芦笋茎枯病菌的生物学和麦角甾醇生物合成抑制剂对它的作用

 室内试验中研究了温度对天津芦笋茎枯病菌菌丝生长的影响。菌丝生长适宜温度为20~30℃,最适温度为25℃,在10℃和>35℃时,菌丝不能生长。分生孢子在发芽时需一定的营养物质,在水中发芽率低。20%芦笋茎叶煎汁,20%芦笋茎叶煎汁PD培养液以及PD培养液均有促进孢子萌发之作用。在供试的5种培养基中,芦笋茎枯病菌在本试验设计的20%芦笋茎叶煎汁和20%芦笋茎叶煎汁PDA培养基上的产孢量明显优于前人推荐的培养基和常用培养基。在培养过程中,光能诱发分生孢子器形成。不同光域内分生孢子器形成有显著差异。分生孢子经烯唑醇(diniconazole)(8小时/2ppm)药剂处理后,分生孢子大小和内含物在超微结构上发生显著变化。     

柴胡斑枯病病原及其生物学特性

据2011-2014年调查,甘肃省柴胡斑枯病发生严重,常年发病率为13%~21%,严重度1~2级。本研究以形态学和分子生物学方法相结合,明确了甘肃省柴胡斑枯病病原及其生物学特性。甘肃省柴胡斑枯病菌分生孢子器近球形或球形,黑褐色,高66.4~90.2μm,平均77.5μm;直径57.3~90.0μm,平均70.5μm。分生孢子针形、无色,有些稍弯曲,具1~3隔膜,大小(13.0~26.0)μm×(1.5~3.0)μm,平均19.0μm×2.0μm。通过ITS、LSU、RBP2和β-tubline多基因位点构建系统发育树,将柴胡斑枯病病原鉴定为柴胡壳针孢Septoria bupleuricola Sacc.。该菌菌丝生长、分生孢子萌发和产孢的温度范围分别为0~35℃、0~35℃、5~35℃,最适温度分别为20~25℃、15℃、10~15℃;连续光照有利于菌丝生长、孢子萌发和病菌产孢;菌丝生长、孢子萌发和产孢的适宜pH范围分别为4.0~10.0、4.51~9.19和5.0~9.0,最适pH分别为5.0、6.49和5.5;此菌在相对湿度75%以上可萌发,以水中萌发最好;柴胡叶或根渍液对孢子萌发有较强的促进作用。表明柴胡壳针孢菌丝生长和孢子萌发的适宜温度偏低,因此该病害在气温偏低及持续阴雨结露条件下发生较重。     

芦笋茎枯病菌的生物学和麦角甾醇生物合成抑制剂对它的作用

室内试验中研究了温度对天津芦笋茎枯病菌菌丝生长的影响。菌丝生长适宜温度为20～30℃,最适温度为25℃,在10℃和>35℃时,菌丝不能生长。分生孢子在发芽时需一定的营养物质,在水中发芽率低。20％芦笋茎叶煎汁,20％芦笋茎叶煎汁PD培养液以及PD培养液均有促进孢子萌发之作用。在供试的5种培养基中,芦笋茎枯病菌在本试验设计的20％芦笋茎叶煎汁和20％芦笋茎叶煎汁PDA培养基上的产孢量明显优于前人推荐的培养基和常用培养基。在培养过程中,光能诱发分生孢子器形成。不同光域内分生孢子器形成有显著差异。分生孢子经烯唑醇(diniconazole)(8小时/2ppm)药剂处理后,分生孢子大小和内含物在超微结构上发生显著变化。     

进境澳大利亚大麦上葡萄茎枯病菌的检疫鉴定

自进境澳大利亚大麦样品上,采用常规平板分离法获得1株疑似葡萄茎枯病菌菌株74919。通过形态学特征观察、β-tubulin和actin序列比对分析以及致病性测定,对该菌株进行了种类鉴定。结果表明:菌株74919在PDA培养基上生长良好,可产生大量分生孢子器和厚垣孢子;基于β-tubulin和actin序列构建的系统发育树中,菌株74919和其他葡萄茎枯病菌相关序列划分在同一分支;菌株74919接种大麦叶片,在接种部位引起叶斑症状。根据上述实验结果,将菌株74919鉴定为葡萄茎枯病菌(Didymella glomerata),这是我国口岸首次从进境澳大利亚大麦中截获葡萄茎枯病菌。     

