鲜食糯玉米室温货架期间籽粒糖代谢规律研究

为探寻鲜食糯玉米采后籽粒糖代谢规律,以不同熟期的鲜食糯玉米品种为试材,测定了不同货架期糯玉米籽粒中几种可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量及相关酶的活性。结果表明,随着货架期的延长,3种熟期鲜食糯玉米籽粒中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖和山梨醇含量均呈明显下降趋势,其中晚熟玉米下降幅度较大,果糖、葡萄糖和麦芽糖含量下降幅度达到97.3%~99.8%,而总淀粉和支链淀粉含量呈明显上升趋势,其中早熟玉米上升幅度最大,货架8 d时其含量上升幅度均超过了20%,淀粉合成关键酶腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase）和尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（UDPGPPase）活性主要呈单峰曲线变化趋势,其峰值出现在货架2~4 d,其趋势在变化时间上与几种可溶性糖含量的变化能够契合;室温货架期间,不同熟期的鲜食糯玉米籽粒中可溶性糖、淀粉含量的变化规律不完全一致。上述研究结果可为筛选适于贮藏的鲜食糯玉米品种和贮藏时间提供理论依据。     

甜玉米不同采收期籽粒品质性状研究

为研究不同采收期甜玉米品质性状的变化,以7个国内生产主推甜玉米品种为研究材料,设置授粉后15、18、21、24、27、30天共计6个采收期,动态监测甜玉米籽粒含水率、果皮厚度和糖组分等指标。结果表明：（1）参试甜玉米品种的籽粒含水率在授粉后15~30天呈下降趋势,其籽粒含水率变幅为80.09%~68.76%。不同甜玉米品种间籽粒含水率的平均下降速率各异。‘京科甜608’、‘京科甜533’和‘中农大甜413’籽粒含水率下降速率相对缓慢。（2）参试甜玉米品种果皮厚度随授粉后天数增加呈先升高后降低的单峰变化趋势,峰值出现在授粉后21天左右。不同品种间籽粒平均果皮厚度以‘京科甜608’和‘米哥’最低,为78.40 μm;‘中农大甜413’最高,为91.63 μm。（3）参试甜玉米品种籽粒中葡萄糖和果糖含量在授粉后15~30天呈降低趋势,‘京科甜533’、‘京科甜183’、‘京科甜608’葡萄糖和果糖含量在授粉后15~24天相对较高。蔗糖和山梨醇含量随授粉后天数增加呈先升高后降低趋势,在授粉后21~30天,蔗糖含量以‘京科甜158’和‘米哥’含量相对较高。籽粒发育初期（授粉后21天之前）,籽粒中以果糖和葡萄糖为主,之后蔗糖逐渐增加。不同品种间,‘京科甜533’、‘京科甜183’、‘中农大甜413’和‘京科甜608’籽粒中总糖含量均高于‘米哥’,其籽粒中糖组分主要以果糖和葡萄糖等还原性糖为主,而蔗糖含量相对较低。     

杧果成熟过程中果肉可溶性糖组分分析

甜味是影响水果风味品质的重要因素,而甜味主要由糖含量决定。杧果含糖量高,风味浓郁,但不同品种间甜味差异较大。为深入了解糖组分代谢机制,本研究针对不同杧果品种甜味差异大的问题,主要分析了‘贵妃’、‘土杧’和‘白象牙’3个杧果品种果肉糖含量。通过HPLC测定了杧果青熟期和完熟期两个时期的蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖的含量变化,结果显示:在3个品种完熟期果实中,蔗糖含量均最高,果糖含量次之,葡萄糖含量最低。针对不同品种而言,蔗糖含量最高的是‘贵妃’,果糖含量最高的是‘土杧’,而葡萄糖含量最高的是‘白象牙’。在果实后熟的过程中,‘贵妃’和‘白象牙’果实中的蔗糖含量上升幅度较大,其次是果糖,而葡萄糖含量呈下降趋势;‘土杧’果实中3种糖含量均呈上升趋势,其中果糖含量上升幅度最大。‘贵妃’的总糖含量和甜度值最高;‘白象牙’的最低。由此可见,杧果在成熟过程中的蔗糖含量最高,果糖含量次之,葡萄糖含量最低。本研究拟通过对不同杧果品种果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖的积累模式阐述不同杧果品种在后熟过程中果肉蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖的含量变化及趋势。并解析其影响果实风味不同的机制。     

