草坪草转基因发展技术对社会的潜在影响

草坪草的转基因技术有了很大的发展,目前已经在各种草坪草上转入了多种基因.在转基因育种技术对草坪草遗传改良具有很大优势的情况下,其潜在的风险也不容忽视,如超级杂草问题、对草食动物的安全性、对非靶生物的影响等.通过转基因植株实验室管理、花粉飘移控制、利用无选择标记的转基因技术以及禁止个别易杂草化草坪草某些基因的转化和应用等措施,能减少这种潜在的风险.     

高尔夫球场草坪的草种选择及养护管理

高尔夫球场草坪草的合理选择是极具科学性和技术性的系统工程,不仅涉及科草坪学本身的多种知识,而且还涵盖了物候学、水文学、土壤学等诸多学科.因此,科学、合理地选择适宜的草种,是获得优良、健康的高尔夫球场草坪的关键.通过分析高尔夫球场的结构,对高尔夫球场草坪草的选择技术进行了探讨,以期为建设更为优美、实用的高尔夫球场提供参考.     

转多基因草坪草的耐盐性鉴定

以转基因草坪草植株高羊茅“红宝石”和黑麦草“玲珑”为试材,通过对其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、类胡萝卜.素(Car)含量等抗旱耐盐性生理生化指标的测定,进行了耐盐性鉴定研究.结果表明:在盐胁迫条件下,转基因植株和对照株相比在SOD、POD、MDA、Car等方面均表现出显著性差异,转基因植株的耐盐性得到了显著增强.     

草坪草抗旱机制研究现状

通过查阅国内外有关文献,概述了草坪草抗旱机理的研究现状.在生态适应性方面,草坪草通过建立庞大的根系,维持较高的叶片保水能力及水分利用效率来抵御干旱;生理生化方面,草坪草通过生物膜稳定性、渗透作用、抗氧化酶活性、气孔关闭、光合作用以及叶绿素荧光等的变化进行响应.最后简要论述了在草坪草抗旱性研究中存在的一些问题及今后的研究趋势.     

我国主要草坪草种质资源研究进展

 我国野生草坪草资源十分丰富, 现已利用的草坪植物中, 暖季型草坪草中的狗牙根属(Cynodon Rich. ) 资源普遍分布于黄河以南各地, 在新疆亦有广泛分布; 结缕草属( Zoysia Willd) 资源集中分布于华东及东部沿海地区; 假俭草属( Eremochloa Buse) 资源主要分布于中部以南地区。冷季型草坪草中的早熟禾属( Poa L. ) 植物以西南、东北地区较多; 翦股颖属植物(Agrostis L. ) 在贵州、云南等地蕴藏的种类较多; 羊茅属( Festuca L. ) 植物产于西南、西北、东北地区, 尤以西南分布最多。我国复杂多样的气候、地形、土壤等使我国野生草坪草资源拥有丰富的生态类型和遗传变异特性。本文以评述我国主要草坪草种质资源研究进展为基础, 针对性地提出了草坪草种质资源的研究和利用对策。     

商丘市区草坪草病虫害调查及防治措施

通过对商丘市区各型草坪病虫草害发生情况的调查,鉴定出8种草坪草病害,9种常见草坪草害虫,并作了分析。在调查基础上,提出了加强检疫检验、栽培管理、化学防治、生物防治等病虫害综合防治技术措施。     

冬绿细叶结缕草锈病的防治

细叶结缕草(Zoysia tenuifolia Willd et.Trin.)为禾本科结缕草属,俗称台湾草,草质细腻,色泽嫩绿,自然分布在南亚热带和热带等低纬度地区,是典型的暖季型草坪草,坪用价值较高,在我国华南地区广泛栽植,但该品种具有明显的冬季枯黄休眠特点,大大降低草坪草的观赏性能.目前,科研工作者通过加强坪草的日常管理,改善N、P、K肥施用量和适量喷施植物激素等措施,有效降低坪草的休眠特性,提高耐冷性,使南方草坪草在秋冬季节保持营养生长,实现细叶结缕草坪草的保绿越冬.但经保绿越冬的细叶结缕草由于长势旺盛,在春夏之交又容易诱发锈病.     