西瓜蔓枯病菌子实体的诱导及抗性鉴定

在26～28℃,12h光照/12h黑暗的条件下,西瓜蔓枯病菌Didymella bryoniae在西瓜叶汁B培养基上培养3周左右,能形成大量黄褐色的小点即分生孢子器;而在21～23℃,12h光照(40W荧光灯)/12h黑暗的条件下培养,在西瓜叶汁C培养基能大量形成黑色小点即子囊座。来源不同的蔓枯病菌对西瓜的致病力差异显著。用致病力最强的蔓枯病病菌菌株XD-99-04-29-01 2～4×10~5孢子/ml孢子液,喷雾接种3～4叶期的西瓜苗,保湿120h,20个被鉴定的国内外西瓜组合/品种的蔓枯病病情指数在15～50,差异明显。对美国的4个品种的抗病性鉴定结果与先前的报道一致。     

新疆棉花枯萎病菌优势生理小种及其致病型研究

 1996~1998年,我们陆续从新疆各主要棉区采集和收集400余株病株样,共分离获得108株棉花枯萎病菌,对其中具有代表性菌株致病性和生理性状研究结果表明,新疆棉花枯萎病菌优势小种仍为7号生理小种,但其致病性较强,新疆棉花枯萎病菌致病型主要分为强、弱2种致病型,强致病型主要分布于南北疆棉区,弱致病型主要分布于东疆棉区。供试棉花枯萎病菌菌系在25℃培养7 d后,菌丝为白色,菌落皿底产生色素多为紫色或浅紫色,大分生孢子为10.4~44.2 μm×2.0~6.1μm,多为马特型,最适生长温度为25℃,除供试6个菌系能在35℃缓慢生长外,多数棉花枯萎病菌菌系30℃以上不易生长,吐鲁番菌系HAI-17在40℃仍能缓慢生长,新疆棉花枯萎病菌较耐高温,在40、45℃高温下并未致死。目前,尚未发现3号生理小种。     

芦笋茎枯病菌原生质体的制备及再生

原生质体的制备是真菌遗传转化的基础,为了解芦笋茎枯病菌Phomopsis asparagi的遗传转化体系,以芦笋茎枯病菌Pa1100为供试菌株,研究了细胞壁裂解酶、酶解时间、稳渗剂等对芦笋茎枯病菌原生质体制备的影响及稳渗剂对原生质体再生的影响。结果表明可制备芦笋茎枯病菌原生质体较为适宜的条件是：CM液体培养基中培养分生孢子3 d,以1.5%裂解酶、1%崩溃酶和1.5%蜗牛酶为组合酶解液,33 ℃水浴酶解4.5 h,以PBS（pH 6.98）与1 mol/L MgSO₄混合液为酶解稳渗剂。含0.6 mol/L蔗糖的PDA培养基较适合于芦笋茎枯病菌原生质体的再生。     

芦笋茎枯病防治对策

芦笋茎枯病是一种毁灭性的病害 ,严重影响芦笋高产、稳产。生产上 ,如何防治芦笋茎枯病 ,对提高产量、增加笋农经济收入 ,具有重大的现实意义。本文就芦笋茎枯病提出综合防治对策。1　病因芦笋茎枯病由天冬茎点霉菌寄生引起 ,以分生孢子器或菌丝在病残体上越冬 ,翌年温度达到 5℃时 ,病菌开始活动 ,15℃时散出孢子 ,侵染刚萌发的芦笋。其发病适温为 2 0～ 30℃ ,最适 2 4℃。分生孢子器随雨水滴溅或空气传播进行再侵染。其发病原因主要与种子品种、气候、土壤、施肥以及栽培方式等因素有关。2　防治对策在防治对策上应采取以农业防治为基础 …     

高温胁迫对禾谷镰孢生长和致病力的影响

为探究高温胁迫对禾谷镰孢生长和致病力的影响, 本研究测定了禾谷镰孢5株耐高温菌株和4株温度敏感型菌株在25℃和30℃下的菌丝生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率以及不同胁迫压力下的生长速率、致病力和DON毒素含量等。结果表明, 不论耐高温菌株还是温度敏感型菌株, 30℃高温对其菌丝生长均有抑制作用, 但对产孢量和孢子萌发有促进作用;30℃高温能减轻NaCl和CaCl2胁迫对禾谷镰孢生长的抑制, 但是不影响KCl、刚果红, SDS和H2O2对病原菌的抑制作用;在30℃下, 大部分耐高温菌株的致病力不变或降低, 而大部分温度敏感型菌株的致病力反而增加, 30℃对大部分菌株的DON毒素产量有一定促进作用。研究结果可为研究气候变化下小麦赤霉病的流行和预测提供理论基础。     

