低硒土中不同主栽大豆品种积累硒的差异及其原因

通过大田和盆栽试验研究了低硒土壤中主栽大豆品种积累硒的品种差异并对其机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明，无论施硒与不施硒，不同大豆品种子粒对硒的积累均存在显著的差异。供试品种中，通矮405积累土壤硒的能力较强，启东绿皮黄豆硒肥的肥效较高。盆栽试验结果表明，两品种子粒积累硒的差异是由于植株对土 效硒利用率的不同造成的。在硒酸钠依时间和浓度的吸收动态试验中，通矮405幼苗含硒量均高于启东绿皮黄豆，但硒从根部向地上部的运输则无差异。说明通矮405植株对土壤溶液中Se^6 较强的吸收能力导致了其对低硒土壤中有效硒有较高的利用率，是其子粒积累硒能力较强的根本原因。     

不同硒水平下两种大豆对土壤中硒吸收积累的生育期动态

采用盆栽实验研究了不同硒水平两大豆品种对土壤中硒吸收累积的生育期动态。结果表明，大豆植株硒累积量与干物质累积量是同步的。大豆植株硒含量在生育早期高于生育后期。植株硒含量主要受土壤硒水平影响，品种间差异不明显。低硒水平下土壤硒的吸收利用程度较高，而高硒水平下植株吸收的土壤硒向生殖器官的迁移程度较高。因此，土壤硒对于大豆的生物有效性与植株硒水平是土壤—作物相互作用的结果。在大豆营养生长时期，根吸收的硒向地上部转移后仍主要分布在叶片中；而生殖生长时期则不同，在高硒水平下植株硒主要向子粒富集，低硒土壤中则主要集中于营养体。不过，以同一硒水平土壤的大豆根的吸收能力和硒的累积量没有差异，但子粒总硒累积量来说，两种大豆在低硒土壤中差异明显，而高硒土壤中没有差异，这可能涉及不同品种硒转运机制的差异。     

硒酸钠施用对小麦的富硒效应及其残效

为明确外源硒酸盐对小麦各器官硒含量的影响以及硒酸盐的残效,通过两年连续盆栽试验,设置了0、0.02、0.04、0.08、0.16 mg·kg^-1五个施硒水平,第一年施硒,第二年不施硒且在原土中继续种小麦,测定和分析了两年小麦不同器官（叶、茎、籽粒和颖壳）和土壤硒含量及产量和生物量。结果表明,施硒当季能够增加小麦产量及地上部生物量,显著提高各器官硒含量,各器官硒含量与施硒量均呈显著的线性正相关。器官中叶片对硒的富集能力最强,其次为籽粒、茎和颖壳。小麦不同器官硒强化指数大小与富集系数表现一致,施硒量每增加1 mg·pot^-1,叶片、籽粒、茎、颖壳的硒含量分别增加8.9、6.2、4.6和3.6 mg·kg^-1。外源硒酸盐具有残效,尤其在硒施用量较高时,小麦对外源硒的利用率两年均随施硒量的增加而增加,当季硒的利用率最高值为33.7%,两年累积利用率最高值为34.7%。施硒在第二年对小麦各器官硒的含量、土壤硒含量仍有显著的增加效应,尤其在施硒量较高时,但其对小麦硒含量的影响大于对土壤有效硒、总硒含量的影响。在农业生产应用中应选择适宜的施硒用量,关注硒肥的后效,实现高效安全的小麦硒强化。     

施硒对紫云英硒积累及土壤硒状况的影响

通过设置7个不同的施硒(Na_2SeO_3)水平(0、0.5、1、2、4、8、16、32 mg/kg),研究硒对紫云英(Astragalus sinicus)硒积累及土壤硒状况的影响。结果表明:硒肥对紫云英株高、茎粗、生物量等生长性状影响不明显;随着施硒量的增加,紫云英含硒量也随之增加,两者相关性(r=0.99**)达到极显著水平;随着硒肥用量的增加,硒肥利用率不断下降,不同处理硒肥利用率为0.89%~3.25%;随着施硒量的增加,土壤中的全硒和有效硒含量也随之增加,但是土壤中硒的残留率却有着相反的趋势,不同处理硒的残留率为41.82%~82.64%。     

叶面喷硒对花生硒吸收积累与分配规律研究

以富硒能力较强的花生品种为研究对象,设4个硒肥叶面喷施梯度,通过大田试验,研究叶面喷施不同用量硒肥对花生硒吸收积累的影响,分析硒吸收分配规律,为标准化、规模化和产业化开发富硒花生提供技术参考.结果表明,施硒条件下,花生硒含量总体表现为叶>籽仁>茎>根>果壳,硒累积量总体表现为叶>籽仁>茎>根>果壳.花生植株总的硒肥利用...     

