非洲香蕉和大蕉产销概况

非洲是全球重要的香蕉和大蕉产出地。2009年非洲香蕉总产约为世界的12.6%;大蕉总产约为世界的81%。两者合计非洲香蕉和大蕉总产约为世界的28%。尤其在非洲撒哈拉边缘,大蕉占了当地大约1亿居民主食的四分之一。非洲香蕉和大蕉主生产区主要分布在非洲东部、西部和中部。东部非洲各国香蕉总产大约为780万t,平均每公顷香蕉产出仅6.7t;大蕉总产大约为1 400万t;香蕉产量上乌干达、卢旺达,坦桑尼亚,肯尼亚分别为前4名;大蕉产量方面,坦桑尼亚,布隆迪、乌干达、肯尼亚分别为前4名。西部非洲各个国家香蕉总产大约为92万t;大蕉总产大约为840万t;香蕉产量上科特迪瓦、几内亚、利比里亚、加纳分别为前4名;大蕉产量方面加纳、尼日利亚、科特迪瓦、几内亚分别为前4名。中部非洲各个国家香蕉总产大约为170万t;平均每公顷单产约7 t;大蕉总产大约为306万t;香蕉产量中安哥拉、喀麦隆、刚果民主共和国、中非分别为前4名;大蕉产量方面喀麦隆、刚果民主共和国、加蓬、中非分别为前4名。尽管非洲是重要的大蕉和香蕉生产区,但只有香蕉被用于出口,目前非洲香蕉出口地主要集中在欧共体市场,占欧共体市场11%的份额,其出口长期由喀麦隆和象牙塔国家垄断,自2006年后加纳开拓了欧盟市场。     

香蕉抗枯萎病研究现状及展望

香蕉枯萎病严重影响香蕉的种植规模及产量,制约香蕉产业的发展。综述香蕉枯萎病的症状与传播途径、香蕉抗枯萎病机理、抗病基因挖掘及防治措施等国内外研究现状,并对该病的进一步研究进行展望。     

球囊霉属3种AM真菌对香蕉枯萎病的影响

以巴西蕉(Musa AAA Giant Cavendish cv.Baxi)试管苗为材料,在温室盆栽条件下研究了丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza,AM)真菌Glomus mosseae(Nicol.&Gerd.)Gerdemann、G.aggregatum(Schenck&Smith)Koske和G.etunicatum Becker&Gerdemann对香蕉枯萎病(fusarium wilt of banana)的影响。结果表明:巴西蕉植株的菌根侵染率为23.13%~44.72%,接种AM真菌促进了巴西蕉植株的营养生长,显著地增加地上部分和根系的干重,显著减少根际土壤周围镰刀菌数量,对植株的株高、叶片数和叶片长度略有提高;降低香蕉枯萎病发病率和病情指数,从而减轻香蕉枯萎病的危害。单接种AM真菌显著促进巴西蕉植株地上和根部分P和K含量和吸收量;与单接种镰刀菌的植株相比,双接种混合AM真菌与镰刀菌处理能显著提高植株地上部分P的含量和吸收量及根系部分K的含量和吸收量。结果还表明,混合接种剂的生长防病效果好于单一接种剂。     

一株抗香蕉枯萎病DSE菌株的筛选鉴定及抗病机理初探

通过平皿和盆栽共生对抗法,筛选到1株对香蕉枯萎病具有防治作用的深色有隔内生真菌L-14,2种方法的防效分别达到72.4%和56.5%,接种该菌株可显著提高香蕉幼苗的鲜重。形态观察和28S r DNA序列比对分析结果表明,该菌株为裂壳菌(Schizothecium sp.)。使用该菌株浸根处理接种香蕉苗后,植株系列抗氧化保护酶如苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性均显著高于对照,而菌株L-14与香蕉枯萎病菌混合接种处理样品的PPO和SOD活性显著高于单独接种处理,表明接种该生防菌能增强香蕉的抗氧化防护系统,提高其对香蕉枯萎病的抗性。     