高寒区西藏玉米品质特性及其与气象因子间的相关分析

为挖掘西藏玉米地方品种品质利用价值,本研究以145份西藏玉米地方品种为材料,研究了其在脂肪、蛋白质和淀粉等品质性状上的品质特点,分析了高寒区西藏玉米品质与气象因子间的相关关系。结果表明:1)西藏玉米地方品种平均油分含量5.69%,参试材料全部达到高油玉米标准,其中高油3等级的品种有17份;平均蛋白质含量10.48%,其中97.24%的品种达到食用玉米标准,食用3等级、2等级和1等级的品种分别为36、71份和34份;平均淀粉含量67.40%,均未达到高淀粉玉米标准。2)西藏高寒气候条件下,西藏玉米地方品种的4个生长阶段中出苗至抽雄期、吐丝至成熟期的气象因子与品质性状显著典型相关,其中出苗至抽雄期的累计日极端温差与籽粒蛋白质含量显著正相关,吐丝至成熟期的积温与籽粒油分含量显著正相关。综合分析表明:西藏玉米地方品种具有高油分和高蛋白的品质特点,为高蛋白玉米、高油玉米育种提供了良好的种质基础;同时揭示了这些种质资源的品质形成与其生长阶段的气象因子紧密相关。     

不同种植密度和施肥水平对大豆籽粒品质的影响

本试验自2002年开始至2004年止，从种植密度和施肥水平两方面对大豆脂肪、蛋白质含量的影响进行了分析。结果表明：种植密度对大豆籽粒的脂肪、蛋白质含量具有显著的影响，相关性分析结果显示，种植密度与大豆籽粒的脂肪含量存在着负相关性，与籽粒中的蛋白质含量之间为正相关。中国品种的脂肪含量受种植密度的影响大于美国品种，而中国品种的蛋白质含量受种植密度的影响小于美国品种。蛋脂总含量受种植密度的影响较小，并且不存在品种间的差异性。磷酸二铵的施用量与大豆籽粒脂肪含量和蛋白质含量之间没有显著的相关性，但是中美品种的品质对磷酸二铵施用量的反应不同。磷酸二铵的施用量与中国品种的脂肪含量、蛋白质含量和蛋脂总含量呈正相关，而与美国品种的脂肪、蛋白质含量和蛋脂总含量呈负相关，但相关程度均不显著。     

冬枣和临猗梨枣果实发育期主要营养成分变化

为探究鲜食枣品种的营养品质形成规律,以碘量滴定法,酸碱中和滴定法以及2,6-二氯酚靛酚滴定法测定了冬枣、临猗梨枣果实发育过程中可溶性糖,可滴定酸以及维生素C的含量。结果显示：在冬枣和临猗梨枣果实的发育过程中,可溶性总糖含量的变化趋势为前期变化不明显,近成熟迅速积累至最高;可溶性糖组分在果实发育前期为果糖>葡萄糖>蔗糖,成熟时为蔗糖>果糖>葡萄糖。可滴定酸含量前期较高,随果实生长呈下降的趋势,果实成熟时略有升高。维生素C含量变化总体上低-高-低的变化趋势。     