茶扦插苗根腐性苗枯病菌腐皮镰孢生物学特性研究

 茶扦插苗根腐性苗枯病菌腐皮镰孢生长温度范围10~35℃,最适生长温度25℃;在27~31.5℃下培养时,RH 96%产孢量最大;孢子发芽率则以在30℃和RH 100%、25~27℃和p H 5.6~8.1时较高。黑暗、日光灯及黑暗与散光交替处理对菌丝生长和产孢无明显差异,但紫外灯处理可使菌丝生长显著减慢。孢子致死温度58℃ 10 min。室温下病菌在病残体中可存活18个月以上。该菌能利用多种单糖、双糖及醇类作碳源和利用L-胱氨酸、草酸铵、尿素、DL-α-氨基丙酸作氮源。L-赖氨酸不适于病菌生长和产孢。     

芦笋茎枯病的换茎防病效果及产量效应

8月中下旬芦笋茎枯病严重发生时,利用芦笋有不断发新茎的习性,采用换茎防病措施,使芦笋茎枯病得到较好的控制。至10月中下旬,防病效果可达84.9％～98％,重病田换茎,翌年产量可增加70.1％～124％,芦笋长势好,茎数增加64.6％,生长系数增加103.7％,且有明显的增产后效应,至第3年,换茎仍比对照增产26.9％～48％,中度病田和轻病田换茎芦笋产量与对照无差异。     

Pathogenicity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stemphylium vesicarium</Emphasis> from different hosts causing brown spot in pear

Stemphylium vesicarium (teleomorph: Pleospora herbarum) is the causal agent of brown spot disease in pear. The species is also able to cause disease in asparagus, onion and other crops. Saprophytic growth of the fungus on plant debris is common. The objective of this study was to investigate whether isolates of S. vesicarium from different hosts can be pathogenic to pear. More than hundred isolates of Stemphylium spp. were obtained from infected pear fruits, dead pear leaves, dead grass leaves present in pear orchard lawns as well as from necrotic leaf parts of asparagus and onion. Only isolates originating from pear orchards, including isolates from dead grass leaves, were pathogenic on pear leaves or fruits in bioassays. Non-pathogenic isolates were also present in pear orchards. Stemphylium vesicarium from asparagus or onion, with one exception, were not pathogenic to pear. Analysis of the genetic variation between isolates using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) showed significant concordance with host plants. Isolates from asparagus or onion belonged to clusters separate from the cluster with isolates from pear or grass leaves collected in pear orchards. Multilocus sequencing of a subset of isolates showed that such isolates were similar to S. vesicarium.     

Genetic diversity and pathogenic characteristics of Phomopsis asparagi obtained from Asparagus officinalis and A. kiusianus in Japan

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Phomopsis asparagi has been reported as a serious disease, causing stem blight on asparagus cultivars (Asparagus officinalis), and this fungus was also...     

芦笋茎枯病病菌鉴别寄主的构建

正芦笋(Asparagus officinalis Linn)又称石刁柏,百合科天门冬属,是世界十大名菜之一,在国际市场上被称为"蔬菜之王"。由于其营养价值高,并能润肺、镇咳、祛痰,具有抑制肿瘤生长的药理功能,深受人们的喜爱[1]。近年来,随着芦笋市场与栽培面积的扩大,病害的发生也逐年加重,尤其茎枯病的严重发生已影响芦笋的产量与质量,轻者生长发育不良,降低产量与品质,重者病株提前枯死,全田毁灭,严重影响芦笋生产与出口创汇[2]。目前该     

Occurrence and characterization of a Phytophthora sp. pathogenic to asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) in Michigan

A homothallic Phytophthora sp. was recovered from asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) spears, storage roots, crowns, and stems in northwest and central Michigan in 2004 and 2005. Isolates (n = 131) produced ovoid, nonpapillate, noncaducous sporangia 45 microm long x 26 microm wide and amphigynous oospores of 25 to 30 microm diameter. Mycelial growth was optimum at 25 degrees C with no growth at 5 and 30 degrees C. All isolates were sensitive to 100 ppm mefenoxam. Pathogenicity studies confirmed the ability of the isolates to infect asparagus as well as cucurbits. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of 99 isolates revealed identical fingerprints, with 12 clearly resolved fragments present and no clearly resolved polymorphic fragments, suggesting a single clonal lineage. The internal transcribed spacer regions of representative isolates were homologous with a Phytophthora sp. isolated from diseased asparagus in France and a Phytophthora sp. from agave in Australia. Phylogenetic analysis supports the conclusion that the Phytophthora sp. isolated from asparagus in Michigan is a distinct species, and has been named Phytophthora asparagi.     

