高氨基酸和高茶氨酸茶树资源筛选

为筛选高氨基酸和高茶氨酸茶树资源及探究茶树中茶氨酸与氨基酸含量之间的关系,本研究利用茚三酮显色法结合酶标仪检测技术测定218份茶树资源春季一芽二叶蒸青样的氨基酸含量,利用高效液相色谱法测定了其茶氨酸含量。结果表明,218份资源的氨基酸含量介于1.50%~8.98%之间,其中高氨基酸茶树资源(氨基酸含量≥5%)55份;茶氨酸含量介于0%~4.03%之间,其中高茶氨酸茶树资源(茶氨酸含量≥3%)13份,不含茶氨酸的茶树资源4份;茶氨酸与氨基酸含量的比值介于0~0.78之间,且集中分布于0.2~0.5之间,二者的相关性系数达0.752,呈极显著正相关。本研究筛选获得了一批氨基酸特异的茶树资源,为高氨基酸和高茶氨酸茶树新品种选育及其形成的分子机理研究奠定了基础。     

平流层辐射对谷子生长发育及后代性状的影响

平流层辐射对谷子的营养生长及后代性状的变异有显著影响。试验结果表明:经高空气球搭载的谷子,种子发芽势比对照提高21.1％,株高比对照降低6.8cm。叶片长度的生长动态呈双峰曲线,叶片长度和宽度与对照的差值由下到上呈正弦曲线,旗叶的面积、穗重均明显高于对照。SP_2分离群体中产生了各种各样具有隐性性状的突变体,SP_3大穗型株系性状相对稳定,在穗长、穗重、种子蛋白质含量和脂肪含量上表现出有选育价值的稳定变异。     

不同花生品种氮代谢相关酶活性的研究

为研究不同品种花生各器官中氮代谢酶活性的差异及与籽仁蛋白质含量间的关系,采用田间小区试验,利用高产大花生品种(花育22号)和小花生品种(白沙1016)研究了两品种不同生长发育时期植株各器官中可溶性蛋白质(Pro)含量、硝酸还原酶(NRase)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性的变化。结果表明,两粒型花生品种各器官的Protein、NRase、GS、GDH活性变化态势大致相同,但其含量的高低有异;各器官中的各指标含量均以小花生品种白沙1016较高。各器官中NRase活性随生育期的推进呈渐降趋势,籽仁中NRase活性远高于其他营养器官;两粒型品种叶片、茎和根中GS活性的变化趋势均呈单峰曲线,其峰值均出现在结荚期;叶片GDH活性以苗期较高,花针期最低,之后又迅速升高。茎和根中GDH活性均呈V字型曲线变化,根中峰谷滞后于茎,出现在饱果期,而籽仁中GDH活性成熟期略有升高。各器官中蛋白质含量与GS和GDH活性间的相关关系不明显,但与其相应器官中的NRase活性表现显著或极显著相关。     

施氮量对冬小麦蛋白质品质和面粉色泽的影响

为探明不同施氮量对小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量及蛋白质组分、面粉色泽的调控效应,明确蛋白质含量及蛋白质组分与面粉色泽间的关系,在河南郑州进行了两年2种筋力型小麦品种（郑麦366和矮抗58）不同施氮水平的定点试验。结果表明,小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和蛋白质含量均随施氮量的增加显著增加,两年结果表现一致。强筋小麦郑麦366产量和品质均提高的最佳施氮量为N 225 kg/hm2,而中筋小麦矮抗58为N 150~225 kg/hm2。蛋白质各组分随施氮量增加的变幅因品种不同存在差异。随施氮量增加两个小麦品种的面粉色泽亮度（L*值）降低,红度（a*值）增加。相关分析表明,面粉色泽亮度（L*值）与蛋白质和醇溶蛋白含量呈显著负相关（P0.05）,红度（a*值）与蛋白质及各蛋白质组分含量呈极显著正相关（P0.01）,黄度（b*值）仅与球蛋白含量呈极显著负相关（P0.01）。因此,施氮量显著影响小麦的籽粒产量和蛋白质含量,施氮量对面粉色泽的影响在不同品种和不同年度间存在差异。     