土壤施用亚硒酸钠对乌龙茶硒含量的影响

通过大田试验研究土壤施用亚硒酸钠对乌龙茶硒含量的影响.设计亚硒酸钠施用量CK (0g Se·hm 2)、S1(500 g Se·hm-2)、S2 (1000gSe· hm 2)和S3 (2000 g Se·hm 2)4个处理.结果表明,土壤施用亚硒酸钠对茶叶产量没有产生显著影响,土壤施用亚硒酸钠可以显著提高茶叶的硒含量,提高幅度随着施用量的增加而增加.土壤施硒处理,当年茶叶硒肥新稍吸收率在0.040％～0.066％之间,土壤施用亚硒酸钠中硒的利用率较低.     

不同花生品种富硒能力

为了明确不同花生品种富硒能力的差异,筛选富硒能力强的花生品种,以黄河流域花生产区推广的18个花生品种为材料,在盆栽试验条件下,分别在花生的开花下针期和结荚前期通过土壤灌注施硒的方法研究了不同施硒量对花生籽粒产量和富硒能力的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,施硒对花生的籽粒产量、籽粒中硒的含量、累积量和利用效率等指标的影响,均存在品种间的差异,且有些达显著水平。与不施硒相比,3mg Se(IV)/kg土使18个花生品种的平均花生籽粒产量较不施硒减产0.06%;籽粒硒含量、硒累积量和硒利用效率则分别增加36.84%、32.66%和19.62%;6mg Se(IV)/kg土使18个花生品种的平均籽粒产量较不施硒增加8.65%,其中,最大增产品种为丰花5号;硒含量、硒累积量和硒利用效率分别较不施硒增加了35.80%、36.31%和35.42%。本试验结果表明,土壤施硒量以6mg Se(IV)/kg土为宜。以花生产量、籽粒硒的含量与累积量三个指标进行聚类分析结果表明,18个花生品种中有7个花生品种属硒高积聚品种、7个属硒中积聚品种、4个属硒低积聚品种。     

叶面喷硒对糯玉米生理特性及子粒硒含量的影响

采用2因素裂区设计,对4个糯玉米品种在5个供硒水平下的不同生理指标及子粒硒含量进行比较研究。结果表明,60 g/hm2的叶面喷硒处理不仅显著提高糯玉米过氧化物酶(POD)活性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,还能有效提高糯玉米叶片中叶绿素含量,在该处理浓度下4个品种子粒硒含量与对照相比均极显著增加。品种、浓度单一及其互作对子粒硒含量的影响均存在显著差异,各因素对总变异的贡献表现为处理浓度>品种>品种×处理浓度。与不喷硒处理相比,4个品种的子粒硒平均含量分别提高118.0545、139.3179、162.9583和87.1647μg/kg。综合考虑生理特性和子粒硒含量,确定选用CTN1965和JN20作为富硒品种,两个品种推荐叶面喷硒浓度分别为60~61.5529 g/hm2和60~78.8770 g/hm^2,在61.5529、78.8770 g/hm^2阈值下,两个品种子粒硒平均含量可达300μg/kg的安全上限。     

甜玉米富硒栽培技术研究

以不同方法在甜玉米上施用硒,对子粒中硒及其他营养物质含量、生长发育、生理指标、产量等进行分析。结果表明,施硒可显著提高甜玉米子粒的硒含量,增幅达20%～1880%;蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉、子粒可溶性糖和茎秆含糖量均有增加趋势;各处理的产量构成因素和生物产量没有较大差异;对光合速率有明显的促进作用,叶绿素含量有所增加。说明施硒不仅能改善甜玉米品质,还具有一定的生理作用。     

河北省冬小麦硒的含量及其富硒技术研究

为给富硒小麦生产提供理论依据,采用大田取样、盆栽试验和田间试验方法,同时结合室内分析,研究了河北省冬小麦硒的含量及小麦富硒施肥技术。结果表明：（1）河北省冬小麦含硒量变化范围为0.010~0.222 mg·kg^-1,其中46.67%的冬小麦缺硒,35.00%的冬小麦轻度缺硒,正常含硒量的小麦仅占18.33%;（2）通过土壤施硒和叶面喷硒可有效地提高冬小麦籽粒的含硒量,达到富硒小麦的要求,而浸种只能作为一种辅助措施。以亚硒酸钠作硒肥,生产富硒小麦的土壤施硒量以0.10~0.25 mg Se·kg^-1为宜;叶面喷硒的适宜浓度为40 mg Se·L^-1,每公顷用液量750 kg,以小麦抽穗至灌浆初期进行喷洒效果较好。因此,建议在河北省的土壤和气候条件下,生产富硒小麦的土壤适宜施硒量为225~562.5 g·hm^-2,叶面喷硒的适宜施硒量为30 g·hm^-2。     

