不同剂量小肽营养素对断奶獭兔生长及免疫器官的影响

100只体重相近、健康状况良好的断奶獭兔,随机分为5组。对照组为基础日粮组,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别在基础日粮中添加0.25%、0.50%、0.75%、1.00%的小肽。结果:添加0.50%小肽后,獭兔平均日增重比对照组提高24.16%(P<0.05),平均日采食量显著降低(P<0.05),料重比降低25.19%(P<0.05)。添加小肽后,獭兔脾脏指数、腹股沟淋巴结重与对照组相比变化不显著(P>0.05),胸腺指数、下颌淋巴结重显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明,獭兔日粮中添加小肽可以增强獭兔生长性能和免疫性能。     

小肽对獭兔免疫性能的影响

选100只体重相近（891.42±23.68 g）,健康状况良好的断奶獭兔,随机分为5组。对照组为基础日粮组,A、B、C、D组分别为基础日粮加上0.25%、0.50%、0.75%、1.00％的小肽。试验预饲期7 d,正试期30 d。试验结果显示,试验组獭兔脾脏重、脾脏指数、腹股沟浅淋巴结重与对照组相比差异不显著（P＞0.05）,B组胸腺指数、下颌淋巴结重显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。说明小肽可以增强獭兔免疫性能。     

植物小肽对中国断奶白兔生长性能的影响

为研究植物小肽对中国断奶白兔生长性能的影响,本试验选用体重相近、健康状况良好的100只断奶中国白兔,随机分为5组。对照组为基础日粮组、A组、B组、C组、D组日粮的小肽添加水平(饲喂状态基础)分别为0%、0.25%、0.50%、0.75%、1.00%,5组饲料的能量、粗蛋白、粗纤维、钙、磷水平相同。通过添加0.5%植物小肽后,中国白兔平均日增重比对照组提高24.16%(P0.05),平均日采食量显著降低(P0.05),料重比降低25.19%(P0.05),添加小肽后,中国白兔胸腺指数、下颌淋巴结重显著高于对照组(P0.05)。中国白兔日粮中添加植物小肽可以增强断奶至2月龄中国白兔生长性能和免疫性能。     

苯甲酸与二甲酸钾对獭兔生长性能、胃肠内容物pH和养分表观消化率的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同配比苯甲酸和二甲酸钾对獭兔生长性能、屠宰性能、胃肠道内容物pH和养分表观消化率的影响。选取35日龄健康獭兔200只,按照体重和性别随机分为4组,每组50个重复,每个重复1只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加1.0%二甲酸钾+0.2%苯甲酸（试验Ⅰ组）、0.8%二甲酸钾+0.3%苯甲酸（试验Ⅱ组）、0.6%二甲酸钾+0.4%苯甲酸（试验Ⅲ组）。预试期5d,正试期56 d。结果表明：试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组末重、平均日增重均高于对照组（P<0.05、P<0.01）,耗料增重比均低于对照组（P<0.01）;试验Ⅲ组平均日增重高于对照组（P<0.05）,耗料增重比低于对照组（P<0.05）;全净膛重、半净膛重、全净膛率、半净膛率、胃和盲肠内容物pH各组间均差异不显著;试验Ⅰ组粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率均高于对照组（P<0.05、P<0.01）。由此可见,獭兔饲粮中添加二甲酸钾和苯甲酸可以提高獭兔平均日增重、降低耗料增重比,提高獭兔对饲粮中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪以及中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率。本试验条件下,獭兔饲...     

植物小肽对断奶至2月龄新西兰兔生长发育、免疫性能及血液生化指标的影响

为了研究植物小肽对断奶肉兔生长发育、免疫性能及血液生化指标的影响,将150只断奶新西兰兔,随机分为5组,设对照组和4个试验组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别饲喂基础日粮中植物小肽添加量为0.30%、0.60%、0.90%、1.20%的试验日粮。结果表明:日粮添加植物小肽对试兔平均日增重和料重比影响显著(P<0.05),添加量为0.60%时,试兔平均日增重比对照组提高29.85%,料重比降低24.59%;对试兔胸腺指数、下颌淋巴结指数产生显著影响(P<0.05),但脾脏指数和腹股沟淋巴结指数变化不显著(P>0.05),随着植物小肽添加水平的增加,血清ⅠgG出现先升高后降低的趋势(P<0.05);植物小肽对试兔血总蛋白和胆固醇也产生显著影响(P<0.05)。综合以上结果:日粮中添加植物小肽可以增强断奶～2月龄新西兰兔的生长发育和免疫性能,添加量以0.60%为宜。     