不同施肥量对春季鲜食大豆‘衢春豆1号’品质的影响

合理施肥是实现鲜食大豆高产的一个重要环节。为提高肥料利用率,充分发挥肥料对鲜食大豆提质增效作用,采用本地春季鲜食大豆品种‘衢春豆1号’为试验材料开展试验研究,设置4个施肥处理和对照,探索不同施肥量对鲜食春大豆农艺性状、产量和品质的影响。结果表明：随着施肥量的增加,大豆表型指标、荚的相关性状和产量均呈现先增加后减少的趋势,F3处理产量最高,为11 239.69,大豆品质指标中蛋白质和蛋脂总量也呈现相同趋势,F3处理蛋白质和蛋脂总量为最大,分别为42.00%和62.99%;不同肥料施入下对鲜食大豆脂肪和淀粉含量无显著影响,而大豆可溶性糖含量呈显著不断增加的趋势;大豆多个农艺性状与大豆品质指标呈显著相关,各品质指标间也存在显著相关,综合表明F3处理(施肥量843.7 kg/hm2)为浙西地区春季鲜食大豆最适复合肥施入量。     

大豆不同结荚部位籽粒蛋白质、脂肪含量分析

对4个不同类型大豆品种的上、中上、中、中下、下、分枝六部分籽粒进行品质分析,各部分蛋白质和脂肪含量差异显著、极显著。蛋白质含量从上至下由高变低（40.010%、38.890%、38.110%、36.428%、35.888%）;无限结荚习性大豆脂肪含量（19.983%、20.873%、21.242%、21.797%、21.908%）与蛋白质相反;亚有限结荚大豆脂肪含量上至中下由低变高（21.411%、21.993%、22.113%、22.538%）,下部 (22.151%)低于中下部;分枝上籽粒蛋白质、脂肪含量与中上部差异不显著;全株品质平均值(38.024%、21.760%)接近于中部值。     

干旱胁迫下不同类型小麦灌浆期营养物质积累动态

为了解干旱对不同类型小麦籽粒灌浆期糖类、淀粉、蛋白质和微量元素的动态规律,明确干旱对营养物质在高产小麦、优质小麦和节水小麦灌浆过程中的差异,以黄淮北片麦区的小麦品种冀麦325、冀麦418、冀麦323为试验材料。选取同一天抽穗、开花的植株进行标记,于花后7～31 d每6 d取各品种籽粒样本,研究了灌浆期间干旱对籽粒中可溶性总糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、蛋白质、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu含量、直链和支链淀粉积累量、淀粉积累速率及淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响。结果表明,在灌浆过程中,干旱胁迫显著降低了小麦籽粒蔗糖和葡萄糖的含量,对果糖含量的影响相对较小,高产品种冀麦325的蔗糖和果糖受干旱影响较小。干旱胁迫降低了小麦籽粒支链淀粉和总淀粉含量,对直链淀粉含量的影响相对较小。干旱胁迫对高产品种和优质品种淀粉含量的影响明显大于耐旱品种冀麦418。干旱胁迫在灌浆初期和中期提高了淀粉合成酶的活性,中后期活性较灌溉对照迅速下降。随籽粒灌浆的进行,4种微量矿质元素的含量呈下降趋势,在小麦籽粒中的表现为MgFeZnMn。冀麦325籽粒的Fe、Zn和Mg积累量较高。研究干旱条件下不同类型小麦籽粒灌浆过程中营养物质积累差异,为优化栽培措施,实现专用小麦优质、高产、节水提供理论数据和参考依据。     

KH2PO4对设施油桃果实糖积累及代谢相关酶活性的影响

以设施栽培的艳光油桃为试材,研究了设施栽培条件下,喷施KH2PO4处理对油桃果实中糖积累和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,幼果期喷施KH2PO4处理,果实葡萄糖和果糖含量明显增加,蔗糖含量没有明显变化,成熟期三种糖含量与对照均无明显差异;果实着色前KH2PO4处理显著增加了果实中蔗糖含量,但对葡萄糖和果糖含量无明显影响。幼果期和着色前喷施KH2PO4均显著提高了果实中蔗糖代谢酶活性。说明KH2PO4处理是通过全面提高果实中蔗糖代谢酶活性,起到提高库强作用,从而增加果实含糖量。     

