nutrients enhanced most in host plants grown in many soils (e.g., high and low soil pH) are P, N, Zn, and Cu, but K, Ca, and Mg are enhanced when plants are grown in acidic soils. Many AMF have also the ability to ameliorate Al and Mn toxicities for plants are grown in acidic soil.     

淹水条件下土壤中元素迁移的地球化学特征

本文研究了淹水条件下水稻土的两种主要母土的元素活化迁移规律及其地球化学特征。结果表明，淹水条件下淋溶迁移元素来源于不同的母体；铁，锰，钙，镁等元素的活化作用加强，迁移能力增加，元素的迁移序列中锰的迁移能力已接近钙，镁等活泼元素；两种土壤中元素的迁移序列不同。性质相似的元素在迁移过程中具有相似的行为，相互之间有很好的相关性，因而在统计区分中位置靠近。引起元素在土壤中活化迁移的过程包括还原，重碳酸化，     

Peatland Interstitial Water Chemistry in Relation to that of Surface Pools along a Peatland Mineral Gradient

The elemental (including silica (Si), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe)) and nutrient composition of peatland surface pools and concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fein peat interstitial waters and surface peat concentrations of oxides of Mn and Fe were determined for 15 peatlands sampled along a mineral gradient. Surface pool concentrations of Si wereca. ten fold less in surface pools of mineral-poor peatlands thanin the mineral rich, supporting the use of this element as an indicator of minerotrophic influence in peatlands. Principle component analysis of surface pool water chemistry parametersdifferentiated mineral-poor and moderately-poor peatlands frommineral-rich peatlands based on the concentrations of Ca, Mgand alkalinity of pools. Several lines of evidence indicated that peatland interstitial waters were important contributors to peatland alkalinity and included; (1) maximum interstitial water concentrations of Ca and Mg correlating with overlying surface pool alkalinity, (2) a negative correlation between interstitial water Ca:Mg ratios and surface pool concentrationsof Si and (3) Ca:Mg ratios of moderately-poor to mineral-poorpeatland interstitial waters approaching the Ca:Mg ratio of rainwater rather than those of bedrock. Interstitial water concentrations of dissolved Mn and Fe correlated with amountsof reducible Fe and Mn (oxides of Fe and Mn) recovered from thepeat/water interface indicating that groundwater inputs areimportant sources of these two elements to fens. As a consequence, for peatlands that are not truly ombrotrophic,groundwater inputs of Mn and Fe may interfere with interpretingpeat metal profiles thought to be due to anthropogenic inputs alone.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric determination of minerals in thyme honeys and their contribution to geographical discrimination

Twenty-four Spanish thyme honey samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Twenty-four minerals were quantified for each honey. The elements Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Pb, S, Se, Si, Sr, and Zn were detected in all samples; seven elements are very abundant (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, S, and Si), and six are not abundant (Al, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, and Zn). Eleven of them are trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Mo, Pb, Se, Sr, and V) at <1 mg kg(-)(1). Classification of thyme honeys according to their origin (coast, mountains) was achieved by pattern recognition techniques on the mineral data. By means of principal component analysis, a good separation by geographical origin is obtained when scores for the two first principal components are plotted. Classification functions of 11 metals (Al, As, Cr, Cu, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, and V) were obtained using stepwise discriminant analysis and applied to classify correctly approximately 100% of the honey samples.