4种草坪草在广州城市公园中的应用评价

结缕草、细叶结缕草、地毯草、假俭草是广州市公园常用的4种草坪草,生长表现总体较好,但仍有提升空间。造成草坪草表现欠佳的原因主要是:对具体建植草坪处的小环境的条件关注不够,对管养中比如对施肥、修剪的细节考虑不周。本文为某些具体生境下的草坪推荐了草种,总体原则是:根据草坪生长环境选择适生草坪草种、根据草坪功能用途选择适用草坪草种,并建议根据实际情况制定灵活、具体的草坪养护计划。     

夏季建植午夜草坪技术

午夜是我国目前引进的优良草坪草品种 ,为早熟禾属草地早熟禾种 ,是典型的冷季型草坪草 ,西南地区草坪草的主栽品种。其草坪的建植适期为春 ( 3月 )、秋 ( 9月 )两季 ,但在实际工作中 ,有时因绿化工程的需要和工期的限制 ,不得不在夏季建植午夜草坪 ,这种打破常规的做法 ,如不采取一定的技术措施 ,容易导致失败。2 0 0 1年夏季 ,笔者在本校内进行了 1 0 0 0ｍ2 的午夜草坪建植试验 ,获得成功。1　午夜草坪草的生长习性午夜草坪草为深蓝绿色 ,质地细嫩 ,稠密度大 ,低矮生长 ,叶片生长慢 ,喜冷凉湿润气候 ,耐寒 ,生长最适温度为 1 5～2 5℃ ,<…     

用天堂草419建造足球场草坪的评价与栽培技术研究

通过5种草坪草的对比实验,认为天堂草419(Cynodon dactylon×C.transuaalensis的一个品种)最适于建造足球场草坪。具有近于常绿、生长较快、匍匐矮生、根深及耐践踏等综合优良性状。在养护管理的实践中确立了一套栽培管理技术措施。     

三种暖季型草坪草的抗寒性研究

以结缕草、假俭草、钝叶草3种暖季型草坪草为试验材料,采用人工低温处理,对不同处理温度叶片的细胞膜相对电导率、可溶性蛋白含量、SOD活性、POD活性进行测定分析。结果表明:随着处理温度的降低,3种暖季型草坪草叶片的细胞膜相对电导率呈上升趋势,细胞膜稳定性表现为结缕草假俭草钝叶草;草坪草叶片的可溶性蛋白含量呈升高趋势;草坪草叶片的SOD、POD活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势;0～-10℃为3种草坪草遭受低温胁迫的敏感区域。3种暖季型草坪草的抗寒性强弱表现为:结缕草假俭草钝叶草。     

不同混播草坪草的蒸腾耗水特性研究

选择不同的混播草坪,草地早熟禾:高羊茅:多年生黑麦草=6:2:2、草地早熟禾:紫羊茅:细弱翦股颖=5:4:1,以草地早熟禾单播为对照,对这3种供试草坪进行充分和限制灌水试验。结果表明:2种不同的混播草坪其蒸散量不同,且与单播草地早熟禾的蒸散量差异显著(P0.01);在不同水分条件下各供试草坪的蒸散量均表现为:草地早熟禾:紫羊茅:细弱剪股颖=5:4:1草地早熟禾:高羊茅:多年生黑麦草=6:2:2单播草地早熟禾,2种混播草坪在保证其较高观赏价值和稳定性的前提下耗水量要比单播草地早熟禾多。     

草坪测土推荐施肥技术

阐述了测土推荐施肥技术在草坪科学中的应用,重点在探讨有关土壤测试方法以及草坪土壤测试计划组成,特别是草坪土壤的田间取样和样品的制备、浸提和化学分析、土壤养分状况的评价方法以及测试结果的解释,通过土壤测试技术为草坪合理施肥提供科学依据.     

