西安市雨水资源化及其利用的探索

随着城市化的发展 ,城市地表水严重污染 ,地下水超量开采 ,开发利用雨水资源已成为西安市解决水资源问题的最佳途径。雨水是宝贵资源 ,可通过多种方式实现雨水资源化 ,充分利用雨水资源以补给城市水源 ,涵养地下水 ,调节城市生态环境 ,防治雨洪灾害。对西安市区域内雨水下渗和贮存、实现雨水资源化及其利用等方面做了探索 ,并根据实际情况对西安市雨水资源化的必要性、可能性及可持续性进行了分析。     

作物秸秆综合利用的创新技术

当前在我国作物秸秆综合利用及餐饮具包装中存在着极大的资源浪费及环境污染现象。解决这些问题的办法之一是开发作物秸秆综合利用的创新技术,以实施农业的可持续发展。该文对作物秸秆的利用现状进行了分析研究,并探讨了作物秸秆综合利用的创新技术。     

中国农作物秸秆资源分布及其产业体系与利用路径

中国具有丰富的农作物秸秆资源,推进农作物秸秆综合利用,不仅可减少田间焚烧环境污染、消除火灾隐患,还可增加农民收入、改善农村人居环境、促进农业可持续发展。基于中国大陆地区各省级行政区的统计数据,探讨了中国农作物秸秆资源构成与空间分布特征。玉米、水稻、小麦三大粮食作物秸秆占全国秸秆资源总量的84.8%;秸秆资源总体呈现出"东高西低、北高南低"的阶梯状分布特征。统揽中国秸秆产业发展全局,系统梳理并深入解析了中国秸秆产业政策体系、市场体系、技术体系和监管体系发展历程和现状。分别以单一利用、综合利用、战略布局和区域统筹为鲜明特征,将秸秆利用政策历程划分为政策起步期(1979—2007年)、政策发展期(2008—2012年)、政策转型期(2013—2016年)和政策深化期(2017年至今)。系统阐释了中国农作物秸秆农业利用、能源化利用和高值化利用的主要路径与模式。该研究可为指导中国秸秆资源开发利用提供重要的基础支撑和决策参考。     

中国种养业废弃物肥料化利用发展分析

近年来中国种养业发展迅速,随之产生的废弃物数量也呈现大幅度增长,由于人们对种养业废弃物资源的认识不够,特别是将废弃物肥料化利用重视程度不够,造成了资源浪费,加重了环境污染。在国家大力推进"加快废弃物资源化利用"的背景下,该文总结了中国种养业废弃物肥料化利用的现状,概述了废弃物肥料化利用的主要方式和相关技术,分析了中国在种养业废弃物肥料化利用过程中存在的突出问题,提出了相应对策建议,并对未来中国种养业废弃物肥料化利用的发展趋势进行了展望,为中国种养业废弃物资源化利用,特别是肥料化利用的发展提供参考。     

我国农业废弃物资源化利用现状及对策

随着社会经济的快速发展及城市化进程的不断推进,农业发展的发展明显受到环境和资源的制约,因此加快农业废弃物资源化利用,促进农业资源的高效利用,实现农业的可持续发展是当前急需解决的现实问题.基于此,分析了农业废弃物资源化利用的主要途径和利用现状,提出了加快农业废弃物资源化利用的对策,包括强化利用意识、完善法律法规、加强技术...     

加强山西生态环境建设 促进农业可持续发展

山西省作为矿产资源大省，长期的资源开发利用促进了经济的增长，同时也导致水土流失、环境污染、自然灾害等生态环境问题日益严重，不仅影响了农业生产力的提高，造成农产品质量下降，成本提高，而且加剧了农业可持续发展的和各种矛盾。面对国家实施西部大开发战略的机遇，应立足实际，制定总体思路，采取水土保持、土地复垦、环境整治等一系列有效的技术与措施，加强生态环境建设，促进农业的可持续发展。     

青岛市农作物秸秆综合利用调查分析

近年来,山东省青岛市认真学习习近平总书记重要讲话精神,全面贯彻落实中央和省委、省政府关于生态文明建设和农业绿色发展的决策部署,切实加强面源污染防治,转变农业发展方式,加快推进农业生产废弃物的无害化处理与资源化利用,积极推动秸秆"五化"综合利用,有力推进了全市农业绿色生态和可持续发展。基于此,根据青岛市农作物秸秆综合利用现状,分析农作物秸秆综合利用中存在的问题,并提出相应的解决措施。     