不同蛋白质含量大豆品种氮素积累、分配和运转规律研究

以3个籽粒产量相近但蛋白质含量差别较大的大豆品种为材料,分析了分枝期后不同器官的氮素积累、分配和运转规律及其对籽粒蛋白质含量的影响.结果表明:结荚前品种之间氮素含量和积累量差别不大,结荚后高蛋白大豆营养器官(叶片、茎秆和叶柄)的氮素含量除个别时期外(叶柄第7周)都高于普通大豆,说明营养器官较高的氮素含量及长时间保持较高...     

Variation among Rice Cultivars in Root Acidification and Its Relation to Cadmium Uptake

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic pollutants, which can easily enter into food chain through cereal. Excessive intake of Cd by human body may damage kidney and has several other chronic effects [1]. Though plants do not require Cd for growth and development, but the bioaccumulation index of Cd in plants is high and may exceed many essential elements [2]. Moreover, Cd may pose a risk to human and animal health at plant tissue concentrations that are not generally phytotoxic [3]. Therefore…     

Regional Differences in the Concentration of Water-soluble N in Immature Seeds of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

Abstract

Four vegetable-type soybean (edamame) cultivars and four grain-type cultivars were cultivated in four prefectures, Iwate, Akita, Yamagata, and Fukushima in Japan. Concentrations of water-soluble N in immature seeds tended to be higher in vegetable-type soybean seeds than in grain-type soybean seeds in all four cultivation areas. However, immature seeds of a grain-type cultivar, Higomusume, which has a small grain size, had higher concentrations of water-soluble N comparable to those in immature seeds of edamame cultivars in all four cultivation areas. This suggests that the concentration of water-soluble N in some grain-type cultivars is determined mainly by genetic characteristics of cultivars. Higomusume may be an important genetic resource for further studies on the synthesis and/or accumulation of storage substances in immature grains.     

不同磷效率大豆干物质积累、光合生理特性及产量的研究

利用不同磷效率基因型大豆品种,采用盆栽控制磷供应量,探讨其同化物积累及光合生理特性与产量性状的差异。结果表明:磷高效品种在低高磷处理下,相对干物质量比较高,能达0.9左右,而磷低效品种多在0.6左右;在低磷处理下,磷高效品种的净光合速率Pn均大于高磷处理,磷低效品种则小于高磷处理;高磷处理使气孔导度Cond、胞间CO2浓度(C i)、蒸腾速率(Tr)增加;低磷处理加强大豆叶片水分利用率(WUE);磷高效品种低高磷处理下产量比在0.9左右,磷低效品种仅为0.62。因此,可以将低高磷下干物质量比和产量比作为筛选不同磷效率基因型大豆的指标。     

Leaf and seed micronutrient accumulation in soybean cultivars in response to integrated organic and chemical fertilizers application

Plant nutrients can be influenced by organic materials of soils. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic amendments on elements uptake by soybean cultivars in a silty loam soil in Mazandaran province, Iran. The experiment was carried out in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2006. Main plots were included 8 fertilizer treatments consisted of 20 and 40 Mg ha(-1) Municipal Solid Waste Compost (MSW), Vermicompost (VC) and Sewage Sludge (SS) which enriched with 50% chemical fertilizers needed by soil, only chemical fertilizer treatment and control. Sub plots consisted of three genotypes of soybean (032, 033 and JK). Grain yield was determined and soybean leaves and seeds were digested and analyzed for Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe. Results showed that yield and elements content in soybean leaves and seeds (Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe) were influenced by all treatments. The 40 Mg ha(-1) of sewage sludge enriched with chemical fertilizers produced maximum grain yield. Different soybean cultivars had also significant differences in terms of leaf and seed micronutrients accumulation. Maximum grain yield was observed in JK and 033. Mean comparisons showed that interaction effects of fertilizer and cultivar had significant differences on Mn, Cu and Fe content in soybean leaves, so that the maximum Cu content was observed in 032 cultivars with 40 Mg ha(-1) enriched sewage sludge and municipal waste compost. Also the highest amount of Fe was obtained for JK cultivar when the 40 Mg ha(-1) of municipal compost was used. Among different mentioned traits, Fe and Cu content in leaf and seed and Zn content in leaf had a positive and significant correlation with grain yield.     