开放式空气中CO_2浓度增高（FACE）对常规粳稻蛋白质和氨基酸含量的影响

为了明确未来大气CO2浓度升高对水稻蛋白质营养品质的影响,2009年利用稻田开放式空气CO2浓度增高（FACE,FreeAirCO2 Enrichment）系统,以武运粳21、扬辐粳8号和武粳15为供试品种,研究大田生长期CO2浓度升高200μmol.mol-1对常规粳稻蛋白质营养品质的影响。结果表明：大气CO2浓度增加使所有供试品种精米蛋白质含量平均下降5.6%,使氨基酸、必需和非必需氨基酸总量平均分别下降7.6%、6.7%和7.9%,均达极显著水平。大气CO2浓度增加使供试品种精米必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量百分比显著增加,使非必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量百分比显著下降,但对精米中必需和非必需氨基酸的相对含量无显著影响。从氨基酸组分看,大气CO2浓度增加使供试品种精米中7种必需氨基酸和8种非必需氨基酸的含量均显著或极显著下降。CO2处理与品种对精米蛋白质含量、氨基酸总量、必需和非必需氨基酸总量以及部分氨基酸组分有一定的互作效应,武运粳21上述参数对高浓度CO2的响应大于扬辐粳8号或武粳15对应参数的响应。以上结果说明本世纪中叶大气中的CO2浓度将使粳稻蛋白质营养品质下降,不同品种下降幅度存在一定差异。     

锌对苦瓜叶片内源激素与氮代谢及产量的影响研究

田间试验研究不同Zn肥施用量对苦瓜产量、叶片内源激素与N代谢的影响结果表明 ,土壤缺Zn时施用硫酸锌 30～ 4 5kg/hm2 可显著提高苦瓜产量 ,增幅 16 .2 1%～ 17.16 %。施Zn可提高叶片吲哚乙酸、赤霉素、蛋白质和核酸含量及硝酸还原酶活性 ,降低叶片色氨酸、游离氨基酸和NO3 - N含量及RNase活性。叶片蛋白质与核酸、硝酸还原酶呈极显著正相关 ,而与游离氨基酸、NO3 - N含量和RNase活性呈极显著负相关 ;叶片色氨酸含量与吲哚乙酸和赤霉素含量 ,核酸含量与RNase活性均呈极显著负相关。     

普通玉米品质性状与产量性状的相关与通径分析

本文对玉米品质性状与产量性状进行了相关和通径分析,结果表明:出籽率,百枉重与淀粉含量呈显著正相关,穗粗,穗行数与淀粉含量呈显著负相关,出籽率和百粒重对淀粉含量的直接作用较重要.行柱数,单株产量与蛋白质含量呈显著正相关,它们对蛋白质含量的直接作用较重要.穗行数与油分含量呈显著正相关,穗长,百粒重与油分含量间呈极显著负相关,穗行数和行粒数对油分含量的直接作用较重要.淀粉与蛋白质、油分间呈极显著负相关,蛋白质与油分间相关不显著.     

天选系列54份冬小麦新品系产量和品质性状评价及相关性分析

以天水市农业科学研究所选育的天选系列54份冬小麦新品系为材料,研究了产量和品质性状及其相互间的关系。结果表明:穗粒数与产量极显著相关,提高冬小麦产量应从增加穗粒数入手。冬小麦新品系的蛋白质含量和沉降值普遍较高,籽粒产量与蛋白质、湿面筋含量和沉降值呈显著负相关,与其他品质性状相关不显著,提高产量可能会使品质变劣,高产与优质较难同步改良。因此,协调好穗粒数与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉降值间的关系,以增加穗粒数为切入点,可能会在获得高产的同时品质也能达到较高水平。     

甜菜硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶偶联调节的研究

以甜菜二倍体品种双丰八号为试材,研究不同的氮素形态及其配比对甜菜硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性以及甜菜块根总氮含量和蔗糖含量的影响,探讨氮素与NR及NiR之间的偶联关系。结果表明,在甜菜整个生育期间,NR、NiR活性呈双峰曲线变化,变化趋势基本一致二者偶联关系明显。块根总氮含量呈双峰曲线变化,与NRA、NiRA具有显著或极显著正相关;蔗糖含量呈单峰曲线变化,与总氮含量曲线大致互补。     

氮肥品种及施用时期对春小麦籽粒氨基酸含量的影响

在内蒙古河套与土默川地区进行田间小区试验,研究了在不同时期施用尿素、硝铵、碳铵3种形态氮肥对春小麦籽粒中氨基酸含量的影响.结果表明,在土默川地区,施氮肥后,必需氨基酸含量、酸性和碱性氨基酸含量及氨基酸总量极显著增加;河套地区氨基酸总量、赖氨酸含量显著增加,酸性和碱性氨基酸含量的增加达到极显著水平,必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的百分比降低1.64%,达到了显著水平.各种氨基酸含量在氮肥品种间的差异均不显著.氮肥后期施用可不同程度提高各类氨基酸含量,其中,氨基酸总量、酸性氨基酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、脯氨酸的增加达0.10以上显著水平.     