浅谈沼气及其发酵物在生态农业中的综合利用

近年来,随着经济的不断发展,我国出现了资源短缺等问题,且农业污染现象严重,因此,发展生态农业是农业发展的必然趋势。生态农业主要是将农业资源进行重复利用,以实现农业资源的可持续发展。沼气发酵是实现生态农业系统能量转换、物质循环及农业废弃物综合利用的最佳途径和中心环节,可以将废物转化为农业用肥,减少对环境的污染,提高经济效益,实现经济的可持续发展。基于此,对沼气及其发酵物在生态农业中的综合利用效益及具体利用方式进行分析。     

生物质资源能源化与高值利用研究现状及发展前景

生物质是唯一能够直接转化为燃料的可再生能源，其开发利用既可以弥补低碳能源的需求，减少环境污染，也是中国实现"碳中和"目标的重要手段。该研究围绕以秸秆为主的生物质资源制备清洁能源和高值利用的总目标，系统分析生物质资源通过生物或热化学等转化途径制备气、液、固三相清洁能源的综合利用技术和模式，重点论述厌氧消化制备生物燃气、水热催化炼制醇烃燃料、裂解液化与生物油提质和生物质制备固体燃料4项技术发展现状与研究进展。在4项生物质转化技术中，厌氧消化制备生物天然气工业化程度最高，由于其大都基于大型养殖场建立，可有效解决原料收集问题，而且厌氧消化技术与沼气净化技术相对较为成熟，生物天然气可直接作为燃料、电力和热力来源供用户使用；由于生物质制备液体燃料中存在转化过程成本较高、产物分离困难、提质效率低、产品不稳定等问题，很难与当前应用端平稳接轨，因此水热催化炼制醇烃燃料、裂解液化制备生物油技术规模化发展水平较低；对于生物质制备固体燃料，其成型技术较为成熟，配套炉具的研发也有效解决了成型燃料应用端的问题，其规模化应用最大的难点在于原料的收集与存储。文章最后对未来生物天然气、生物质液体燃料与固体成型燃料发展前景进行展望，为实现农村生物质资源高效制备清洁能源及高值利用提供借鉴。     

山西省农作物秸秆资源化利用现状及发展对策

农作物秸秆是农业生产重要的物质资源,是农村可再生能源的组成部分。推进秸秆资源化综合利用,对于节约资源、保护环境,促进农业增效、农民增收,推动社会主义新农村建设都有重要的意义。本文对山西农作物秸秆资源化利用现状及存在问题进行了分析探讨,提出了发展对策。     

Grape response to phosphorus fertilizer: Petiole to blade P ratio as a guide for fertilizer application

Abstract

A two‐year fertilizer study on a mature vineyard of grapes (Vitis vinifera L., cv. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Sauvignon blanc') was conducted on a White House sandy loam (fine, mixed, thermic Ustollic Haplargid) soil at the University of Arizona Oracle Agricultural Center. Two cultivars were grown and treated with different levels of N and P fertilizer and tested for total P and NO₃‐N content of plant tissues.

Available P was evaluated with two extracting methods (Olsen and Bray P₁). Relationships between soil pH, extractable Al, Fe, Mn, and Zn with the availability indexes of soil P were also examined. Furthermore, the effects of P rates and placement on the P content of plant tissue, grape yield, and petiole to blade P ratios were investigated. Three fertilizer placements (0, 25, and 50 cm depths) at rates of 88 g P and 80 g N per vine were used for both cultivars in 1987, whereas, in 1988, three P rates (0, 88, and 176 g P per vine) and 207 g of N per vine were applied.

The results of this investigation indicated that fertilizer placement did not have a significant effect on grape yield nor the P content of petioles or leaf blades. Nevertheless, P fertilization of grapes resulted in a significant increase in plant P content and grape yield. Petiole to blade P ratio proved to be a suitable indicator for diagnosis of P status of grape plants.     

有机肥施用对红地球葡萄产量、品质及土壤环境的影响

【目的】明确有机肥施用对河北葡萄主产区高产优质红地球葡萄产量、品质及土壤环境的影响,为葡萄种植合理施用有机肥提供理论依据。【方法】以河北张家口市怀来县葡萄试验示范基地13年生红地球葡萄为试验材料,进行为期4年的田间试验。设置6个处理,分别为农民传统施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥9 t/hm^2 (M)、有机肥7.5 t/hm^2+化肥(M1NPK)、有机肥15 t/hm^2+化肥(M2NPK)、有机肥45 t/hm^2+化肥(M3NPK),采用常规方法测定葡萄产量、品质、重金属含量及果园土壤中硝态氮、微生物量碳和氮、重金属含量,并对葡萄园土壤重金属累积达到限量所需年限进行推算。【结果】施用有机肥处理葡萄产量均显著高于单施化肥(NPK),其中以中量有机肥+化肥处理(M2NPK)的产量最高,4年(2010-2013)平均产量为21503kg/hm^2,较农民传统施肥(CK)提高了14%;施用有机肥处理葡萄Vc含量比对照显著增加。各处理间葡萄百粒重、pH、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和固酸比差异不显著。收获后M2NPK处理0-20 cm和20-40 cm土壤硝态氮累积量下降,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量显著高于CK。连续4年施用有机肥后,葡萄果实及果园土壤的重金属含量(Cr、Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Cu、Zn)均未超标,但随着有机肥施用量的增加,葡萄及土壤中的重金属分别呈现线性和二次函数累积趋势。M3NPK处理土壤重金属含量较其他施用有机肥处理提前累积到限量水平。【结论】中量有机肥+化肥(M2NPK)处理葡萄的产量最高,品质最佳,而且降低了土壤硝态氮在各土层的累积,增加了土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量,且葡萄果实和果园土壤重金属含量未超标。高量有机肥处理不会进一步提高红地球葡萄的产量和品质,但快速增加果园土壤重金属累积。     