Quantitative trait loci analysis of soluble sugar contents in soybean

The soluble sugar content in soybean seeds, mainly sucrose, stachyose, raffinose and trace amounts of glucose and fructose, is important for the increasing global market demand for various soyfoods including tofu, soymilk, natto, bean sprouts and edamame due to their nutritional value and health benefits. The objective of this study was to conduct quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis and identify molecular markers for soluble sugar content in soybean seeds for marker‐assisted selection (MAS) in soybean breeding. The content of the five previously mentioned sugars were measured and associated QTLs were mapped based on a F₂ population that was derived from a cross between V97‐3000 and V99‐5089. Eleven QTLs were detected for the five sugar contents: one for glucose, three each for fructose and sucrose, and two each for raffinose and stachyose. However, only one QTL for sucrose, one QTL for raffinose, and two QTLs for stachyose were identified with LOD > 3.0 and R² > 10% from this research. The QTL on chromosome 11 [linkage group (LG) B1] was identified as associated with sucrose, raffinose and stachyose in the same region as previously reported for sucrose and stachyose. The SSR marker, Satt359, on the QTL B1 region had an significant association with sucrose (LOD = 5.192; R² = 0.134), raffinose (LOD = 3.95; R² = 0.104), and stachyose (LOD = 13.572; R² = 0.314); therefore it can be used to assist breeding selection for sucrose, raffinose and stachyose contents simultaneously.     

Genetic analysis of edamame seed composition and trait relationships in soybean lines

Edamame, a vegetable or specialty soybean (Glycine max) with high nutritional and market value, is relatively new to North America. Because of its health and nutritional benefits and globalized trade, the edamame market and acreage in the United States are steadily increasing. To facilitate edamame breeding and commercial production, we genetically analyzed edamame seed composition using 86 breeding lines and cultivars developed in the U.S. Significant genotypic differences based on a single year or 2-year joint analysis were observed for most traits investigated, including protein, oil, dietary fiber, starch, sucrose, stachyose and total sugar content. No significant genotypic difference was observed for ash content in both years and for raffinose content in year 2016. Yearly differences were also significant except for sucrose, stachyose and total sugar. Genotype-by-year interaction was significant for protein, sucrose, raffinose and total sugar, but insignificant for other traits. The heritability was high and relatively stable for protein and oil content, followed by stachyose content, but was low for ash and starch content. The heritability for sucrose, total sugar and dietary fiber content varied from 38 to 75%. Genotypic correlations were insignificant among most traits. However, protein content was negatively correlated with oil content and dietary fiber, but positively associated with stachyose. Oil content was negatively correlated with starch and individual sugars. Although positive phenotypic or Pearson’s correlation existed between total sugar content and individual sugars, and between sucrose and starch content, their genotypic correlations were insignificant.     

可溶性寡糖和小分子的热激蛋白与杂交水稻种子成熟过程中发芽能力及种子活力相关

系统研究了不同成熟期Y两优689杂交水稻种子的活力、可溶性寡糖含量和小分子热激蛋白表达量的变化。运用模糊隶属函数法综合分析种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、平均发芽时间、根数、根长、苗高、苗重发现,授粉后19~34d的种子生活力与活力均较高。种子成熟过程中含水量呈下降趋势,授粉后10~22 d,种子含水量从48.2%下降至23.9%;鲜种子棉子糖与果糖含量分别呈上升和下降趋势;水苏糖和葡萄糖呈先上升后下降趋势。授粉后10~19 d,小分子热激蛋白64SHsp18.0和Os03g0267200基因的表达量均呈上升趋势,此后相对表达量下降。水分、棉子糖、水苏糖和蔗糖等物质含量,鲜种子及干种子的千粒重,以及64SHsp18.0和Os03g0267200基因的相对表达量均与种子发芽密切相关。     

西瓜果实糖分积累研究综述

西瓜果实糖分的积累类型是“中间类型”。其光合产物是棉籽糖和水苏糖,并以此形式运输,但是最终进入果实的糖分仍然是蔗糖。因此,蔗糖是许多果实中糖积累的主要形式,是果实品质形成的重要因子。在西瓜果实糖分积累的过程中,蔗糖转化酶、蔗糖磷酸合酶、蔗糖合酶是三种最为重要的代谢酶。同时,它们控制着另外两种糖分:果糖、葡萄糖的合成与转化。使得西瓜果实在成熟时各种糖分的积累达到蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖含量平衡,产生西瓜特有的风味。     