抗病品种在香蕉枯萎病绿色防控上的应用

为了有效防治土传性香蕉枯萎病,在田间进行了抗病品种和微生物菌剂(肥)的筛选和应用。结果表明,种植不同的香蕉抗病品种对枯萎病的防治效果存在显著差异,其中种植粉杂1号和贡蕉的防效最好,分别为78.62%和72.41%。而施用微生物菌剂和生物有机肥对香蕉枯萎病也均表现出较好的防治效果,其防效分别为87.51%和77.51%。在此基础上提出以种植抗病品种和应用防病微生物菌剂(肥)为主的病害综合防控技术,并进行应用示范。3个示范片连续3年对病害的总体防控效果达90%以上,从而有效控制了香蕉枯萎病的为害,同时减少了香蕉产量的损失。     

A disease survey of Fusarium wilt and Alternaria blight on sweet potato in South Africa

A disease survey was conducted on sweet potato in the major production areas of South Africa in 2006-2008 to determine the importance of wilt disease (WD) and Alternaria blight (AB) caused by Alternaria bataticola. The disease prevalence, incidence and severity were assessed for both WD and AB in 58 sweet potato fields in seven provinces, and included both commercial and resource-poor growers. The prevalence of WD in commercial fields was significantly higher than in resource-poor fields; while disease incidence and severity were very low in both commercial and resource-poor fields. Soil pH showed a moderate negative linear correlation to WD severity. WD is at present considered a minor disease of sweet potato in South Africa, although local outbreaks can be damaging. AB had very low disease prevalence, incidence and severity levels in both commercial and resource-poor fields countrywide. However, one of the fields had moderately high disease incidence and severity levels, showing that the disease can be destructive if not controlled. AB should be considered a potentially destructive disease of sweet potato in South Africa. Fusarium oxysporum was consistently isolated from WD plants, with F. oxysporum f. sp. batatas identified, but other formae speciales were also associated with the disease.     

Tolerance to Fusarium wilt and anthracnose diseases and changes of antioxidative activity in mycorrhizal cyclamen

Mycorrhizal associations imply a remarkable reprogramming of functions in both plant and fungal symbionts. This consequent alteration on plant physiology has a clear impact on the plant responses to biotic stress management. As a consequence, a pot experiment was conducted to study the interactions between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus fasciculatum and the two pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and subsequent effect on growth, disease tolerance and the changes in antioxidative ability in cyclamen plants under growth chamber condition were investigated. At plant maturity, inoculation with F. oxysporum and C. gloeosporioides, responsible for Fusarium wilt and anthracnose of cyclamen respectively, significantly reduced shoot and root dry weights, increased both the disease incidence percentage and showed lower antioxidative activity viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), ascorbic acid (AA) and polyphenol contents in plants. In contrast, the growth response and biomass production of cyclamen plants inoculated with AMF was significantly higher than the nonmycorrhizal control plants, both in the presence and absence of the pathogens. Mycorrhization enhanced plants to reduce the Fusarium wilt and anthracnose incidence compared to nonmycorrhizal controls. In every case, without and with pathogen association, plants inoculated with AMF increased the antioxidant (SOD, APX, AA and polyphenol) production compared to control plants. The results demonstrate that AMF have the ability to induce resistance against Fusarium wilt and anthracnose in cyclamen by increasing the antioxidative activity in plants, which promoted plant growth, biomass production and drastically reduced the disease incidence in cyclamen.     

香蕉枯萎病生防微生物产品的功效限制因子

由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型引起的香蕉枯萎病，是目前香蕉产业发展中的限制因子，采用生物防治的方法是目前非常有潜力的防控手段。生防微生物的效果主要与土壤水分、作为活菌制剂的微生物种类和性质、生防微生物在土壤中短期定殖影响因素、生防微生物长期定殖影响因素有关。采用茎叶滴注的方法进行香蕉内生芽胞杆菌接种或辅以适当的载体，和保水微生物一起混合接种到香蕉根围，可以有效防控香蕉枯萎病。     

Control of Fusarium wilt of carnation using organic amendments combined with soil solarization,and report of associated Fusarium species in southern Spain