Influence of vineyard location and vine water status on fruit maturation of nonirrigated cv. Agiorgitiko (Vitis vinifera L.). Effects on wine phenolic and aroma components

The influence of site on grape and wine composition was investigated for Vitis vinifera L. cv. Agiorgitiko in the Nemea appellation area in southern Greece. Three nonirrigated plots were studied during the 1997 and 1998 vintages, which were typically very hot and without summer rainfall. Vines were subjected to different water regimens as a result of the variation of soil water-holding capacity and evaporative demand. Vine water status was determined by means of predawn leaf water potential. Differences in vine water status between sites were highly correlated with the earliness of shoot growth cessation and veraison. Grape composition was monitored during fruit ripening. Water deficit accelerated sugar accumulation and malic acid breakdown in the juice. Early water deficit during the growth period was demonstrated to have beneficial effects on the concentration of anthocyanins and total phenolics in berry skins. A similar pattern was observed for the phenolic content of wines elaborated after vinification of grapes harvested on each plot, in both seasons. Limited water availability seemed to increase glycoconjugates of the main aromatic components of grapes as a quantitative increase in levels of bound volatile compounds of the experimental wines was observed under water deficit in both years. Wines produced from grapes of stressed vineyards were also preferred in tasting trials.     

Grape pomace's potential on semi-arid soil health enhances performance of maize,wheat, and grape crops

Background

Grape pomace (GP) is a by-product of wineries after filtering the grape juice for wine production. GP contains seeds, pulp, skin, and stalks with acidic properties, and it is normally composted before using as a soil amendment. However, composting GP requires more time, labor, and equipment; furthermore, composting loses some of the desirable organic acids for arid soils. The acidic properties of these organic acids and the plant nutrients in GP make it a desirable amendment for arid soils in both non-composted and composted forms.

Aim

This study investigates the potential of directly applying GP as a soil amendment and its impact on arid soil health and plant performance.

Methods

To test the potential of non-composted GP as a soil amendment, greenhouse and field studies were conducted by combining GP with existing management practices (manure application for soil used in the greenhouse study and fertigation for the field study) to assess the effects of GP on soil health and crop (maize, wheat, and grape) performance.

Results

Adding 5% GP to an alkaline soil significantly increased maize and wheat growth and shoot nutrient concentrations in the greenhouse and grapes in the field (48% yield increase). The significance of GP on maize, wheat, and grapes was associated with soil nutrient enhancements (i.e., nutrients supplied, increase in organic matter and microbial biomass increase, reduction in pH, and better nutrient mobilization).

Conclusion

GP has the potential for direct use as a soil amendment for soil and crop health improvement, especially in arid soils with high pH and limited soil organic matter.     

中国生物质能产业发展现状及趋势分析

该文在综合评价中国生物质能资源、产业发展和政策环境的基础上，分析未来生物质能产业发展趋势。中国具有丰富的生物质资源，生物质能产业初具规模：沼气产业基本形成，燃料乙醇年生产能力已达到102万t，开发了甜高粱茎秆等非粮作物生产燃料乙醇的技术，秸秆直燃发电示范工程正式并网运行；促进生物质能产业发展的宏观政策环境逐渐形成。因此得出结论：未来中国生物质能产业发展的重点是沼气及沼气发电、液体燃料、生物质固体成型燃料以及生物质发电；促进生物质能产业发展的政策环境将进一步完善；技术水平进一步提高；将有更多的大型企业参与；生物质能产业必将成为中国国民经济新的增长点。     