大豆子粒棉子糖含量与生态因子的关系

棉子糖是人与动物重要的营养成分。为了研究生态因子对大豆子粒中棉子糖含量的影响,2001—2002年在河南省夏大豆主产区的3个试点,以豫豆25为材料分13期播种,将78个样本子粒的棉子糖含量与气象、土壤养分和海拔等37个生态因子进行统计分析。诸样本棉子糖含量的变异范围为0.22%~0.87%。用逐步回归法筛选出8个生态因子与大豆棉子糖含量极显著正相关,各因子对于棉子糖含量影响的最大、最小值分别为0.392%和0.156%,按各因子的贡献大小依次为鼓粒成熟期昼夜温差、分枝期日照、土壤pH值、花荚期日照、土壤锰含量、花荚期降水、分枝期降水、出苗期降水。该结果对高棉子糖含量品种选育和配套栽培技术研究有参考价值。     

An Assessment of Variation for Nutritional and Non-nutritional Carbohydrates in Lentil Seeds (Lens culinaris)

The levels of the raffinose family of α-galactosides (raffinose, stachyose, verbascose and ciceritol) and of the nutritional carbohydrates (fructose, sucrose and starch) were determined in the seed of a range of lentil lines from germplasm collections and commercial Spanish cultivars. Significant levels of variation were found for all the measured characters, and particularly for the α-galactosides. The greatest variation was found in verbascose content, which ranged from about 1 % of the seed dry weight to undetectable amounts. The relationship between these chemical components and morphological seed characteristics was assessed. The only significant relationship between the different groups of characteristics was a positive correlation between the level of verbascose and the average seed weight for each genotype.     

桃果实发育过程中主要糖及有机酸含量的变化分析

为了研究桃果实发育过程中可溶性糖及有机酸的变化规律,以21份各类型桃种质为试材,采用高效液相色谱测定果实发育过程中主要糖和有机酸含量。发现蔗糖含量在所有试材中均呈前期平稳或小幅增长,成熟前30~50d快速积累的趋势,部分品种采前小幅降低;各品种柠檬酸含量也呈类似的变化,前期最高,花后10~30 d均有显著的大幅下降,此后出现小幅的升高后平稳,采前大部分品种降低。果糖、葡萄糖、山梨醇、苹果酸、奎尼酸品种间差异大,且无明显的变化趋势。通过相关性分析发现,果实发育过程中,各试材蔗糖与果实大小均呈显著的正相关,有20个品种的果糖和葡萄糖含量呈显著的相关性;果实成熟时风味与蔗糖、pH、糖酸比之间存在极显著的正相关,与总糖含量呈显著的正相关,与可滴定酸、苹果酸、总酸存在极显著的负相关。     

Mapping QTL controlling soybean seed sucrose and oligosaccharides in a single family of soybean nested association mapping (SoyNAM) population

The meal value of Soybean for monogastric animals is determined partly by sucrose, raffinose and stachyose. Of these, sucrose is desirable, while raffinose and stachyose are indigestible, causing flatulence and abdominal discomfort. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling seed sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose in a set of 140 SoyNAM (Nested Association Mapping) recombinant inbred lines (RILs), developed from the cross between lines IA3023 and LD02‐4485. A total of 3,038 SNP markers from the Illumina SoyNAM BeadChip SNP were used to map the QTLs for sucrose and the RFOs, raffinose, and stachyose. Significant genotypic differences (p < .001) among RILs were observed for sucrose, raffinose and stachyose contents across years. A 3038 Illumina SoyNAM BeadChip SNPs identified three QTLs for sucrose, one on chromosome 1, explaining 10% variance and two on chromosome 3 each explaining 22%. Raffinose QTL was detected on chromosome 6, explaining 6% variance. The mapped QTLs were novel and spanned regions harbouring candidate genes with roles in plant growth including seed development.