Potential environmental and economic impacts of turfgrass in Albuquerque,New Mexico (USA)

We estimated the ecological and economic impact of urban turfgrass production in a large city. A satellite image was used to evaluate the turfgrass area of Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A. Turfgrass, the major vegetation component of the city, covers 7,650 ha and represents approximately 30.0% of the metropolitan area. Of the total grass area, 85.0% exists as home lawns, 8.3% occurs in parks, and 6.7% is on golf courses.We estimated that turfgrass uses an average of 475,000 m³ of water every day, yielding more than 4,575,000 kg of grass clippings going to the landfill in approximately 250,000 garbage bags each year. The approximate yearly cost of maintenance comes to more than $30 million which includes the potential purchase of 322,065 kg of nitrogen fertilizer, 286,110 kg of phosphorus fertilizer, 237,915 kg of potassium fertilizer and 37,408 kg of active ingredients of insecticides.Our evaluation of the cumulative effects of domestic and municipal turfgrass production can guide the application of economically sound Integrated Pest Management strategies and enable planning for sustained use of potentially limiting resources, such as water, in semiarid environments.     

The effects of mulching on establishment of Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Becc., Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl. and Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (H. Wendl.) H. Wendl. & Drude in the landscape

Three palm species common to southern California landscapes were grown and established under mulch treatments. Turfgrass clippings and Eucalyptus sideroxylon mulches increased the growth of king and queen palms and increased survival of king palms. Although palms growing under fresh eucalyptus mulches did not display nutrient deficiency symptoms, Mexican fan palm and queen palm were not significantly benefited by mulch treatments. Mexican fan palm was not adversely affected by turfgrass growing around it. However, turfgrass significantly reduced queen and king palm growth and increased mortality of king palms during establishment. Turfgrass increased drought effects and decreased stomatal conductance of palms. Soils under turfgrass were significantly drier than mulched or unmulched soils.     

Biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nitrogen in cool-season turfgrass systems

Managed turf areas are both a source and a sink for greenhouse gases (GHGs). Management practices, including turfgrass selection and mowing, influence the amount of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stored in the soil, as well as the associated GHG emissions. The objective of this research was to determine the net C and N balance (i.e. the amount of C and N stored less the amount emitted) of managed turfgrass systems with different grasses (species and cultivars) and management practices (mowing frequency and grass clippings management). Data explicitly quantified in this experiment include annual mowing requirements and accompanying GHG emissions, annual dry matter yield, soil C and N accumulation, and GHG flux of tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) cultivars with varying growth rates. Leaf, verdure, and root tissue C and N were also determined, along with the corresponding biomass. Estimations of emissions from fertilization, irrigation, and pesticide applications were also included in the net balance calculations.All of the turfgrasses and management practices in this experiment resulted in a system-wide net C sink, though the magnitude of the sink varied by turfgrass selection and management strategy. In general, higher-yielding grasses and management practices increased soil C but also increased mowing requirements and thus emissions. Returning grass clippings was found to increase yield, soil and leaf tissue N, and soil C, but it also marginally increased mowing requirements. The results of this experiment support the assertion that managed turfgrass areas can act as a net C sink to help curb the increasing atmospheric GHG concentrations. The C sequestration potential of managed turfgrass is another of the numerous functional benefits of urban grasslands.     

盐胁迫对两种冷季型草坪草保护酶活性及膜质过氧化的影响

对采用不同NaCl浓度处理的两种冷季型草坪草的保护酶活性和膜质过氧化作用进行了研究.结果表明:高羊茅0.2%NaCl处理,SOD和CAT活性在整个试验期间变化比较平稳,用0.4%～0.6%NaCl处理,随处理浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长活性升高,0.8%NaCl处理随胁迫时间的延长活性降低;草地早熟禾,用0.2%～0.4%NaCl处理随浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长活性升高,0.6%～0.8%NaCl处理随浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长活性降低.POD活性,0.2%～0.6%NaCl处理两草种均随浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长而升高,0.8%NaCl处理在试验期间一直处于与对照相近或低于对照的较低水平.MDA含量,0.2%NaCl处理在试验期间两草种均变化较平稳,0.4%～0.8%NaCl处理两草种均随处理浓度的增高和胁迫时间的延长而增加的趋势,但草地早熟禾增加的幅度大于高羊茅,认为高羊茅的耐盐能力高于草地早熟禾.     