中国农作物秸秆综合利用潜力研究

针对秸秆分区布局规划不完善,导致地区性、季节性、结构性秸秆过剩,资源浪费与环境污染问题突出,研究秸秆综合利用规划理论,提出"一主多元、农用优先"秸秆综合利用途径。中国秸秆综合利用潜力总量8.76亿t,比2015年增加利用量1.56亿t,其中秸秆肥料化、饲料化和能源化利用量分别增加8 722.4万t、5 122.3万t和1 720.1万t。通过肥料和饲料化利用,可直接和间接替代化肥潜力氮肥(N)1 481.6万t、磷肥(P2O5)419万t、钾肥(K2O)1 885.1万t,节本增效节约化肥成本约685.9亿元(折合98.5元/t秸秆);通过能源化利用,可替代煤炭等化石能源5982.4万t(标准煤),可减排二氧化碳1.5亿t、二氧化硫448.7万t、氮氧化物224.3万t,烟尘4068万t,经碳排放交易经济效益可达20.25亿元(折合16.9元/t秸秆),环境和经济效益显著。     

Study of amine composition of botrytized grape berries

Aliphatic primary and biogenic amines of grape varieties from two vintages were studied. We established that appearance and/or increase of both primary aliphatic and biogenic amines is due to microbiota living in/on grape berries. Aszú, gray rotten grapes infected mainly with Botrytis cinerea, grape berries infected mainly with Penicillium species, and intact grape berries were compared on the basis of amine composition using t-test, analysis of variance, and multivariate statistical analysis (principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis). The amine composition and amine content of Aszú grapes were significantly different (p < 0.05) from those of intact grapes despite the effect of the vineyards and the vintages. Grape samples coming from the same growing location, intact, Aszú grapes, and grape berries infected mainly with Penicillium species could be separated from each other with multivariate statistical analysis. We distinguished intact, Aszú (noble rotten), and gray rotten berries from each other as well. Evaluating amine values of grape samples independently of the place of origin, the Aszú and green rotten berries could not be differentiated. The varieties and vineyards have affected the amine composition of Aszú grapes, while these effects on intact grapes appeared only slightly.     

不同调控措施对葡萄冬剪枝条堆肥效果的影响

以葡萄冬剪枝条为原料,以饼肥、尿素、碳酸氢铵为氮源,EM菌、生物菌肥发酵剂、秸秆发酵剂为接种外源微生物,设置9个处理,进行为期60天的堆肥,研究了不同调控措施堆体温度、堆肥基质物理性质、pH值、堆体腐熟程度和养分含量的变化。研究结果表明:葡萄枝屑添加不同氮源对堆温影响较大,添加饼肥的处理增加了堆体50 ℃以上高温的持续时间,且处理1（添加饼肥、C/N 20∶1、接种EM菌发酵剂）高温维持时间最长,为10天。堆肥结束时,各处理容重、总孔隙度、通气孔隙度和持水孔隙度都有所增加,且都在理想基质范围内,各处理pH值变化基本一致,均是先升高后降低;除处理6（添加碳酸氢铵、C/N 30∶1、接种生物菌肥发酵剂）外,其他处理种子发芽指数均在1以上,各处理种子发芽指数都可满足植物的生长;处理1全量氮、磷和钾含量相对较高,分别为3.160%、0.959%和1.880%,实际应用价值更大。综合考虑,添加饼肥、调整碳氮比为20∶1、接种EM菌发酵剂,为最佳葡萄枝屑基质化发酵配比。     

Major flavonoids in grape seeds and skins: antioxidant capacity of catechin, epicatechin, and gallic acid

Grape seeds and skins are good sources of phytochemicals such as gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin and are suitable raw materials for the production of antioxidative dietary supplements. The differences in levels of the major monomeric flavanols and phenolic acids in seeds and skins from grapes of Vitis vinifera varieties Merlot and Chardonnay and in seeds from grapes of Vitis rotundifolia variety Muscadine were determined, and the antioxidant activities of these components were assessed. The contribution of the major monomeric flavonols and phenolic acid to the total antioxidant capacity of grape seeds and skins was also determined. Gallic acid, monomeric catechin, and epicatechin concentrations were 99, 12, and 96 mg/100 g of dry matter (dm) in Muscadine seeds, 15, 358, and 421 mg/100 g of dm in Chardonnay seeds, and 10, 127, and 115 mg/100 g of dm in Merlot seeds, respectively. Concentrations of these three compounds were lower in winery byproduct grape skins than in seeds. These three major phenolic constituents of grape seeds contributed <26% to the antioxidant capacity measured as ORAC on the basis of the corrected concentrations of gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin in grape byproducts. Peroxyl radical scavenging activities of phenolics present in grape seeds or skins in decreasing order were resveratrol > catechin > epicatechin = gallocatechin > gallic acid = ellagic acid. The results indicated that dimeric, trimeric, oligomeric, or polymeric procyanidins account for most of the superior antioxidant capacity of grape seeds.