辣椒疫霉（Phytophthora capsici）对辣椒的致病力分化研究

 辣椒疫霉（Phytophthora capsici Leonian）是具有重大危害性的病原卵菌,其寄主范围较广,可引致辣椒、番茄、茄子、黄瓜、南瓜等多种重要蔬菜作物的疫病。由辣椒疫霉引起的辣椒疫病是一种毁灭性病害,在世界各地的辣椒种植区普遍发生,我国尤以江苏、浙江、安徽、上海等长江中下游地区发生严重。迄今国内关于辣椒疫霉致病力分化的研究较少,且存在分歧。有报道指出辣椒疫霉菌株对辣椒的致病力差异与菌株地区来源直接相关［1］;也有研究认为辣椒疫霉菌株对辣椒的致病力与地理来源不直接相关［2］。此外,辣椒疫霉菌株致病力分化和菌丝生长速率是否相关尚属未知。本文对采自安徽合肥、淮南、和县、潜山、岳西、江苏南京和四川邛崃7个县市的23个辣椒疫霉菌株对辣椒的致病力和菌丝生长速率进行了测定,旨在明确辣椒疫霉菌株对辣椒的致病力是否存在分化现象及致病力与菌株地区来源及菌丝生长速率之间的关系,为辣椒疫霉所致辣椒疫病的抗病育种和综合治理提供依据。     

Infection Process and Pathogenic Mechanism of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phomopsis asparagi</Emphasis>, the Asparagus Stem Blight Pathogen

The infection process was explored by light and electron microscopy techniques, as well as bioassays assessing phytotoxins and cell wall-degrading enzymes. We found that germ tubes of asparagus stem blight fungus were produced at 0-24 h after culture on dextrose agarose medium, and mycelia were formed at 24-48 h. Then, mycelia grew and spread continuously, making incursions into host tissues after 4 days. The conidial fructification began to form after 8 days. Subsequently, pycnidia were produced after about 12 days, with conidia released after about 16 days. Interestingly, through culture, extraction and bioassay of phytotoxin culture filtrates, no overt damage of asparagus tissues was found. As for cell wall-degrading enzymes, PG showed the highest activity, followed by Cx and PMG; PGTE and PMTE displayed the lowest activities. Finally, we demonstrated that permeable reducing sugars and relative electric conductivity in the culture increased after incubation in cell wall-degrading enzyme solutions, in an enzyme concentration dependent manner.     

浙江甘薯蔓枯病病原菌鉴定

Recent years, gummy stem blight caused by Diaporthe spp. is an important disease on Ipomoea batatas. In this study, infected plant tissues, collected from Ningxi, Taizhou, were used for isolating pathogens from the gummy stem. Three pure strains with similar cultural characteristics were isolated, tested for their pathogenicity against stems of I. batatas, and re-isolated from the tissue inoculated, and Koch's postulate was fulfilled. The rRNA intergenic spacer (ITS) region of these isolates was amplified and the sequences were used for the phylogenetic analysis. The aliment result showed that the sequences (MT107556, MT107557 and MT107558) of three strains were 100% similarity with that of D. batatas CBS 122.21. These isolates were identified as D. batatas based on the morphological and molecular characteristics. Therefore, gummy stem blight on Ipomoea batatas was caused by D. batatas in Zhejiang province. Meanwhile, this study firstly showed that the stroma of D. batatas was coralloid.     

Characterization of pathotypes among isolates of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis in Colombia

Cassava bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis ( Xam ) is a destructive disease occurring in most cassava growing-areas. Although Colombian isolates of Xam differ in DNA polymorphism and pathogenicity, no suitable host differentials have been identified to demonstrate physiological specialization. A set of 26 Xam isolates from three edaphoclimatic zones (ECZs) in Colombia was selected for inoculation on a set of 17 potential cassava differentials. Leaf inoculation and stem puncture were used in order to detect possible specific interactions between cultivars and isolates. Cultivar × isolate interaction was highly significant ( P  < 0·001) after stem inoculation, but not after leaf inoculation. The stem inoculation technique was selected as a method for resistance screening of cassava cultivars for bacterial blight resistance. A highly significant interaction was also detected when cultivar behaviour was rated as area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) after stem inoculation. Different pathotypes were defined among the 26 isolates and differential cultivars were proposed to define the pathotypic composition of Xam populations in three ECZs in Colombia. The results should help to improve selection of sources of resistance to cassava bacterial blight.