Shade response of bermudagrass accessions under different management practices

The development of cultivars ‘TifGrand’ and ‘Celebration’ has shown potential increases in shade tolerance compared to previous industry standards of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.). Based on the literature, further improvements in shade tolerance can be attained through changes in nitrogen fertility rates, mowing heights, and the application of plant growth regulators. In this study, two South African hybrid (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy) bermudagrass accessions (‘WIN10F’ and ‘STIL03’) and three standard cultivars (Celebration, Tifgrand, and ‘Tifway’) were compared for their ability to persist under 63% shade, two mowing heights, two trinexapac-ethyl (TE) treatments, and two nitrogen fertility rates. The experimental design was a strip-strip-split plot and digital image analysis was used to measure percent turfgrass cover, percent turfgrass spread after cup-cutter removal, and percent turfgrass re-growth after divot formation. Turf quality was measured using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Differences among genotypes, TE treatments, and mowing heights were observed across all response variables in 2014 and 2015. Differences in fertility treatments were observed in NDVI, percent turfgrass growth, and percent turfgrass recovery within and across years. Significant differences were observed for the interactions between entry by plant growth regulator (PGR) treatments, entry by mowing height, and mowing height by PGR. These results suggest shade management recommendations should be dependent on genotype and site-specific considerations. The development and implementation of specific management plans for certain bermudagrass varieties will contribute to the more widespread use of Cynodon spp. in shaded environments.     

盐胁迫对四种冷季型草坪草萌发的影响

选择目前广泛应用的冷季型草坪草为试材,从发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚根长度、活力指数5个方面,分析比较了不同盐溶液处理对4种草坪草萌发的影响。结果表明:当盐浓度达到1.2%时,高羊茅种子发芽率仍为80%以上,匍匐翦股颖发芽率为60%,在发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数等方面也表现出这2种草坪草种子萌发期耐盐性要高于紫羊茅和细弱翦股颖。     

Localized dry spots on golf greens in a moderately continental climate,and its prevention and control

There are clear and commonly accepted design criteria for the construction of golf greens. Accordingly, top layers contain at least 90% sand, which often becomes water repellent. Drought is therefore common on golf greens and it may manifest itself as spots of wilted or dead turfgrass, known as localized dry spots (LDSs).The aims of the current paper are to review soil water repellency and localized dry spots on golf greens; and to study the turfgrass appearance regarding dependence of water repellency under the moderately continental climate in the Moscow region. The study was conducted during the growing seasons of 2007 and 2008 by Moscow State Forest University, Russia, in collaboration with Wageningen University, the Netherlands.Green 4 of the Moscow golf course was intensively studied. The texture of the top layer met the USGA, German and British specifications for golf greens. The organic matter content was also as desired. The low soil water content (down to 0.80%) in top 5–10 cm layer, high reference evapotranspiration and low amount of applied water in May and June of 2007 (2.52 against 1.20 mm/day) and of 2008 (2.41 against 1.73 mm/day), resulted in drought and LDS occurrence. Severe water repellency as determined by water drop penetration time (WDPT) test was found in the 5–10 cm depth (up to 1536 s). It decreased with depth (at depth 5–10 cm 33.3% of samples were strongly and 66.7% severely water repellent; at depth 20–25 cm 41.6% of samples were strongly and 41.6% slightly water repellent, and 16.8% were wettable). However, samples from the same depth from good areas (GAs) of the turf were also water repellent – at depth 5–10 cm all samples were slightly or strongly water repellent; at depth 20–25 cm 66.7% were non-repellent.In this study, the poorest turfgrass condition was found in plots with LDSs (the scores of turfgrass quality and living ground cover were lower than 5). A negative correlation was found between WDPT and turfgrass parameters (shoot density, living ground cover and turfgrass quality). A positive correlation between water content and shoot density was found. LDSs exhibited low shoot density (which did not exceed 20 per cm² whereas in GA it exceeded 32 per cm²) and low water content (in the range 0.8–6.75% whereas in GA it was in the range 7.8–14.47%). This means that the reason of unacceptable turfgrass condition is related to water deficit and severity of water repellency.