Fusarium wilt is a disease that restricts carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) yield worldwide. Efficacies in reducing the Fusarium wilt of carnation (FWC), of various types of organic amendments (fresh or pelletized poultry manure, pelletized Brassica carinata and olive residue compost) combined with soil solarization, were compared in two biennial field trials conducted in a greenhouse with a history of carnation monoculture over 8 years. Soil treatments combining organic amendments and soil solarization significantly reduced disease incidence (86–99%) and increased the number of commercial carnation stems by 5–9 times compared to non-treated plots. Twenty-one Fusarium spp. isolates, with different colony morphologies were recovered from soil samples taken in the greenhouse, before the application of treatments in June 2013. Nineteen of them were morphological and molecularly characterized. Additionally, two pathogenicity tests with 17 isolates recovered from greenhouse soils and two isolates recovered from organic amendments were performed. Fusarium species associated with carnation cultivation were identified as Fusarium oxysporum (43%), Fusarium proliferatum (24%), and Fusarium solani (33%). The phylogenetic analysis of the translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1α) region distinguished highly aggressive isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, from low aggressive isolates. The pathogenicity tests showed that FWC has a complex etiology, with several Fusarium spp. identified as causal agents. F. proliferatum and F. solani are associated with carnation wilt for the first time in Spain.     

香蕉枯萎病致病分子机理与防治研究进展

香蕉枯萎病是一种由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型引起的土传毁灭性病害,一直严重危害世界香蕉生产,从而引起广泛关注和深入研究,但其致病机理到目前还不清楚。本文综述了香蕉枯萎病菌侵染寄主的过程、致病毒素的成分分析、致病相关基因、香蕉的抗病性和枯萎病防治等方面的研究进展,为全面、深入地揭示香蕉枯萎病致病的分子机理和开展新的防治途径提供研究方向和思路上的启发。     

8种香蕉种质对枯萎病的抗性比较与分析

采用室内接菌、病区种植的方法,研究8种香蕉种质对香蕉枯萎病4号生理小种 （Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4, Foc 4）的抗性水平,评价其抗性级别。苗期抗性评价结果表明：GCTCV-119、GCTCV-217为高抗;桂蕉9号、GCTCV-218为抗;GCTCV-105、GCTCV-215为中抗;桂蕉1号为感;巴西蕉为高感。田间抗性评价结果为：GCTCV-119、GCTCV-217为高抗;GCTCV-215为抗;GCTCV-105、桂蕉9号、GCTCV-218为中抗;桂蕉1号、巴西蕉为高感。连续种植3年,桂蕉9号、GCTCV-218的发病率呈下降趋势,GCTCV-105发病率较稳定,发病率保持在9.7%~12.0%,所有抗病品种（系）宿根3年后,根据相对发病率评价均表现为抗;而感病品种桂蕉1号及巴西蕉发病率则逐年上升,宿根蕉发病率均在98.2%~100%。     

拮抗菌XB16在香蕉体内的定殖及对抗病相关酶活性的影响

XB16(Bacillus subtilis)是分离自香蕉根部组织的芽孢杆菌,该菌株对香蕉枯萎病有显著的拮抗作用。为进一步研究XB16在香蕉体内的定殖情况及对抗病相关酶活性的影响,通过浓度梯度诱导法,获得在含有300μg/mL利福平的NA培养基上稳定生长且对病原菌拮抗能力保持不变的XB16突变株。在温室条件下采用3种不同的接种方法,研究XB16在香蕉体内的定殖动态。结果表明,采用伤根淋菌液法和灌根法接种,XB16均能在香蕉体内定殖和传导,显示出该菌株在香蕉体内有较好的定殖能力。两种接种方法中,定殖菌数量在香蕉各组织中的消长动态均表现为先增长后缓慢下降;但是采用喷雾法接种XB16后在香蕉各组织中没有检测到标记菌,说明该接种方法不能使XB16在香蕉体内定殖。灌根法接种XB16后取香蕉假茎组织测定了香蕉体内抗病相关酶的活性。结果表明,拮抗菌株处理后过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)均比接种病原菌和清水对照明显提高,PPO和POD酶活最高峰分别出现在接种后第5天和第7天。两种酶在接种后的第15天仍保持较高活性,推测诱导抗性是XB16菌株的防病机制之一。     

香蕉嗜铁内生细菌BEB99的分离鉴定及其抗病促生能力评价

从健康的香蕉根组织内分离获得一株对香蕉枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense）有拮抗作用的内生细菌菌株BEB99，经形态学、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列同源性分析等方面的研究，鉴定该菌为劳尔氏菌（Ralstonia sp.）。铁载体检测结果发现，该菌株属于极高产铁载体菌株。盆栽试验结果表明，该菌株对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果达62.52％，并对香蕉植株具有显著的促生作用。     