Characterization and Selection of Balanced Sources of Variability for Breeding Tomato (Lycopersicon) Internal Quality

Tomato breeders have hitherto selected for yield, uniformity and disease resistance rather than for internal qualities such as taste that depend on appropriate amounts and proportions of many different constituents. In order to improve internal quality it is necessary to find balanced donor parents with high contents of these individual constituents in order to develop this strategy. A methodology to evaluate all constituents together is also necessary. This work characterizes and classifies accessions of Lycopersicon to assist the selection of parents for several internal qualities. Thirty-eight accessions of L. esculentum, L. pimpinellifolium, L. hirsutum, L. pennellii and L. peruvianum have been studied, and their taste and vitamin C content characteristics have been measured. Some of the variables studied are complex since many chemical constituents are involved (pH, °Brix (SSC), titratable acidity), whereas other variables are individual constituents (vitamin C, oxalic acid, malic acid, citric acid, fructose, glucose and sucrose). Therefore, individual taste components in Lycopersicon accessions have been analysed by using precise analytical techniques (capillary zone electrophoresis) and statistical methods (principal component, cluster and GGE biplot analyses) for comparisons to be made not only among these, but also among controls (four breeding lines and one commercial hybrid). All analyses performed have allowed both for a good classification and for a selection of materials to be made. Two L. pimpinellifolium accessions are very interesting to use as donor parents in the first steps of tomato taste breeding programmes, since they are balanced and have shown three times the taste intensity of controls. Furthermore, characterization by individual constituents (citric, malic, oxalic and ascorbic acids, glucose, fructose, sucrose, etc.) has been found to be a precise tool to classify and select Lycopersicon germplasm for internal quality attributes.     

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity Among Bulgarian Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties During the Period 1925–2003 Using Microsatellites

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were used to study the genetic diversity within old and modern Bulgarian winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties released in 20th century. A set of 91 varieties were screened by 19 wheat microsatellite markers (WMS), covering 17 wheat chromosomes, and one secalin-specific marker for rye chromosome arm 1RS. A total of 136 allelic variants were detected at 22 loci, ranging from 2 to 11, with an average of 6.8 alleles per marker. For 7 markers, null alleles were detected. The occurrence of rare alleles (frequency <2%) was observed for 13 markers. The polymorphism information content (PIC) values of the markers ranged from 0.10 (WMS0165 on 4AS) to 0.81 (WMS0437 on 7DL) with an average of 0.51. Approximately 74% of the varieties, mostly non-commercial, showed heterogeneity, with an average level of 10.1%. For the majority of markers, the relative frequencies of alleles varied considerably among different groups of varieties, revealing the effects of different selection between breeding centres. Some alleles, present in old genotypes, were lost, and new alleles have been introduced into modern varieties. Genetic diversity values over different periods of release were high, starting at 0.64 for varieties developed before 1960 to reach 0.71 in 1990s, revealing no declining trends in the diversity due to breeding activity. The cluster analysis discriminated all varieties (except for two) and revealed distinct groups of old and modern varieties, released from the main breeding centres in Northern, Southern and Western Bulgaria.     

Determination of amino acids from the leaves of evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L.) at four different stages of decomposition

Summary It was established by weak ion exchange resin chromatography that 17 amino acids in proteins and 15 free amino acids account for almost all of the amino acids present in the leaves of evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L.) in four different stages of decomposition. No significant change in the amounts of these amino acids was observed in the course of decomposition. The amino acid content of evergreen oak leaves is comparable to that in pine needles and beech leaves.     