Relationship between Deep Root Distribution and Root Penetration Capacity Estimated by Pot Experiments with a Paraffin and Vaseline Layer for Landraces and Recent Cultivars of Wheat

Root growth into deep soil is an important factor for stable production in wheat under drought conditions. Root penetrating capacity (RP) shown by pot experiments with a paraffin-Vaseline layer (PV layer) may be a useful indicator estimating deep rooting ability of wheat genotypes. Previously, we identified genotypes of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) and bread wheat (T. aestivum L.) with diverse RP by the pot experiments. In this study, we investigated the root distribution of three Ethiopian landraces of durum wheat with high RP, three recent cultivars of durum wheat with low RP and one Japanese cultivar of bread wheat ‘Haruyutaka’ with low RP using: (1) pots with a PV layer, (2) root boxes, (3) artificial field and (4) a normal field to analyze the relationship between RP estimated by pot experiment and root development in the field. In the pot experiments, RP was evaluated by the number of roots penetrating through the PV layer (NRP). In the root-box and field experiments, the root distribution was evaluated by the number of roots on the vertical surface of soil as the root frequency (RF: root number cm-¹ soil surface). Ethiopian landraces had a significantly larger NRP than recent cultivars in the pot experiment. The root box and field experiments showed that Ethiopian landraces tended to have a higher RF than recent cultivars in deep soil layer. We concluded that RP estimated by pot experiments with a PV layer is a useful indicator of deep rooting ability under field conditions.     

大豆连作微量元素营养研究：Ⅰ.连作对锌营养的影响

本文通过田间与盆栽对比试验及室内分析相结合的方法,研究了大豆连作胁迫下,土壤与植株锌营养变化特征。结果表明：不同生育期中各连作年限土壤有效锌总体高于正茬,但连作大豆植株吸收积累的锌却低于正茬,这种差异在大豆营养关键期“盛花－结荚－鼓粒期”表现极明显。     

三种蔬菜在2种硒含量土壤中对硒锌铅镉吸收规律的研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了叶用芥菜、大蒜和雍菜在富硒和低硒土壤中对硒和重金属(Pb、Cd、Zn)的吸收规律。结果表明:在富硒土壤中,大蒜、芥菜和雍菜各部位硒含量均高于低硒土壤的处理,其中,根部和可食部位分别是低硒土壤的1.6~2.6倍和1.1~4.5倍。3种蔬菜在两种土壤上的可食部位硒含量都表现出大蒜(0.029~0.143 mg/kg)芥菜(0.007~0.016 mg/kg)雍菜(0.002~0.007 mg/kg)的趋势,其中富硒土壤中大蒜和芥菜硒含量达到富硒标准(≥0.01mg/kg)。3种蔬菜的根部或鳞茎部位的硒含量均显著高于各自的茎或叶部位。蔬菜重金属含量与土壤重金属本底值呈正相关。3种蔬菜对Pb、Cd、Zn的吸收能力不同,植株的Pb含量高低顺序为雍菜芥菜大蒜,Cd含量高低顺序为大蒜芥菜雍菜,Zn含量高低顺序为芥菜大蒜雍菜,且在蔬菜不同部位的累积顺序均为根茎、叶。因此,生产安全且富硒蔬菜,需选择硒富集能力强且重金属吸收能力较低的蔬菜种类。本研究的结果表明,供试的3种蔬菜中,大蒜和芥菜具有较高的硒富集能力,可作为富硒蔬菜生产。     

Effects of cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) on the botanical composition of mixed swards

The effect of five cultivars of Festuca arundinacea on the botanical composition of mixed swards (with Dactylis glomerata and Trifolium repens singly and combined) at two soil fertility levels (moderate fertilizer application and no application) were examined. Shoot and root morphological characteristics of seedlings in each cultivar were also examined under pot conditions.
Although there was little difference in the total biomass of the three mixed swards between cultivars, the cultivars showed significant differences in their relative contribution to total biomass. The relative order of competitive ability between cultivars was maintained over the different soil fertility levels and different species associations.
Of the two yield components of a grass sward, tiller number and tiller size, number of tillers showed a larger response to the presence of neighbour species than mean tiller size, and thus success of F. arundinacea cultivars in mixed swards depended on the extent of reduction of number of tillers caused by the neighbour species of mixtures. The least competitive cultivar had the smallest seeds and shortest roots.