3个不同香蕉抗病品种（系）的农艺性状及产量初步比较

香蕉枯萎病是引起香蕉产业全球毁灭性的病害,目前尚未有有效、彻底的根治方法,培育抗病品种是防治枯萎病的重要措施之一。本研究对3个香蕉抗病新品种（系）进行比较试验,调查了其生物学特性、农艺性状、产量及发病率。结果表明,‘南天黄’和‘桂抗2号’之间差异不显著,与‘中蕉9号’差异显著。‘南天黄’的生育期最短为383 d、‘桂抗2号’为393 d、‘中蕉9号’生育期最长,达447 d;‘南天黄’和‘桂抗2号’的农艺性状差异不显著,株型较矮,平均假茎高度分别为285 cm和298 cm,‘中蕉9号’假茎高平均为340 cm;‘南天黄’和‘桂抗2号’的果指数为21个左右,果型类似‘巴西蕉’且大小适中,‘中蕉9号’果指数为16个,果型直、大;‘中蕉9号’产量最高,平均单穗重24.9 kg,‘南天黄’株单穗重接近‘桂抗2号’,分别为23.5 kg和23.2 kg;试验中,‘南天黄’没有发病,发病率为0,‘桂抗2号’发病率为0.6%,‘中蕉9号’发病率为4.7%。综上所述,‘南天黄’和‘桂抗2号’更适合作为抗病品种（系）,可进一步展开大面积示范工作。     

Cultivation offers effective management of subterranean clover damping‐off and root disease

Soil cultivation studies involving subterranean clover pastures were undertaken utilizing field cores from five farms and two in‐field trials. Tap and lateral root disease in cores was less (p < .001) severe and root and shoot weights greater (p < .001) following simulated cultivation. Germination and severity of root disease were both affected (p < .005) by three‐way interactions with cultivation, cultivar and field site. Cultivation in cores suppressed tap root disease for cultivars Meteora and Riverina across the five sites and Seaton Park for two sites. In‐field trials confirmed cultivation reduces root disease severity and increases germination and plant productivity. The best in‐field treatment was cultivation + fumigation that reduced (p < .05) tap and lateral root disease and increased nodulation and root and shoot weights for Riverina, Seaton Park and Woogenellup. Cultivation + fumigation also increased (p < .05) germination for Woogenellup and Seaton Park. There were negative correlations (all p < .001) between tap and lateral root disease with nodulation (R² = .85, R² = .58, respectively); tap root disease with root and shoot weight (R² = .58, R² = .854, respectively); and lateral root disease with root and shoot weight (R² = .83, R² = .64 respectively). This study highlights the close relationship between severe root disease and reduced nodulation, likely explaining much of the widespread poor nodulation in subterranean clover pastures. This study confirms that damping‐off and root disease can be mitigated by cultivation, offering producers flexibility in disease management, especially where autumn–winter feed shortages occur on a regular basis.     

Efficacy of chloropicrin application by drip irrigation in controlling the soil-borne diseases of greenhouse pepper on commercial farms in Poland

Three demonstration experiments were conducted on commercial greenhouse farms to assess the efficacy of chloropicrin (CP), applied by drip irrigation, in controlling Verticillium wilt and root rot disease complex of bell pepper, in comparison with dazomet at 40 g m⁻². Chloropicrin was applied through drip irrigation system at 20, 30 and 40 g m⁻² of emulsified commercial formulation. The concentration of CP in water was constant, and the required doses were obtained by delivering different amounts of the irrigation water per area unit (from 12.5 to 33 mm). The highest mean efficacy in reducing the inoculum density of Verticillium dahliae in the soil at all locations was obtained after CP application at 30 and 40 g m⁻², about 85 and 86%, respectively. The number of viable microsclerotia recovered from the soil on the day of pepper planting was significantly correlated with the final incidence of Verticillium wilt disease (r = 0.962). The highest mean efficacy in controlling Verticillium wilt of pepper (86.4%) was obtained after soil treatment with CP at 40 g m⁻², and ranged from 80.2 to 95.6%. The yield was stronger correlated with root rot severity (r = −0.849**) than with progression of Verticillium wilt, expressed by AUDPC (r = −0.651**). The dominant soil-borne pathogen responsible for pepper root rot was Colletotrichum coccodes. All chemical treatments provided a significant reduction in root rot severity compared to the untreated control. On-thefarm evaluation revealed that soil fumigation with drip-applied chloropicrin presents a feasible option for pepper growers.     