Influence of soluble carbohydrates,free amino acids,and protein content on the decomposition of Lolium multiflorum shoots

The aim of the present investigation was to determine how the chemical composition of L. multiflorum (var. Imperial) shoots influences the initial dynamic decomposition phase. Decomposition in soil was monitored by taking semicontinuous respiration measurements with a resolution of 1 h. Shoots with six different total N contents(2.0–5.2%) were compared. The carbohydrate content of the shoots decreased with increasing total N content, whereas the free amino acid and protein contents increased. Two respiration peaks were observed during the 1-week-long incubation. Comparisons of C mineralisation curves for water-extracted and whole shoots showed that the first peak was derived from water-soluble plant components. Lengths of lag phases and values of specific microbial growth rates obtained from respiration curves of sugars and amino acids implied that these substances were mineralised during the time of the first respiration peak. Amounts of CO₂-C evolved from the shoots during the first peak increased linearly as a function of the sum of the content of glucose, fructose, sucrose, fructans, and free amino acids in the shoots. The shoots with two highest N contents showed net N mineralisation during the first respiration peak, whereas at a lower N content there was net immobilisation. It was concluded that soluble carbohydrates and free amino acids were important C and energy sources for the decomposers during the time encompassed by the first respiration peak. The second peak was derived from both water-soluble and water-insoluble plant components, and the amount of C respired increased with an increasing protein content.     

低磷胁迫对不同基因型甜菜抗性生理特征的效应

选用对低磷胁迫抗性各异的3个甜菜品种:品20、品17和品14,在人工培养室内采用沙培试验法,研究了甜菜抗耐低磷胁迫的生理机制。结果表明,低磷胁迫限制了甜菜对磷的吸收,导致植株含磷量和生物产量显著下降;不同品种间差异显著,品14降幅最大,品17次之,品20最小。与足磷处理(P 100μmol/L)相比,低磷胁迫后甜菜品种间体内抗性生理特征差异显著。其中,品14和品17的丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶活性均显著增加;品20的丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量极显著下降,而过氧化物酶活性变化不显著。叶片中Mg2+-ATPase活性降低,不同品种降幅各异,从小到大依次为品20品17品14,其中品20与后两者间的差异均达显著。品20和品17体内的钙调素(CaM)含量显著增加,而品14变化不明显,其相对值从大到小依次为品20品17品14,差异显著,与品种自身抗磷胁迫能力顺序一致。不同磷素营养条件对甜菜抵御外界不良环境有较大影响,叶片在受到热伤害时,抗磷胁迫能力较弱的品14和品17在低磷胁迫时质膜损伤率显著增加;而抗磷胁迫能力较强的品20叶片质膜的损伤率显著下降,抗热能力得到改善。     

Cucumber performance is improved by inoculation with plant growth-promoting microorganisms

We investigated the effects of inoculation of Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on cucumber plant growth promotion and on the contents of plant hormones, amino acids, and mineral nutrients. We showed that treatment with all three bio-inoculants significantly increased the shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, and chlorophyll content, via secretion of indole acetic acid and/or organic acids. Inoculation with R. sphaeroides had more favorable effect on plant growth than did inoculation with L. plantarum or S. cerevisiae, by significantly enhancing the gibberellin and reducing the abscisic acid contents. The results of amino acid analysis revealed that inoculation with R. sphaeroides, L. plantarum, and S. cerevisiae generally increased the contents of 17 amino acids, namely, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, cysteine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine, histidine, arginine, and proline. With the exception of cysteine, all these amino acids were present in higher concentrations in plants inoculated with R. sphaeroides than in control plants or in plants inoculated with L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae. Furthermore, inoculation with R. sphaeroides significantly increased the calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphate contents. Our results suggest that the use of R. sphaeroides, L. plantarum, and S. cerevisiae in agricultural fields can improve plant growth. Moreover, inoculation of cucumber plants with R. sphaeroides regulates plant functional metabolites, thereby promoting plant growth.     

Diversity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm from Portugal

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) is a traditional crop in Portugal, where farmers growvarieties selected and maintained by themselves. A collection of 88landraces of common bean was evaluated for 17 quantitative andqualitative traits and the biochemical marker phaseolin to displaythe degree of variation of this germplasm. Agronomic data weresubjected to cluster analysis and several groups were identified,with three groups clustering most of the landraces. Regardingphaseolin variation the C and T banding patterns are the mostfrequent ones, so the origin of the Portuguese beans is thus probablythe Andean region of South America. These results give informationabout the origin, diversity and breeding value of the Portuguesegermplasm, that could be useful to widen the genetic base ofcurrently cultivated bean varieties in Europe.     