张家口杂交谷子添加水平对断奶至3月龄獭兔生长性能及皮毛质量的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平张家口杂交谷子对断奶至3月龄兔生长性能、毛皮质量的影响。试验选取80只45 d的獭兔,随机分成4组,每组10个重复,每个重复2只。Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮;Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组为试验组,分别饲喂以15%、20%、25%张家口杂交谷子替代部分玉米和麸皮(换算比例为1谷子=0.55玉米+0.45麸皮)配制的试验日粮。预试期5 d,正试期40 d。结果表明:1在初始体重无显著差异(P0.05)的情况下,饲粮中添加张家口杂交谷子可明显提高试兔的日增重,降低料重比;其中Ⅳ组日增重(添加量25%)显著高于对照组(P0.05),同时Ⅳ组料重比显著低于对照组(P0.05);2饲粮中添加张家口杂交谷子对生长獭兔被毛密度、被毛长度均没有显著影响(P0.05)。综合以上测定指标,张家口杂交谷子可以作为家兔的能量饲料,在生长獭兔饲粮中添加水平25%为最佳。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对獭兔生长性能、营养物质表观消化率及毛皮品质的影响

试验旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌对獭兔生长性能、营养物质表观消化率及毛皮品质的影响。试验选取30日龄、体重相近(1.15±0.05)kg的健康獭兔80只,随机分为4组,每组20个重复,每个重复1只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验1、2、3组在基础饲粮的基础上分别添加100、200、300 g/t枯草芽孢杆菌。预试期7 d,正试期28 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验1组的末重、平均日增重和平均日采食量均显著提高(P<0.05),试验1、2、3组料重比均显著下降(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,各试验组总钙的消化率均提高,其中试验3组显著提高(P<0.05);试验2组中性洗涤纤维的消化率显著提高(P<0.05);试验1、2组酸性洗涤纤维的消化率显著提高(P<0.05),试验3组极显著提高(P<0.01)。与对照组相比,试验1、2组的皮重显著提高(P<0.05),各组间獭兔被毛密度提高不显著(P>0.05)。综上所述,獭兔基础饲粮中添加100 g/t枯草芽孢杆菌有利于提高生产性能、改善毛皮品质。     

饲粮蛋氨酸添加水平对断奶至3月龄獭兔生长性能、免疫功能及血清生化指标的影响

本文旨在探讨饲粮蛋氨酸添加水平对断奶至3月龄獭兔生长性能、免疫功能及血清生化指标的影响。选用30日龄断奶生长獭兔200只,随机分成5组,每组40个重复,每个重复1只兔。各组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加不同水平(0、0.15%、0.30%、0.45%、0.60%)蛋氨酸的试验饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期53 d。结果表明:1)饲粮蛋氨酸添加水平对平均日采食量影响不显著(P>0.05);对平均日增重影响显著(P<0.05),在0.45%添加组时达到最大值16.76 g/d;对料重比影响极显著(P<0.01),在0.45%添加组时达到最小值3.55。2)饲粮蛋氨酸添加水平对摄入氮、粪氮、尿氮、可消化氮、沉积氮、氮表观消化率、氮利用率和氮生物利用率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。3)饲粮蛋氨酸添加水平对血清免疫球蛋白A、免疫球蛋白G和免疫球蛋白M含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。4)饲粮蛋氨酸添加水平对血清总蛋白、白蛋白、甘油三酯含量及碱性磷酸酶活性均无显著影响(P>0.05),但极显著影响血清尿素氮含量(P<0.01),其中0.30%和0.45%添加组极显著低于0和0.15%添加组(P<0.01),在0.45%添加组时达到最小值5.70 mmol/L。综合考虑本试验所测指标,断奶至3月龄獭兔的蛋氨酸适宜添加水平为0.45%(饲粮总蛋氨酸水平为0.68%)。     

复方党参对断奶仔猪生长性能和血清免疫球蛋白含量的影响

为了进一步明确日粮中添加复方党参制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫性能的影响,以添加0.5%(质量分数)、1.0%(质量分数)复方党参制剂的日粮饲喂3周龄长白三元杂交猪,预试期7 d,试验期28 d,测量平均日增重,测定血清样品中IgA、IgG和IgM的含量。研究结果显示：添加1.0%(质量分数)复方党参制剂的实验2组仔猪末重、日增重显著高于对照组,料重比显著低于对照组(P<0.05),血清IgA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。实验结果表明：日粮中添加1.0%(质量分数)复方党参对断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫性能有较好的促进和改善作用。     

植物小肽替代鱼粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率及肠道发育的影响

试验旨在研究植物小肽对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率及肠道发育的影响。选择体重为9.56 kg左右的35日龄健康杜长大三元杂种断奶仔猪120头,按照体重相似的原则随机分为2个处理,每个处理设6个重复,每个重复10头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮(含2.5%鱼粉),试验组添加2%植物小肽(替代基础饲粮中2.5%鱼粉)。试验期28 d。结果表明,植物小肽组仔猪日增重和日采食量分别比对照组提高5.88%(P<0.05)和2.67%(P<0.05),料重比显著降低2.74%(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,植物小肽组仔猪十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度显著提高(P<0.05),十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度显著降低(P<0.05),十二指肠和空肠的绒腺比(V/C)也显著提高(P<0.05)。综合来看,断奶仔猪饲粮中2%植物小肽替代2.5%鱼粉促进了仔猪肠道发育,提高了生长性能。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.