壳青霉超高压处理后致死效果研究

研究超高压压力100～500 MPa处理10 min和400 MPa处理0～15 min对壳青霉杀菌效果的影响,并对处理后的壳青霉进行菌落总数测定、扫描电镜观察和紫外吸收检测,探讨超高压对茶叶中分离出的壳青霉致死效果.结果表明,处理压力和处理时间是超高压致死壳青霉的显著影响因子,且处理压力和处理时间对菌落总数的影响基本符合Logistic回归方程.500 MPa以上的压力处理10 min或者400 MPa处理12 min以上可基本杀灭壳青霉;超高压处理使壳青霉菌丝和孢子细胞壁破裂,胞内物质外溢.     

海洋细菌AiL3菌株防治香蕉枯萎病研究

采用室内盆栽和大田小区试验对海洋细菌AiL3菌株防治香蕉枯萎病作用及对香蕉的促生效果进行测定.结果表明:菌株处理后盆栽试验和大田试验中的香蕉苗叶片数、株高、光合速率和蒸腾速率等均明显高于对照;AiL3菌株盆栽试验处理6个月后对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果达100％,大田小区试验菌株处理8个月后对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果分别为72.71％和46.32％.表明AiL3菌株对香蕉植株有一定的防病促生作用.     

酸性土壤改良剂与生防制剂协同防控香蕉枯萎病的效果

将酸性土壤改良剂分别与生防制剂结合,通过温室盆栽试验研究其防控香蕉枯萎病的效果。酸性土壤改良剂分别与放线菌菌剂处理(Act A)和生物有机肥处理(BIOA)的协同防效(61.1%和58.3%)均高于单独施用酸性土壤改良剂(ASA)(49.7%)、放线菌菌剂(Act)(55.6%)和生物有机肥(BIO)的处理(52.8%)。至试验结束时,各处理土壤的p H值显著高于对照(CK)(p0.05);Act和BIO处理显著降低了香蕉根际尖孢镰刀菌数量(p0.05);Act A和BIOA处理能显著提高香蕉根际细菌和放线菌数量并降低真菌数量。各处理显著促进香蕉生长,且能提高土壤有机质、有机碳、全氮、速效钾含量和电导率。结果表明,酸性土壤改良剂和生防制剂可有效协同防控香蕉枯萎病。     

Temporal progress and control of tomato spotted wilt virus in flue-cured tobacco

Tomato spotted wilt virus causes tomato spotted wilt (TSW), a disease that results in economic losses on several crops including tobacco in the southeastern United States. The effect of imidacloprid (IMD) applied as a pre-transplant soil drench alone, in combination with acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), or followed by a foliar application of ASM immediately after transplanting on TSW incidence and severity on tobacco was quantified in studies conducted in North Carolina from 2006 to 2008. Pre-transplant IMD application in combination with ASM provided the greatest reduction in TSW incidence and severity; however other treatments provided economically efficacious controls when TSW incidence was <30% in a field. From these results, TSW incidence was classified as Low (<10%), Moderate (11-20%), High (21-30%), or Very High (>30%), classes corresponding to different control recommendations, and subsequently used for modeling temporal TSW progress in a field. The temporal progress of TSW was modeled with data collected from 23 tobacco fields in North Carolina from 2006 to 2008. Cumulative degree-days (DD) and the average class of TSW incidence observed in a field for 5 seasons before the one that data were collected were significant variables (P < 0.05) for explaining the temporal progress of TSW incidence. DD based on four temperature thresholds (10.5, 18.0, 20.0, and 26.0 °C) were investigated, resulting in four models. Models were validated with data collected in 2009 and the model in which DD were calculated based on the threshold of 10.5 °C had a higher predictability (R² = 0.70) than the other three models. The 26 °C DD model had the poorest predictability (R² = 0.33). These models are currently being validated in North Carolina and the other flue-cured production states of the southeast United States as a tool for implementing disease control recommendations.