灌浆成熟期粳稻抗倒伏性和茎鞘化学成分含量的动态变化

分析了不同抗倒类型的粳稻品种灌浆成熟过程中茎鞘抗倒伏性和化学成分含量的动态变化。结果表明,不同抗倒类型品种茎鞘的钾、硅和可溶性糖等总量差异很大,与钾和可溶性糖总量相比,硅总量的差异较大。随着籽粒灌浆进程,不同抗倒类型品种的茎秆物理强度和最大承载量均逐渐变小,到成熟期为最小,尤其是茎秆物理强度到蜡熟期开始迅速变小,但茎的钾、硅含量和总量及叶鞘的硅含量逐渐增加,出现沉积现象,而叶鞘的钾含量和总量及硅总量逐渐减少,呈输出迹象。除齐穗期茎的钾总量外,灌浆不同时期茎秆物理强度与茎的钾总量和硅总量均呈极显著正相关;茎秆物理强度与齐穗期和乳熟期茎的可溶性糖总量,与齐穗期叶鞘的硅总量和可溶性糖总量,与齐穗期和乳熟期的钾总量呈极显著或显著正相关,灌浆各时期穗部最大承载量与茎秆物理强度均呈极显著正相关。说明提高灌浆前期的茎鞘可溶性糖总量,以及通过追施硅肥增加植株硅总量有利于提高水稻抗倒伏能力。     

水稻秸秆还田和耕作方式对小麦抗倒伏能力的影响

为了解水稻秸秆还田与耕作方式对小麦抗倒伏能力的调节作用,分析了不同耕作方式(免耕、旋耕、浅翻耕、深翻耕)下水稻秸秆还田后小麦茎秆基部第1至第4节间主要物理性状及抗倒性的变化.结果表明,水稻秸秆还田后小麦株高降低,茎秆节间变短,基部节间茎秆抗折力增强,花后倒伏指数降低,抗倒性提高,尤以深翻耕处理表现最好;茎秆基部节间茎壁加厚,茎秆干重增加,充实度提高,从而增强了茎秆抗折力.     

钾硅肥配施对胡麻茎秆碳水化合物及抗倒性的影响

为明确钾硅肥施用对胡麻茎秆碳水化合物主要成分含量及抗倒伏特性的影响,探讨钾硅肥运筹调控胡麻茎秆抗倒伏能力的机制,选用裂区试验设计进行了研究,以两个品种为主处理,三个K2O钾肥用量(K0:不施钾;K1:52.5 kg/hm2;K2:105 kg/hm2)为副处理,两个SiO2硅肥用量(Si0:不施硅;Si1:90 kg/...     

旱种水稻倒伏生理原因分析与对策的初步研究

以籼型杂交稻汕优63和粳稻9516为材料,研究了旱种水稻倒伏的原因。结果表明：旱种水稻的倒伏率明显高于常规水种水稻,使得产量较水种水稻明显下降。旱种水稻基部节间充实程度(秆壁厚度、单位长度节间重量)、茎秆厚壁组织细胞壁和表皮硅质层厚度、基部节间可用性糖含量及植株的生理活性［剑叶叶绿素含量、根系氧化力、细胞分裂素(玉米素+玉米素核苷)含量］均不及常规水种水稻。施用硅、钾肥能提高旱种水稻植株的生理活性,增加抽穗期和成熟期基部节间可用性糖的贮存,增加茎秆厚壁组织细胞壁及表皮硅质层的厚度,提高茎秆基部节间充实程度,增强抗倒伏能力,最终提高旱种水稻的产量。孕穗期去1/2叶,结果则相反。表明由于旱种水稻早衰(植株生理活性低),影响了水稻基部节间的充实,造成旱种水稻发生倒伏。还就旱种水稻倒伏机理及对策进行了讨论。     