甘薯淀粉产量及相关性状的遗传多样性和关联度分析

甘薯[Ipomoea batatas(L.)Lam.]是加工淀粉和燃料乙醇的重要原料,是目前我国最具开发前景的非粮食类新型能源作物。选育高淀粉产量的能源型甘薯新品种是甘薯育种的重要目标。为了获得准确筛选高淀粉产量育种材料的性状指标,提高甘薯高淀粉产量育种效率,缩短育种周期,本研究利用不同甘薯品种(系)的自然变异,根据淀粉产量、不同生长发育阶段的5个主要农艺性状和3个淀粉合成关键酶活性测定结果,利用相似系数和遗传距离矩阵,以类平均法对国内48份不同淀粉产量甘薯种质资源进行了遗传多样性分析,通过关联度分析研究了淀粉产量与不同时期农艺性状、淀粉合成关键酶活性的相关性。结果表明:48份甘薯种质资源材料在不同时期农艺特征差异较大;不同时期农艺性状的聚类结果中,栽后100 d的农艺性状与淀粉产量关联度最大,淀粉产量与该时期的基部分枝数呈极显著负相关(r=0.428),与干率呈极显著正相关(r=0.423),而与最长蔓长、单株结薯数和单株鲜薯重相关性不显著。48份甘薯种质材料在不同时期的酶活聚类结果差异明显。不同时期的甘薯淀粉合成关键酶活性聚类结果中,栽后50 d酶活聚类与淀粉产量聚类结果关联度最大,淀粉产量与该时期测得的ADPG焦磷酸化酶(ADPG-PPase)活性呈负相关关系(r=0.163),与蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性(r=0.101)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性(r=0.016)呈正相关,但相关性均未达到显著水平。加之淀粉合成关键酶活性测定步骤繁琐,不适宜作为甘薯高淀粉产量育种早期选择的生理指标。在高淀粉产量育种材料筛选时可于栽后100 d对农艺性状进行综合考察,重点考虑干率较高及分枝数较少的品系。本研究可为甘薯高淀粉产量育种提供一定的理论依据。     

Relationship Between Grain,Semolina, and Whole Wheat Flour Properties and the Physical and Cooking Qualities of Whole Wheat Spaghetti

Durum breeding programs need to identify raw material traits capable of predicting whole wheat spaghetti quality. Nineteen durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum ) cultivars and 17 breeding lines were collected from 19 different environments in North Dakota and were evaluated for physical and cooking qualities of whole wheat spaghetti. Raw material traits evaluated included grain, semolina, and whole wheat flour characteristics. Similar to traditional spaghetti, grain protein content had a significant positive correlation with cooking quality of whole wheat spaghetti. Stepwise multiple regressions showed grain protein content, mixogram break time, and wet gluten were the predominant characteristics in predicting cooked firmness of whole wheat spaghetti.     

Total Protein and Amino acid Compositions in the Acorns of Turkish Quercus L. Taxa

Total protein content and level of 14 amino acid in mature acorns of 20 Quercus taxa from Turkey were studied. The range of total protein amounts between 2.75 and 8.44% were detected among taxa. Similar values in related species and variety level were observed. The amino acid profiles for each taxon were characteristically different and high variability of individual amino acid concentration was present at variety, subspecies and species levels. Different amino acid concentrations, relative percentages and critical values of some amino acids are thought to be additional considerable parameters for diagnosis of Quercus. Generally higher total quantity of amino acids in section Quercus and lower values in section Ilex were observed. When the essential and non-essential amino acids are expressed as a relative percent of total protein indicating quality of proteins, the ratios varied significantly among taxa (p < 0.05). But, no significant difference at section level were detected. Major amino acids were aspartic acid and glutamic acid showing the largest variations and the lowest levels were detected for methionine. Amino acid concentrations ranged from 1665 for aspartic acid to 13 mg/100 g dry wt. for methionine. All taxa had relatively higher amounts of leucin, lysin and valine than other essential amino acids. The highest quantity of protein and amino acids was recorded for Q. infectoria ssp. boissieri and the lowest for Q. pontica. The level of all essential amino acids in examined taxa was not sufficient compared to FAO scoring pattern for children (1985). But, threonine and valine in Q. infectoria ssp. boissieri and isoleucine in Q. petraea ssp. iberica show remarkable concentrations to the requirements. All examined essential amino acids among taxa generally provide adequate levels for adults according to FAO standard.