硅肥对优质稻产量、品质及抗倒伏性的影响

研究不同硅肥水平对优质稻产量、品质及抗倒伏性的影响,以期为优质稻生产和产业发展提供科技支撑。以优质杂交水稻新组合野香优2号为材料,设4个硅肥水平,分别为0 kg/hm²(Si0)、48 kg/hm²(Si1)、60 kg/hm²(Si2)和72kg/hm²(Si3),成熟期测定产量性状、稻米品质和抗倒性指标。结果表明,施用硅肥有利于增加单位面积有效穗数、每穗粒数及结实率,进而提高产量,其中Si2处理的产量最高(8 835.08 kg/hm²),较Si0增产5.36%;施用硅肥能显著提高糙米率和整精米率,降低垩白度,其中Si2和Si3处理效果最佳,米质等级为达到部颁标准2级;施用硅肥还能显著降低株高和茎秆基部节间长度,增加茎粗及茎壁厚度,进而提升水稻茎秆折断弯矩、降低水稻倒伏指数,其中,Si2处理的茎秆折断弯矩最大(1 561.1 g·cm),较Si0处理增加22.6%,Si2处理的倒伏指数最低(113.0%),较Si0处理下降16.7个百分点。总之,返青后增施水溶性硅肥60 k...     

施硅对超级杂交稻抗倒性的影响

研究了超级杂交稻准两优527、两优0293在3种不同的施硅水平下生育后期的抗倒伏能力、抗倒形态及生理性状指标变化情况,结果表明:施硅对提高超级杂交稻的抗倒伏能力作用明显,其中以施用中量硅肥的处理(施五水偏硅酸钠300 kg/hm2)效果较好;两优0293的抗倒伏能力在各时期均明显强于准两优527;超级杂交稻生育后期随生育进程的后移,单株抗折力明显下降,倒伏指数明显上升,降低株高、单株生物量和茎鞘物质输出率,增加茎鞘干重有利于提高超级杂交稻生育后期的抗倒伏能力,降低倒伏风险.     

玉米倒伏及其对产量的影响

采用试验与生产调查相结合的方法,分析倒伏玉米植株性状表现及对产量的影响,研究种植密度、品种选择和氮钾肥对玉米抗倒伏的影响。结果表明,不同品种间抗倒伏能力存在显著差异,株高和穗位高不能作为评价品种抗倒伏能力强弱的主要指标,茎秆基部节间粗和长粗比值小的品种具有较强的抗茎折能力;随着密度的提高,植株的抗倒伏能力下降;氮钾肥配施能有效提高茎秆的抗倒伏能力。玉米吐丝1周后倒伏品种的穗粒数、千粒重、穗粒重分别降低19.4%～30.2%、29.6%～31.8%、45.0%～50.8%。     

立丰灵对粳稻抗倒性及产量和品质的影响

以优质粳稻品种稻花香2号为材料,研究了立丰灵对其抗倒伏能力及产量和品质的影响.结果表明,在拔节前10 d叶面喷施立丰灵能显著降低株高,不同程度缩短基部3个节间长度、增加茎粗及茎鞘中可溶性糖和钾、硅含量,显著增加茎秆基部各节间的抗折力,从而提高茎秆的抗倒伏能力,而且能提高产量,且对稻米品质没有不良影响.     

不同炭硅处理对水稻抗倒伏特性和产量的影响

以越光品种为试验材料,研究了生物炭与硅肥配施对水稻抗倒伏特性、茎秆强度、化学物质含量、酶活性的影响及相互关系。结果表明,花生壳生物炭与硅肥配施显著降低了水稻节长,增加了茎粗,进而降低了水稻的倒伏指数和倒伏面积率,并提高了茎秆中的淀粉、木质素和纤维素含量及木质素关键酶活性。其中,7.5 t/hm²生物炭与45 kg/hm²硅肥基施、叶面喷施0.02%硅肥的处理表现最优,该处理显著增强了越光的抗倒伏性,第1、第2和第3节的倒伏指数分别比对照下降36.42%、30.19%和26.83%,并实现了增产。相关分析表明,水稻的倒伏指数、倒伏面积率与茎秆强度呈极显著负相关;茎秆中淀粉、纤维素和木质素含量与茎秆强度呈显著或极显著正相关,与倒伏指数和倒伏面积率呈显著或极显著负相关;木质素含量与PAL、TAL、4CL和CAD等酶的活性呈显著正相关。研究结果可为优质水稻越光的抗倒伏栽培提供科学依据和技术支持。     

不同施肥水平条件下水稻抗倒伏研究

氮肥、钾肥、硅肥的不同用量对水稻主茎基部Ⅰ、Ⅱ节间长度、重心高度均产生影响,其中增施氮肥不利于水稻抗倒伏,增施钾肥和硅肥有利于水稻抗倒伏。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。